The wing of Archaeopteryx as a primary thrust generator

Nature

Volumn 399, Issue 6731, 1999, Pages 60-62

  Burgers, Phillip ^a   Chlappe, Luis M ^b  

^a SAN DIEGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM   (United States)

^b NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLIGHT BEHAVIOR; WING;

ARTICLE; DYNAMICS; FLIGHT; FLYING; FORELIMB; PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY; PHYSICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0033529070     PISSN: 00280836     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/19967     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Padian, K. & Chiappe, L. M. The early evolution of birds. Biol. Rev. 73, 1-42 (1998).
2. Norberg, U. M. Vertebrate Flight (Springer, Berlin, 1990).
3. Feduccia, A. The Origin and Evolution of Birds (Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, 1996).
4. Chatterjee, S. The Rise of Birds (John Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, 1997).
5. Hecht, M. K. et al. The Beginnings of Birds (Freunde Jura-Museum, Eichstätt, 1985).
6. Padian, K. The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight (Cal. Acad. Sci., San Francisco, 1986).
7. Gauthier, J. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Mem. Cal. Acad. Sci. 8, 1-55 (1986).
8. Rayner, J. M. V. in The Beginnings of Birds (eds Hecht, M. K. et al.) 289-292 (Freunde Jura-Museum, Eichstätt, 1985).
9. Gauthier, J. & Padian, K. in The Beginnings of Birds (eds Hecht, M. K. et al.) 185-197 (Freunde Jura-Museum, Eichstätt, 1985).
10. Padian, K. in Paleobiology (eds Briggs, D. E. G. & Crowther, P. R.) 75-79 (Blackwell, Oxford, 1990).
11. Rayner, J. M. V. in Biomechanics in Evolution (eds Rayner, J. M. V. & Wootton, R. J.) 183-212 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1991).
12. Ostrom, J. H. Bird flight: how did it begin? Am. Sci. 67, 46-58 (1979).
13. Peters, D. S. & Gorgner, E. A comparative study on the claws of Archaeopteryx. L.A. Co. Mus., Sci Ser. 36, 29-37 (1992).
14. Chiappe, L. M. Climbing Archaopteryx? A Response to Yalden. Archaeopteryx 15, 109-112 (1997).
15. Poore, S. O., Ashcroft, A., Sánchez-Haiman, A. & Goslow, G. E. Jr The contractile properties of the M. supracoracoideus in the pigeon and starling: a case for long-axis rotation of the humerus. J. Exp. Biol. 200, 2987-3002 (1997).
16. Rayner, J. M. V. in The Beginnings of Birds (eds Hecht, M. K. et al.) 279-288 (Freunde Jura-Museum, Eichstätt, 1985).
17. Jenkins, F. A. The evolution of the avian shoulder joint. Am. J. Sci. 293, 253-267 (1993).
18. Ostrom, J. H. How did flight might have come about. Dinofest Inter. Proc. 301-310 (1997).
19. Speakman, J. R. Flight capabilities in Archaeopteryx. Evolution 47, 336-340 (1993).
20. Norberg, R. A. & Norberg, U. M. Take-off, landing, and flight speed during fishing flights of Gavia stellata (Pont.). Ornis Scand. 2, 55-67 (1971).
21. Ruben, J. Reptilian physiology and the flight capacity of Archaeopteryx. Evolution 45, 1-17 (1991).
22. Caple, G. et al. The physics of leaping animals and the evolution of preflight. Am. Nat. 121, 455-476 (1983).
23. Novas, F. E. & Puerta, P. F. New evidence concerning avian origins from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Nature 387, 390-392 (1997).
24. Ji, Q., Currie, P. J., Norell, M. A. & Ji, S. Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature 393, 753-761 (1998).
25. Nopcsa, F. Ideas on the origin of flight. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, 223-236 (1907).
26. Nopcsa, F. On the origin of flight hi birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1923, 463-477 (1923).
27. Yalden, D. W. The flying ability of Archaeopteryx. Ibis 113, 349-356 (1971).
28. Burgers, P. A Computational Analysis of the Aerodynamic Interference Between Two Birds Flying in Formation and in Ground Effect Simultaneously. Thesis, The Union Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio (1996).