Combined extractives of red yeast rice, bitter gourd, chlorella, soy protein, and licorice improve total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride in subjects with metabolic syndrome

Nutrition Research

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 85-92

  Lee, I Te ^a,b,c   Lee, Wen Jane ^a   Tsai, Ching Min ^d   Su, Ih Jen ^e   Yen, Hsien Tung ^f   Sheu, Wayne H H ^a,b,c,g  

^a TAICHUNG VETERANS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^b CHUNG SHAN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^c NATIONAL YANG MING UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^d CHUNG YUAN CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^e NATIONAL CHENG KUNG UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^f Uni President Enterprises Corporation   (Taiwan)

^g NATIONAL CHUNG HSING UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Cholesterol; Double blinded study; Human; Metabolic syndrome; Placebo; Plant extractives

Indexed keywords

AGENTS AFFECTING LIPID METABOLISM; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; BILIRUBIN; CHLORELLA EXTRACT PLUS GLYCYRRHIZA EXTRACT PLUS MOMORDICA CHARANTIA EXTRACT PLUS SOYBEAN PROTEIN PLUS RED YEAST RICE EXTRACT; CREATININE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; NITROGEN; PLACEBO; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UREA; URIC ACID;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; UREA NITROGEN BLOOD LEVEL; URIC ACID BLOOD LEVEL;

ADULT; ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENTS; ASCOMYCOTA; BIOLOGICAL AGENTS; CHLORELLA; CHOLESTEROL; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; DRUG SYNERGISM; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; FASTING; FEMALE; GLYCYRRHIZA; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MALE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MIDDLE AGED; MOMORDICA; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT EXTRACTS; SOYBEAN PROTEINS; SOYBEANS; TRIGLYCERIDES;

EID: 84863153594     PISSN: 02715317     EISSN: 18790739     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.12.011     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Lopez A.D., Mathers C.D. Measuring the global burden of disease and epidemiological transitions: 2002-2030. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2006, 100:481-499.
2. Murray C.J., Lopez A.D. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997, 349:1269-1276.
3. Cheng Y., Chen K.J., Wang C.J., Chan S.H., Chang W.C., Chen J.H. Secular trends in coronary heart disease mortality, hospitalization rates, and major cardiovascular risk factors in Taiwan, 1971-2001. Int J Cardiol 2005, 100:47-52.
4. Martin M.J., Hulley S.B., Browner W.S., Kuller L.H., Wentworth D. Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, and mortality: implications from a cohort of 361,662 men. Lancet 1986, 2:933-936.
5. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001, 285:2486-2497.
6. Sattar N., Gaw A., Scherbakova O., Ford I., O'Reilly D.S., Haffner S.M., et al. Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein as a predictor of coronary heart disease and diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation 2003, 108:414-419.
7. Meigs J.B. Epidemiology of the metabolic syndrome, 2002. Am J Manag Care 2002, 8(11 Suppl):S283-S292.
8. Ford E.S., Giles W.H., Dietz W.H. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002, 287:356-359.
9. Zimmet P., Magliano D., Matsuzawa Y., Alberti G., Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome: a global public health problem and a new definition. J Atheroscler Thromb 2005, 12:295-300.
10. Lee I.T., Lin T.M., Lee W.J., Ou H.C., Chien Y.H., Lee W.L., et al. Hypercholesterolemia, not metabolic syndrome, related to adhesion of monocytes to cultured endothelium in nondiabetic subjects. Metabolism 2005, 54:1467-1471.
11. Stender S., Schuster H., Barter P., Watkins C., Kallend D. Comparison of rosuvastatin with atorvastatin, simvastatin and pravastatin in achieving cholesterol goals and improving plasma lipids in hypercholesterolaemic patients with or without the metabolic syndrome in the MERCURY I trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2005, 7:430-438. MERCURY I Study Group.
12. Deedwania P., Barter P., Carmena R., Fruchart J.C., Grundy S.M., Haffner S., et al. Reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome: analysis of the Treating to New Targets study. Lancet 2006, 368:919-928.
13. Castelli W.P. Lipids, risk factors and ischaemic heart disease. Atherosclerosis 1996, 124(Suppl):S1-S9.
14. Miller M., Cannon C.P., Murphy S.A., Qin J., Ray K.K., Braunwald E., et al. Impact of triglyceride levels beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008, 51:724-730.
15. Sarti C., Gallagher J. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence, CHD risk, and treatment. J Diabetes Complications 2006, 20:121-132.
16. Gaede P., Vedel P., Larsen N., Jensen G.V., Parving H.H., Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:383-393.
17. Daskalopoulou S.S., Mikhailidis D.P., Elisaf M. Prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Angiology 2004, 55:589-612.
18. Heber D., Yip I., Ashley J.M., Elashoff D.A., Elashoff R.M., Go V.L. Cholesterol-lowering effects of a proprietary Chinese red-yeast-rice dietary supplement. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 69:231-236.
19. Lu Z., Kou W., Du B., Wu Y., Zhao S., Brusco O.A., et al. Effect of Xuezhikang, an extract from red yeast Chinese rice, on coronary events in a Chinese population with previous myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2008, 101:1689-1693.
20. Halbert S.C., French B., Gordon R.Y., Farrar J.T., Schmitz K., Morris P.B., et al. Tolerability of red yeast rice (2,400 mg twice daily) versus pravastatin (20 mg twice daily) in patients with previous statin intolerance. Am J Cardiol 2010, 105:198-204.
21. Becker DJ, Gordon RY, Halbert SC, French B, Morris PB, Rader DJ. Red yeast rice for dyslipidemia in statin-intolerant patients: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2009;150:830-839, W147-9.
22. Sacks F.M., Lichtenstein A., Van Horn L., Harris W., Kris-Etherton P., Winston M. Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: an American Heart Association Science Advisory for professionals from the Nutrition Committee. Circulation 2006, 113:1034-1044.
23. Anderson J.W., Johnstone B.M., Cook-Newell M.E. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. N Engl J Med 1995, 333:276-282.
24. Cho S.J., Juillerat M.A., Lee C.H. Cholesterol lowering mechanism of soybean protein hydrolysate. J Agric Food Chem 2007, 55:10599-10604.
25. Ronis M.J., Chen Y., Badeaux J., Badger T.M. Dietary soy protein isolate attenuates metabolic syndrome in rats via effects on PPAR, LXR, and SREBP signaling. J Nutr 2009, 139:1431-1438.
26. Yang H.Y., Chen J.R., Chang L.S. Effects of soy protein hydrolysate on blood pressure and angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in rats with chronic renal failure. Hypertens Res 2008, 31:957-963.
27. Shibata S., Oda K., Onodera-Masuoka N., Matsubara S., Kikuchi-Hayakawa H., Ishikawa F., et al. Hypocholesterolemic effect of indigestible fraction of Chlorella regularis in cholesterol-fed rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2001, 47:373-377.
28. Sansawa H., Takahashi M., Tsuchikura S., Endo H. Effect of chlorella and its fractions on blood pressure, cerebral stroke lesions, and life-span in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2006, 52:457-466.
29. Hashimoto S., Setoyama T., Yokokura T., Mutai M. Effects of soybean phospholipid, chlorella phospholipid, and clofibrate on collagen and elastin synthesis in the aorta and on the serum and liver lipid contents in rats. Exp Mol Pathol 1982, 36:99-106.
30. Krawinkel M.B., Keding G.B. Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia): a dietary approach to hyperglycemia. Nutr Rev 2006, 64:331-337.
31. Chen Q., Chan L.L., Li E.T. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) reduces adiposity, lowers serum insulin and normalizes glucose tolerance in rats fed a high fat diet. J Nutr 2003, 133:1088-1093.
32. Shih C.C., Lin C.H., Lin W.L. Effects of Momordica charantia on insulin resistance and visceral obesity in mice on high-fat diet. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008, 81:134-143.
33. Jayasooriya A.P., Sakono M., Yukizaki C., Kawano M., Yamamoto K., Fukuda N. Effects of Momordica charantia powder on serum glucose levels and various lipid parameters in rats fed with cholesterol-free and cholesterol-enriched diets. J Ethnopharmacol 2000, 72:331-336.
34. Fiore C., Eisenhut M., Ragazzi E., Zanchin G., Armanini D. A history of the therapeutic use of liquorice in Europe. J Ethnopharmacol 2005, 99:317-324.
35. Fuhrman B., Volkova N., Kaplan M., Presser D., Attias J., Hayek T., et al. Antiatherosclerotic effects of licorice extract supplementation on hypercholesterolemic patients: increased resistance of LDL to atherogenic modifications, reduced plasma lipid levels, and decreased systolic blood pressure. Nutrition 2002, 18:268-273.
36. Aoki F., Honda S., Kishida H., Kitano M., Arai N., Tanaka H., et al. Suppression by licorice flavonoids of abdominal fat accumulation and body weight gain in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007, 71:206-214.
37. Grundy S.M., Cleeman J.I., Daniels S.R., Donato K.A., Eckel R.H., Franklin B.A., et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005, 112:2735-2752.
38. Tan C.E., Ma S., Wai D., Chew S.K., Tai E.S. Can we apply the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel definition of the metabolic syndrome to Asians?. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:1182-1186.
39. American Diabetes Association Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2004, 27(Suppl 1):S5-10.
40. He J., Gu D., Wu X., Chen J., Duan X., Chen J., et al. Effect of soybean protein on blood pressure: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2005, 143:1-9.
41. Altorf-van der Kuil W., Engberink M.F., Brink E.J., van Baak M.A., Bakker S.J., Navis G., et al. Dietary protein and blood pressure: a systematic review. PLoS One 2010, 5:e12102.
42. Cha M., Park J.R. Production and characterization of a soy protein-derived angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory hydrolysate. J Med Food 2005, 8:305-310.
43. Dans A.M., Villarruz M.V., Jimeno C.A., Javelosa M.A., Chua J., Bautista R., et al. The effect of Momordica charantia capsule preparation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus needs further studies. J Clin Epidemiol 2007, 60:554-559.
44. Ooi C.P., Yassin Z., Hamid T.A. Momordica charantia for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010, 2:CD007845.
45. Christie D.R., Grant J., Darnell B.E., Chapman V.R., Gastaldelli A., Sites C.K. Metabolic effects of soy supplementation in postmenopausal Caucasian and African American women: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010, 203:153.e1-153.e9.
46. Liu Z.M., Chen Y.M., Ho S.C., Ho Y.P., Woo J. Effects of soy protein and isoflavones on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity: a 6-mo double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in postmenopausal Chinese women with prediabetes or untreated early diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 91:1394-1401.
47. Heber D., Lembertas A., Lu Q.Y., Bowerman S., Go V.L. An analysis of nine proprietary Chinese red yeast rice dietary supplements: implications of variability in chemical profile and contents. Altern Complement Med 2001, 7:133-139.
48. Gordon R.Y., Cooperman T., Obermeyer W., Becker D.J. Marked variability of monacolin levels in commercial red yeast rice products: buyer beware!. J Arch Intern Med 2010, 170:1722-1727.
49. Bennett J.W., Klich M. Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003, 16:497-516.
50. Liu J., Zhang J., Shi Y., Grimsgaard S., Alraek T., Fønnebø V. Chinese red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus) for primary hyperlipidemia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chin Med 2006, 1:4.
51. Li J.J., Lu Z.L., Kou W.R., Chen Z., Wu Y.F., Yu X.H., et al. Long-term effects of Xuezhikang on blood pressure in hypertensive patients with previous myocardial infarction: data from the Chinese Coronary Secondary Prevention Study (CCSPS). Clin Exp Hypertens 2010, 32:491-498.
52. Ye P., Wu C.E., Sheng L., Li H. Potential protective effect of long-term therapy with Xuezhikang on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with essential hypertension. J Altern Complement Med 2009, 15:719-725.
53. Bogsrud M.P., Ose L., Langslet G., Ottestad I., Strøm E.C., Hagve T.A., et al. HypoCol (red yeast rice) lowers plasma cholesterol-a randomized placebo controlled study. Scand Cardiovasc J 2010, 44:197-200.