Downsized Dinosaurs: The Evolutionary Transition to Modern Birds

Evolution: Education and Outreach

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 248-256

  Chiappe, Luis M ^a  

^a NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY   (United States)

Author keywords

Birds; Dinosaurs; Evolution; Mesozoic; Origin

Indexed keywords

EID: 84863258949     PISSN: 19366426     EISSN: 19366434     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12052-009-0133-4     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Burgers P, Chiappe LM. The wing of Archaeopteryx as a primary thrust generator. Nature 1999;399:60-2. doi: 10.1038/19967.
2. Chatterjee S. The rise of birds: 225 million years of evolution. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press; 1997. p. 312.
3. Chiappe LM. Glorified dinosaurs. New York: Wiley; 2007. p. 263.
4. Chiappe LM, Witmer LM. Mesozoic birds: above the heads of dinosaurs. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2002. p. 520.
5. Chiappe LM, Ji S, Ji Q, Norell MA. Anatomy and systematics of the Confuciosornithidae (Aves) from the Late Mesozoic of northeastern China. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 1999;242:1-89.
6. Clark JM, Norell MA, Chiappe LM. An oviraptorid skeleton from the Late Cretaceous of Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia, preserved in an avian-like brooding position over an oviraptorid nest. Am Mus Novit. 1999;3265:1-36.
7. Clarke JA. Morphology, phylogenetic taxonomy, and systematics of Ichthyornis and Apatornis (Avialae: Ornithurae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 2004;286:1-179. doi: 10.1206/0003-0090(2004)286<0001:MPTASO>2.0.CO;2.
8. Clarke JA, Tambussi CP, Noriega JI, Erickson GM, Ketchum RA. Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous. Nature 2005;433:305-8. doi: 10.1038/nature03150.
9. Dalton R. Fresh doubts over T. rex chicken link. Nature 2008;454:1035. doi: 10.1038/4541035a.
10. Erickson GM, Curry-Rogers K, Yerby SA. Dinosaurian growth patterns and rapid avian growth rates. Nature 2001;412:429-33. doi: 10.1038/35086558.
11. Feduccia A. The origin and evolution of birds. 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1999. p. 466.
12. Forster CA, Sampson SD, Chiappe LM, Krause DW. The theropodan ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Science 1998;279:1915-9. doi: 10.1126/science.279.5358.1915.
13. Gao C, Chiappe LM, Meng Q, O'Connor JK, Wang X, Cheng X, et al. A new basal lineage of Early Cretaceous birds from China and its implications on the evolution of the avian tail. Palaeontology 2008;51(4):775-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00793.x.
14. Gauthier JA. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. In: Padian K, editor. The origin of birds and the evolution of flight. Berkeley: California Academy of Science; 1986. p. 1-55.
15. Grellet-Tinner G, Chiappe LM, Norell M, Bottjer D. Dinosaur eggs and nesting behaviors: their paleobiological inferences. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 2006;232:294-321. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.10.029.
16. Holtz TR Jr. A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs. Gaia 1998;15:5-61.
17. Huxley TH. On the animals which are most nearly intermediate between the birds and the reptiles. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 1868;2:66-75.
18. Kurochkin EN, Dyke GJ, Karhu AA. A new presbyornithid bird (Aves, Anseriformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern Mongolia. Am Mus Novit. 2002;3386:1-11. doi: 10.1206/0003-0082(2002)386<0001:ANPBAA>2.0.CO;2.
19. Mayr G, Pohl B, Peters DS. A well-preserved Archaeopteryx specimen with theropod features. Science 2005;310:1483-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1120331.
20. Mikhailov KE. The microstructure of avian and dinosaurian eggshell: phylogenetic implications. Nat Hist Mus Los Angeles Cty. 1992;36:361-73.
21. Norell MA, Xu X. Feathered dinosaurs. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci. 2005;33:277-99. doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122511.
22. Norell MA, Clark JM, Chiappe LM, Dashzeveg D. A nesting dinosaur. Nature 1995;378:774-6. doi: 10.1038/378774a0.
23. Novas FE, Puerta P. New evidence concerning avian origins from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Nature 1997;387:390-2. doi: 10.1038/387390a0.
24. Organ CL, Shedlock AM, Pagel M, Edwards SV. Origin of avian genome size and structure in non-avian dinosaurs. Nature 2007;446:180-4. doi: 10.1038/nature05621.
25. Organ CL, Schweitzer MH, Zheng W, Freimark LM, Cantley LC, Asara JM. Molecular phylogenetics of mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex. Science 2008;320:499. doi: 10.1126/science.1154284.
26. Ostrom JH. Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the lower Cretaceous of Montana. Bull Peabody Mus Nat Hist. 1969;30:1-165.
27. Ostrom JH. Archaeopteryx and the origin of birds. Biol J Linn Soc Lond. 1976;8:91-182. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1976.tb00244.x.
28. Padian K, Chiappe LM. The origin and early evolution of birds. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 1998;73:1-42. doi: 10.1017/S0006323197005100.
29. Rowe T, Kishi K, Merck J Jr, Colbert M. The age of dinosaurs. 3rd ed. Educational interactive multimedia on CD-ROM for Macintosh and PC computers. New York: Freeman; 1998.
30. Sanz JL, Chiappe LM, Perez-Moreno BP, Buscalioni AD, Moratalla J. A new Lower Cretaceous bird from Spain: implications for the evolution of flight. Nature 1996;382:442-5. doi: 10.1038/382442a0.
31. Sato T, Cheng Y, Wu X, Zelenitsky DK, Hsiao Y. A pair of shelled eggs inside a female dinosaur. Science 2005;308:375. doi: 10.1126/science.1110578.
32. Schweitzer MH, Wittmeyer JL, Horner JR. Gender-specific reproductive tissue in ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex. Science 2005;308:1456-60. doi: 10.1126/science.1112158.
33. Sereno PC. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science 1999;284:2137-47. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5423.2137.
34. Shipman P. Taking wing. New York: Simon & Schuster; 1998. p. 320.
35. Sues HD, Anderson JS. Introduction: studying evolutionary transitions among vertebrates. In: Sues H-D, Anderson JS, editors. Major transitions in vertebrate evolution. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 2007. p. 1-12.
36. Turner AH, Pol D, Clarke JA, Erickson GM, Norell MA. A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight. Science 2007;317:1378-81. doi: 10.1126/science.1144066.
37. Varricchio DV, Jackson F. Two eggs sunny-side up: reproductive physiology in the dinosaur Troodon formosus. In: Currie PJ, Koppelhus EB, Shugar MA, Wright JL, editors. Feathered dragons: studies on the transition from dinosaurs to birds. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 2004. p. 215-33.
38. Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2004. p. 861.
39. Witmer LM. Perspectives on avian origins. In: Schultze H-P, Trueb L, editors. Origins of the higher groups of tetrapods: controversy and consensus. Cornell University Press: Ithaca; 1991. p. 427-66.
40. Xu X, Norell MA. A new troodontid dinosaur from China with avian-like sleeping posture. Nature 2004;431:838-41. doi: 10.1038/nature02898.
41. Zelenitsky D. Reproductive traits of non-avian theropods. Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea. 2006;22:209-16.
42. Zhou Z. The origin and early evolution of birds: discoveries, disputes and perspectives from the fossil record. Naturwissenschaften 2004;91:455-71. doi: 10.1007/s00114-004-0570-4.
43. Zhou Z, Zhang F. Largest bird from the Early Cretaceous and its implications for the earliest avian ecological diversification. Naturwissenshaften 2002;89:34-8. doi: 10.1007/s00114-001-0276-9.
44. Zhou Z, Zhang F. Jeholornis compared to Archaeopteryx, with a new understanding of the earliest avian evolution. Naturwissenshaften 2003;90:220-5.
45. Zhou Z, Zhang F. Discovery of an ornithurine bird and its implication for Early Cretaceous avian radiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102(52):18998-9002. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0507106102.