Tissue engineering of small-diameter vascular grafts: A literature review

Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation

Volumn 49, Issue 1-4, 2011, Pages 357-374

  Song, Y ^a   Feijen, J ^a   Grijpma, D W ^a   Poot, A A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

tissue engineering; Vascular graft

Indexed keywords

3 HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; 4 HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; CHITOSAN; COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; HYALURONIC ACID; POLY(3 HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID); POLYCAPROLACTONE; POLYGLYCOLIC ACID; POLYLACTIC ACID; POLYMER; SOLVENT; TISSUE SCAFFOLD;

ADULT STEM CELL; AORTA ANEURYSM; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIOREACTOR; BLOOD CLOTTING; BLOOD FLOW; BLOOD VESSEL FUNCTION; BLOOD VESSEL GRAFT; CELL ADHESION; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; COCULTURE; CONFERENCE PAPER; DEGRADATION; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELL; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FIBER; GANGRENE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; INTIMA; LEACHING; LEUKOCYTE ADHERENCE; MECHANICAL STRESS; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL; NONHUMAN; PARTICULATE MATTER; PH; POLYMERIZATION; POROSITY; PULSATILE FLOW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER; STROKE; TEMPERATURE; THROMBOCYTE ADHESION; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TISSUE REGENERATION; VASCULAR TISSUE; VISCOELASTICITY;

ABSORBABLE IMPLANTS; ANASTOMOSIS, SURGICAL; ANIMALS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BIOREACTORS; BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESIS; BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; CELLS, CULTURED; COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HUMANS; IMPLANTS, EXPERIMENTAL; MATERIALS TESTING; POLYMERS; PULSATILE FLOW; STEM CELLS; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TISSUE SCAFFOLDS;

EID: 84863069321     PISSN: 13860291     EISSN: 18758622     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/CH-2011-1486     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (112)

1. G.E. Amiel, M. Komura, O. Shapira, J.J. Yoo, S. Yazdani, J. Berry, S. Kaushal, J. Bischoff, A. Atala and S. Soker, Engineering of blood vessels from acellular collagen matrices coated with human endothelial cells, Tissue Eng 12 (2006), 2355-2365. (Pubitemid 44734993)
2. T. Asahara, T. Murohara, A. Sullivan, M. Silver, R. van der Zee, T. Li, B. Witzenbichler, G. Schatteman and J.M. Isner, Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis, Science 275 (1997), 964-967. (Pubitemid 27087709)
3. S.F. Badylak, Extracellular matrix as a scaffold for tissue engineering in veterinary medicine: Applications to soft tissue healing, Clin Tech Equine Pract 3 (2004), 173-181. (Pubitemid 40311881)
4. M.S. Baguneid, A.M. Seifalian, H.J. Salacinski, D. Murray, G. Hamilton and M.G. Walker, Tissue engineering of blood vessels, Br J Surg 93 (2006), 282-290.
5. J.D. Berglund, M.M. Mohseni, R.M. Nerem and A. Sambanis, A biological hybrid model for collagen-based tissue engineered vascular constructs, Biomaterials 24 (2003), 1241-1254. (Pubitemid 36069132)
6. P. Buijtenhuijs, L. Buttafoco, A.A. Poot, W.F. Daamen, T.H. van Kuppevelt, P.J. Dijkstra, R.A. de Vos, J. Feijen and I. Vermes, Tissue engineering of blood vessels: Characterization of smooth muscle cells for culturing on collagen and elastin based scaffolds, Biotech App Biochem 39 (2004), 141-149. (Pubitemid 38510059)
7. L. Buttafoco, N.P. Boks, P. Engbers-Buijtenhuijs, D.W. Grijpma, A.A. Poot, P.J. Dijkstra, I. Vermes and J. Feijen, Porous hybrid structures based on P(DLLA-co-TMC) and collagen for tissue engineering of small-diameter blood vessels, J Biomed Mater Res Part B 79B (2006), 425-434. (Pubitemid 44652070)
8. L. Buttafoco, N.G. Kolkman, P. Engbers-Buijtenhuijs, A.A. Poot, P.J. Dijkstra, I. Vermes and J. Feijen, Electrospinning of collagen and elastin for tissue engineering applications, Biomaterials 27 (2006), 724-734. (Pubitemid 41483823)
9. M. Chaouat, C. LeVisage, A. Autissier, F. Chaubet and D. Letourneur, The evaluation of a small-diameter polysaccharidebased arterial graft in rats, Biomaterials 27 (2006), 5546-5553. (Pubitemid 44202635)
10. S. Chen, P.Wang, J.Wang, J. Chen and Q.Wu, Guided growth of smooth muscle cells on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- hydroxyhexanoate) scaffolds with uniaxial microtubular structures, J Biomed Mat Res Part A 86A (2008), 849-856.
11. H.-Y. Cheung, K.-T. Lau, T.-P. Lu and D. Hui, A critical review on polymer-based bio-engineered materials for scaffold development, Composites Part B: Engineering 38 (2007), 291-300. (Pubitemid 46149453)
12. M.S. Chong, C.N. Lee and S.H. Teoh, Characterization of smooth muscle cells on poly(epsilon-caprolactone) films, Mat Sci Eng C 27 (2007), 309-312. (Pubitemid 46205304)
13. J.L. Cleland, E.T. Duenas, A. Park, A. Daugherty, J. Kahn, J. Kowalski and A. Cuthbertson, Development of poly- (D,L-lactide-coglycolide) microsphere formulations containing recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor to promote local angiogenesis, J Control Release 72 (2001), 13-24. (Pubitemid 32522340)
14. A.W. Clowes, A.M. Gown, S.R. Hanson and M.A. Reidy, Mechanisms of arterial graft failure. 1. Role of cellular proliferation in early healing of PTFE prostheses, Am J Path 118 (1985), 43-54. (Pubitemid 15165371)
15. W.F. Daamen, T. Hafmans, J.H. Veerkamp and T.H. van Kuppevelt, Comparison of five procedures for the purification of insoluble elastin, Biomaterials 22 (2001), 1997-2005. (Pubitemid 32567636)
16. T.A. Desai, Micro- and nanoscale structures for tissue engineering constructs, Med Eng Phys 22 (2000), 595-606.
17. I. Engelberg and J. Kohn, Physico-mechanical properties of degradable polymers used in medical applications: A comparative study, Biomaterials 12 (1991), 292-304.
18. M.F. Fillinger, L.N. Sampson, J.L. Cronenwett, R.J. Powell and R.J.Wagner, Coculture of Endothelial Cells and Smooth Muscle Cells in Bilayer and Conditioned Media Models, J Surg Res 67 (1997), 169-178. (Pubitemid 27188013)
19. J.R. Fuchs, B.A. Nasseri and J.P. Vacanti, Tissue engineering: A 21st century solution to surgical reconstruction, Ann Thorac Surg 72 (2001), 577-591. (Pubitemid 32727174)
20. J. Gao, L.E. Niklason and R. Langer, Surface hydrolysis of poly(glycolic acid) meshes increases the seeding density of vascular smooth muscle cells, J Biomed Mat Res 42 (1998), 417-424. (Pubitemid 28452518)
21. T.S. Girton, T.R. Oegema and R.T. Tranquillo, Exploiting glycation to stiffen and strengthen tissue equivalents for tissue engineering, J Biomed Mat Res 46 (1999), 87-92. (Pubitemid 29233184)
22. Z. Gong and L.E. Niklason, Small-diameter human vessel wall engineered from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), FASEB Journal 22 (2008), 1635-1648. (Pubitemid 351811442)
23. G. Grenier, M. Remy-Zolghadri, R. Guignard, F. Bergeron, R. Labbe, F.A. Auger and L. Germain, Isolation and culture of the three vascular cell types from a small vein biopsy sample, In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Animal 39 (2003), 131-139. (Pubitemid 37204096)
24. D.K. Han, K. Park, K.D. Park, K.-D. Ahn andY.H. Kim, In vivo biocompatibility of sulfonated PEO-grafted polyurethanes for polymer heart valve and vascular graft, Artificial Organs 30 (2006), 955-959. (Pubitemid 44915584)
25. A. Hansen, L. McMillan, A. Morrison, J. Petrik and M. Bradley, Polymers for the rapid and effective activation and aggregation of platelets, Biomaterials 32 (2011), 7034-7041.
26. C. Hashi and S. Li, Tissue-engineered nanofibrous vascular graft, Mol Cell Biomech 3 (2006), 135.
27. M. Hirashima, H. Kataoka, S. Nishikawa, N. Matsuyoshi and S. Nishikawa, Maturation of embryonic stem cells into endothelial cells in an in vitro model of vasculogenesis, Blood 93 (1999), 1253-1263. (Pubitemid 29076140)
28. S.P. Hoerstrup, G. Zünd, A.M. Schnell, J. Grünenfelder and M.I. Turina, Tissue engineering of small caliber vascular grafts, Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 20 (2001), 164-169. (Pubitemid 32567587)
29. Q. Hou, D.W. Grijpma and J. Feijen, Creep-resistant elastomeric networks prepared by photocrosslinking fumaric acid monoethyl ester-functionalized poly(trimethylene carbonate) oligomers, Acta Biomaterialia 5 (2009), 1543-1551.
30. J.A. Hubbell, Biomaterials in tissue engineering, Nature Biotech 13 (1995), 565-576.
31. D.W. Hutmacher, J.C.-H. Goh and S.H. Teoh, An introduction to biodegradable materials for tissue engineering applications, Ann Acad Med Singapore 30 (2001), 183-191. (Pubitemid 33613984)
32. S. Iwai, Y. Sawa, H. Ichikowa, S. Taketani, E. Uchimura, G. Chen, M. Hara, J. Miyake and H. Matsuda, Biodegradable polymer with collagen microsponge serves as a new bioengineered cardiovascular prosthesis, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 128 (2004), 472-479. (Pubitemid 39194708)
33. S.I. Jeong, B.S. Kim, S.W. Kang, J.H. Kwon, Y.M. Lee, S.H. Kim and Y.H. Kim, In vivo biocompatibilty and degradation behavior of elastic poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) scaffolds, Biomaterials 25 (2004), 5939-5946. (Pubitemid 38747016)
34. S.I. Jeong, S.Y. Kim, S.K. Cho, M.S. Chong, K.S. Kim, H. Kim, S.B. Lee and Y.M. Lee, Tissue-engineered vascular grafts composed of marine collagen and PLGA fibers using pulsatile perfusion bioreactors, Biomaterials 28 (2007), 1115-1122. (Pubitemid 44809424)
35. F. Jung, Wischke C. and A. Lendlein, Degradable, multifunctional cardiovascular implants: Challenges and hurdles, MRS Bull 35 (2010), 607-613.
36. L.C. Junqueira, J. Carneiro and R.O. Kelley In: Functionele histologie, 8th edition, Elsevier, Maarssen, 2000, p. 576.
37. S. Kaushal, G.E. Amiel, K.J. Guleserian, O.M. Shapira, T. Perry, F.W. Sutherland, E. Rabkin, A.M. Moran, F.J. Schoen, A. Atala, S. Soker, J. Bischoff and J.E. Mayer Jr, Functional small-diameter neovessels created using endothelial progenitor cells expanded ex vivo, Nature Medicine 7 (2001), 1035-1040. (Pubitemid 32937384)
38. B.-S. Kim, J. Nikolovski, J. Bonadio, E. Smiley and D.J. Mooney, Engineered Smooth Muscle Tissues:, Regulating, Cell Phenotype with the Scaffold, Exp Cell Res 251 (1999), 318-328. (Pubitemid 29431869)
39. P. Klinkert, P.N. Post, P.J. Breslau and J.H. van Bockel, Saphenous vein versus PTFE for above-knee femoropopliteal bypass. A review of the literature, Eur J Vasc and Endovasc Surg 27 (2004), 357-362. (Pubitemid 38386920)
40. A. Kurane, D.T. Simionescu and N.R. Vyavahare, In vivo cellular repopulation of tubular elastin scaffolds mediated by basic fibroblast growth factor, Biomaterials 28 (2007), 2830-2838. (Pubitemid 46482660)
41. E.G. Lakatta and D. Levy, Arterial and cardiac aging: Major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises: Part I: Aging arteries: A 'set up' for vascular disease, Circulation 107 (2003), 139-146. (Pubitemid 36070946)
42. R. Langer, Biomaterials in drug delivery and tissue engineering: One laboratory's experience, Acc Chem Res 33 (2000), 94-101.
43. R. Langer and J.P. Vacanti, Tissue engineering, Science 260 (1993), 920-926. (Pubitemid 23209960)
44. G.C. Lantz, S.F. Badylak, A.C. Coffey, L.A. Geddes and W.E. Blevins, Small intestinal submucosa as a small-diameter arterial graft in the dog, J Investig Surg 3 (1990), 217-227. (Pubitemid 20300331)
45. G.C. Lantz, S.F. Badylak, M.C. Hiles, A.C. Coffey, L.A. Geddes, K. Kokini, G.E. Sandusky and R.J. Morff, Small intestinal submucosa as a vascular graft: A review, J Investig Surg 6 (1993), 297-310. (Pubitemid 23235987)
46. M.D. Lavender, Z. Pang, C.S.Wallace, L.E. Niklason and G.A. Truskey, A system for the direct co-culture of endothelium on smooth muscle cells, Biomaterials 26 (2005), 4642-4653. (Pubitemid 40269281)
47. J.B. Leach, J.B.Wolinsky, P.J. Stone and J.Y.Wong, Crosslinked alpha-elastin biomaterials: Towards a processable elastin mimetic scaffold, Acta Biomaterialia 1 (2005), 155-164. (Pubitemid 43348796)
48. C.H. Lee, A. Singla and Y. Lee, Biomedical applications of collagen, Int J Pharm 221 (2001), 1-22. (Pubitemid 32524031)
49. I.-C. Lee, J.-H. Wang, Y.-T. Lee and T.-H. Young, The differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by mechanical stress and/or co-culture system, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 352 (2007), 147-152. (Pubitemid 44821107)
50. S.-H. Lee, B.-S. Kim, S.H. Kim, S.W. Choi, S.I. Jeong, I.K. Kwon, S.W. Kang and Y.H. Kim, Elastic biodegradable poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone) scaffold for tissue engineering, J Biomed Mat Res Part A 66A (2003), 29-37. (Pubitemid 37517248)
51. S.J. Lee, J. Liu, S.H. Oh, S. Soker, A. Atala and J.J. Yoo, Development of a composite vascular scaffolding system that withstands physiological vascular conditions, Biomaterials 29 (2008), 2891-2898.
52. N. L'Heureux, S. P'aquet, R. Labbé, L. Germain and F.A. Auger, A completely biological tissue-engineered human blood vessel, FASEB J 12 (1998), 47-56. (Pubitemid 28060270)
53. Y. Li, T. Ma, D.A. Kniss, L.C. Lasky and S.T. Yang, Effects of filtration seeding on cell density, spatial distribution, and proliferation in nonwoven fibrous matrices, Biotechnol Prog 17 (2001), 935-944. (Pubitemid 32972659)
54. P. Libby, Inflammation in atherosclerosis, Nature 420 (2002), 868-874. (Pubitemid 36019640)
55. A.J. Lusis, Atherosclerosis, Nature 407 (2000), 233-241.
56. A. Luttun, G. Carmeliet and P. Carmeliet, Vascular progenitors: From biology to treatment, Trends Cardiovasc Med 12 (2002), 88-96. (Pubitemid 34145269)
57. N.D. Martin, P.J. Schaner, T.N. Tulenko, I.M. Shapiro, C.A. DiMatteo, T.K. Williams, E.S. Hager and P.J. DiMuzio, In vivo behavior of decellularized Vein allograft, J Surg Res 129 (2005), 17-23. (Pubitemid 41501848)
58. G. Matsumura, Y. Ishihara, S. Miyagawa-Tomita, Y. Ikada, S. Matsuda, H. Kurosawa and T. Shin'oka, Evaluation of Tissue-Engineered Vascular Autografts, Tissue Eng 12 (2006), 3075-3083. (Pubitemid 44846413)
59. J.A. Matthews, G.E. Wnek, D.G. Simpson and G.L. Bowlin, Electrospinning of collagen nanofibers, Biomacromolecules 3 (2002), 232-238. (Pubitemid 34257140)
60. T.N. McAllister,M. Maruszewski, S.A. Garrido,W.Wystrychowski, N. Dusserre, A. Marini, K. Zagalski, A. Fiorillo, H. Avila, X. Manglano, J. Antonelli, A. Kocher,M. Zembala, L. Cierpka, L.M. de la Fuente and N. L'Heureux, Effectiveness of haemodialysis access with an autologous tissue-engineered vascular graft: A multicentre cohort study, Lancet 373 (2009), 1440-1446.
61. J.A. McKee, S.S. Banik, M.J. Boyer, N.M. Hamad, J.H. Lawson, L.E. Niklason and C.M. Counter, Human arteries engineered in vitro, EMBO Reports 4 (2003), 633-638. (Pubitemid 36939957)
62. V. Mironov, V. Kasyanov, K. McAllister, S. Oliver, J. Sistino and R. Markwald, Perfusion bioreactor for vascular tissue engineering with capacities for longitudinal stretch, J Craniofacial Surg 14 (2003), 340-347.
63. D.J. Mooney, C.L. Mazzoni, C. Breuer, K. McNamara, D. Hern, J.P. Vacanti and R. Langer, Stabilized polyglycolic acid fibre-based tubes for tissue engineering, Biomaterials 17 (1996), 115-124. (Pubitemid 26031367)
64. A.P. Mouritz, M.K. Bannister, P.J. Falzon and K.H. Leong, Review of applications for advanced three-dimensional fibre textile composites, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 30 (1999), 1445-1461. (Pubitemid 30501666)
65. R. Murugan and S. Ramakrishna, Design strategies of tissue engineering scaffolds with controlled fiber orientation, Tissue Eng 13 (2007), 1845-1866. (Pubitemid 47293986)
66. L.E. Niklason, W. Abbott, J. Gao, B. Klagges, K.K. Hirschi, K. Ulubayram, N. Conroy, R. Jones, A. Vasanawala, S. Sanzgiri and R. Langer, Morphologic and mechanical characteristics of engineered bovine arteries, J Vasc Surg 33 (2001), 628-638. (Pubitemid 32215616)
67. L.E. Niklason, J. Gao, W.M. Abbott, K.K. Hirschi, S. Houser, R. Marini and R. Langer, Functional, Arteries Grown in vitro, Science 284 (1999), 489-493. (Pubitemid 29289622)
68. L.E. Niklason and R. Langer, Advances in tissue engineering of blood vessels and other tissues, Transplant Immunol 5 (1997), 303-306. (Pubitemid 28026575)
69. J. Oswald, S. Boxberger, B. Jorgensen, S. Feldmann, G. Ehninger, M. Bornhauser and C. Werner, Mesenchymal stem cells can be differentiated into endothelial cells in vitro, Stem Cells 22 (2004), 377-384. (Pubitemid 38736621)
70. B.J. Papenburg, L. Vogelaar, L.A. Bolhuis-Versteeg, R.G. Lammertink, D. Stamatialis and M. Wessling, One-step fabrication of porous micropatterned scaffolds to control cell behavior, Biomaterials 28 (2007), 1998-2009. (Pubitemid 46176174)
71. A.P. Pêgo, D.W. Grijpma and J. Feijen, Enhanced mechanical properties of 1,3-trimethylene carbonate polymers and networks, Polymer 44 (2003), 6495-6504. (Pubitemid 37139724)
72. A.P. Pêgo, D.W. Poot, D.W. Grijpma and J. Feijen, Biodegradable elastomeric scaffolds for soft tissue engineering, J Control Release 87 (2003), 69-79. (Pubitemid 36255447)
73. R. Portner, S. Nagel-Heyer, C. Goepfert, P. Adamietz and N.M. Meenen, Bioreactor design for tissue engineering, J Biosci Bioeng 100 (2005), 235-245. (Pubitemid 41755286)
74. M.A. Punchard, C. Stenson-Cox, E.D. O'cearbhaill, E. Lyons, S. Gundy, L. Murphy, A. Pandit, P.E. McHugh and V. Barron, Endothelial cell response to biomechanical forces under simulated vascular loading conditions, J Biomech 40 (2007), 3146-3154. (Pubitemid 47532089)
75. E. Rabkin and F.J. Schoen, Cardiovascular tissue engineering, Cardiovasc Path 11 (2002), 305-317. (Pubitemid 35380018)
76. K.W. Riddel and D.J. Mooney, Role of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) particle size on gas-foamed scaffolds, J Biomat Sci, Polymer Edition 15 (2004), 1561-1570. (Pubitemid 40045382)
77. W. Risau, Mechanisms of angiogenesis, Nature 388 (1997), 671-674. (Pubitemid 27193480)
78. S. Rose and J. Babensee, Complimentary endothelial cell/smooth muscle, co-culture systems with alternate smooth muscle cell phenotypes, Ann Biomed Eng 35 (2007), 1382-1390. (Pubitemid 47115180)
79. R. Ross, Cell biology of atherosclerosis, Ann Rev Physiol 57 (1995), 791-804.
80. H.J. Salacinski, S. Goldner, A. Giudiceandrea, G. Hamilton, A.M. Seifalian, A. Edwards and R.J. Carson, The mechanical behavior of vascular grafts: A review, J Biomat App 15 (2001), 241-278. (Pubitemid 32286553)
81. A.J. Salgado, O.P. Coutinho and R.L. Reis, Bone tissue engineering: state of the art and future trends, Macromol Biosci 4 (2004), 743-765. (Pubitemid 39257140)
82. A. Sarasam and S.V. Madihally, Characterization of chitosan- polycaprolactone blends for tissue engineering applications, Biomaterials 26 (2005), 5500-5508. (Pubitemid 40592138)
83. P.J. Schaner, N.D. Martin, T.N. Tulenko, I.M. Shapiro, N.A. Tarola, R.F. Leichter, R.A. Carabasi and P.J. DiMuzio, Decellularized vein as a potential scaffold for vascular tissue engineering, J Vasc Surg 40 (2004), 146-153. (Pubitemid 38813075)
84. D. Schmidt, C. Breymann, A.Weber, C.I. Guenter, S. Neuenschwander,G. Zund, M. Turina and S.P. Hoerstrup, Umbilical cord blood derived endothelial progenitor cells for tissue engineering of vascular grafts, Ann Thoracic Surg 78 (2004), 2094-2098. (Pubitemid 39556301)
85. R. Shao and X. Guo, Human microvascular endothelial cells immortalized with human telomerase catalytic protein: A model for the study of in vitro angiogenesis, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 321 (2004), 788-794. (Pubitemid 39044379)
86. G. Shen, H.C. Tsung, C. Wu, X.Y. Liu, X. Wang, W. Liu, L. Cui and Y.L. Cao, Tissue engineering of blood vessels with endothelial cells differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells, Cell Res 13 (2003), 335-341. (Pubitemid 43231849)
87. T. Shin'oka, Y. Imai and Y. Ikada, Transplantation of a tissue-engineered pulmonary artery, New Eng J Med 344 (2001), 532-533.
88. T. Shin'oka, G. Matsumura, N. Hibino, Y. Naito, M. Watanabe, T. Konuma, T. Sakamoto and H. Kurosawa, Midterm clinical results of tissue-engineered vascular autografts seeded with autologous bone marrow cells, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 129 (2005), 1330-1338.
89. D. Shum-Tim, U. Stock, J. Hrkach, T. Shin'oka, J. Lien, M.A. Moses, A. Stamp, G. Taylor, A.M. Moran, W. Landis, R. Langer, J.P. Vacanti and J.E. Mayer Jr, Tissue engineering of autologous aorta using a new biodegradable polymer, Ann Thorac Surg 68 (1999), 2298-2304.
90. J.P. Stegemann, H. Hong and R.M. Nerem, Mechanical, biochemical, and extracellular matrix effects on vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype, J Appl Physiol 98 (2005), 2321-2327. (Pubitemid 40726933)
91. J.P. Stegemann and R.M. Nerem, Phenotype modulation in vascular tissue engineering using biochemical and mechanical stimulation, Ann Biomed Eng 31 (2003), 391-402.
92. J. Stitzel, J. Liu, S.J. Lee, M. Komura, J. Berry, S. Soker, G. Lim, M. Van Dyke, R. Czerw, J.J. Yoo and A. Atala, Controlled fabrication of a biological vascular substitute, Biomaterials 27 (2006), 1088-1094. (Pubitemid 41566702)
93. O.E. Teebken, A. Bader, G. Steinhoff and A. Haverich, Tissue engineering of vascular Grafts: Human cell seeding of decellularised porcine matrix, Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 19 (2000), 381-386. (Pubitemid 30232610)
94. W.E. Teo and S. Ramakrishna, A review on electrospinning design and nanofibre assemblies, Nanotechnology 17 (2006), R89-R106. (Pubitemid 43996759)
95. U.S. Tomoyuki, O. Hiroyuki, T. Mika, N. Takuma, F. Toshio, M. Takehisa, N. Makoto and A. Fumihito, Development of biodegradable scaffolds based on patient-specific arterial configuration, J Biotech 133 (2008), 213-218.
96. B. van der Loo, S. Spring and R. Koppensteiner, High-dose atorvastatin treatment in patients with peripheral arterial disease: Effects on platelet aggregation, blood rheology and plasma homocysteine, Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 47 (2011), 241-251.
97. C.M. Vaz, S. van Tuijl, C.V. Bouten and F.P. Baaijens, Design of scaffolds for blood vessel tissue engineering using a multi-layering electrospinning technique, Acta Biomaterialia 1 (2005), 575-582. (Pubitemid 43348771)
98. J. Venugopal, L.L. Ma, T. Young and S. Ramakrishna, In vitro study of smooth muscle cells on polycaprolactone and collagen nanofibrous matrices, Cell Biol Int 29 (2005), 861-867. (Pubitemid 41368055)
99. E. Vergés, D. Ayala, S. Grau and D. Tost, 3D reconstruction and quantification of porous structures, Computers Graphics 32 (2008), 438-444.
100. D.G. Wallace and J. Rosenblatt, Collagen gel systems for sustained delivery and tissue engineering, Adv Drug Del Rev 55 (2003), 1631-1649. (Pubitemid 37412596)
101. C.B. Weinberg and E. Bell, A blood vessel model constructed from collagen and cultured vascular cells, Science 231 (1986), 397-400. (Pubitemid 16108649)
102. S.F.Williams, D.P. Martin, D.M. Horowitz and O.P. Peoples, PHA applications: Addressing the price performance issue: I. Tissue engineering, Int J Biol Macromol 25 (1999), 111-121. (Pubitemid 29301989)
103. Y. Xia and G. Whitesides, Soft lithography, Ann Rev Mat Sci 28 (1998), 153-184. (Pubitemid 128631417)
104. C.Y. Xu, R. Inai, M. Kotaki and S. Ramakrishna, Aligned biodegradable nanofibrous structure: A potential scaffold for blood vessel engineering, Biomaterials 25 (2004), 877-886. (Pubitemid 37371995)
105. L. Xue and H.P. Greisler, Biomaterials in the development and future of vascular grafts, J Vasc Surg 37 (2003), 472-480. (Pubitemid 36236932)
106. J. Yamashita, H. Itoh, M. Hirashima, M. Ogawa, S. Nishikawa, T. Yurugi, M. Naito, K. Nakao and S. Nishikawa, Flk1-positive cells derived from embryonic stem cells serve as vascular progenitors, Nature 408 (2000), 92-96.
107. S. Yang, K.-F. Leong, Z. Du and C.-K. Chua, The design of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering. Part I. Traditional factors, Tissue Eng 7 (2001), 679-689. (Pubitemid 34042301)
108. S. Yang, K.-F. Leong, Z. Du and C.-K. Chua, The design of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering. Part II. Rapid prototyping techniques, Tissue Eng 8 (2002), 1-11. (Pubitemid 34194659)
109. W.J. Zhang, W. Liu, L. Cui and Y. Cao, Tissue engineering of blood vessel, J Cell Mol Med 11 (2007), 945-957.
110. Z. Zhang, R. Kuijer, S.K. Bulstra, D.W. Grijpma and J. Feijen, The in vivo and in vitro degradation behavior of poly(trimethylene carbonate), Biomaterials 27 (2006), 1741-1748. (Pubitemid 41759468)
111. K.J. Zhu, R.W. Hendren, K. Jensen and C.G. Pitt, Synthesis, properties, and biodegradation of poly(1,3-trimethylene carbonate), Macromolecules 24 (1991), 1736-1740.
112. T. Ziegler, R. Alexander and R.M. Nerem, An endothelial cell-smooth muscle cell co-culture model for use in the investigation of flow effects on vascular biology, Ann Biomed Eng 23 (1995), 216-225.