Gynecology

Inherited Bleeding Disorders in Women

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 70-89

  Kadir, Rezan A ^a  

^a ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Adolescent menorrhagia; Assessment of menstrual blood loss and diagnosis of menorrhagia; Gynecological problems in women with bleeding disorders; Inherited bleeding disorders; Menorrhagia as predictor for bleeding disorders; Menorrhagia management in women with inherited bleeding disorders; non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); Screening for bleeding disorders in women with menorrhagia; Von Willebrand disease (VWD)

Indexed keywords

EID: 84862798264     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444303490.ch7     Document Type: Chapter

References (134)

1. Chi C, Shiltagh N, Kingman CE, et al. Identification and management of women with inherited bleeding disorders: a survey of obstetricians and gynaecologists in the United Kingdom. Haemophilia 2006; 12: 405-412.
2. Dilley A, Drews C, Lally C, et al. A survey of gynecologists concerning menorrhagia: perceptions of bleeding disorders as a possible cause. J Women's Health Gend Based Med 2002; 11: 39-44.
3. United Kingdom Haemophilia Centres Doctors Organisation. Annual Report 2007 Annual Returns 2006. A report from UKHCDO and NHD. Manchester: UKHCDO, 2007.
4. Lukes A, Kadir RA, Peyvandi F, Kouides PA. Disorders of hemostasis and excessive menstrual bleeding: prevalence and clinical impact. Fertil Steril 2005; 84: 1338- 1344.
5. Hallberg L, Hogdahl AM, Nilsson L, Rybo G. Menstrual blood loss: a population study. Variation at different ages and attempts to define normality. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1966; 45: 320-351.
6. Fraser IS, McCarron G, Markham R. A preliminary study of factors influencing perception of menstrual blood loss volume. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 149: 788-793.
7. Chimbira TH, Anderson AB, Turnbull A. Relation between measured menstrual blood loss and patient's subjective assessment of loss, duration of bleeding, number of sanitary towels used, uterine weight and endometrial surface area. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1980; 87: 603-609.
8. Hallberg L, Nilsson L. Determination of menstrual blood loss. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1964; 16: 244-248.
9. Warner PE, Critchley HO, Lumsden MA, et al. Menorrhagia II: is the 80-mL blood loss criterion useful in management of complaint of menorrhagia?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190: 1224-1229.
10. Warner PE, Critchley HO, Lumsden MA, et al. Menorrhagia I: measured blood loss, clinical features, and outcome in women with heavy periods: a survey with follow-up data. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190: 1216-1223.
11. Higham JM, O'Brien PM, Shaw RW. Assessment of menstrual blood loss using a pictorial chart. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 97: 734-739.
12. Janssen CA, Scholten PC, Heintz AP. A simple visual assessment technique to discriminate between menorrhagia and normal menstrual blood loss. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 977-982.
13. Philipp CS, Faiz A, Dowling NF, et al. Development of a screening tool for indentifying women with menorrhagia for hemostatic evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198: 163-168.
14. Ragni MV, Bontempo FA, Hassett AC. von Willebrand disease and bleeding in women. Haemophilia 1999; 5: 313-517.
15. Kirtava A, Drews C, Lally C, et al. Medical, reproductive and psychosocial experiences of women diagnosed with von Willebrand's disease receiving care in haemophilia treatment centres: a case-control study. Haemophilia 2003; 9: 292-297.
16. Shankar M, Lee CA, Sabin CA, et al. von Willebrand disease in women with menorrhagia: a systematic review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2004; 111: 734-740.
17. Rodeghiero F, Castaman G, Dini E. Epidemiological investigation of the prevalence of von Willebrand's disease. Blood 1987; 69: 454-459.
18. Werner EJ, Broxson EH, Tucker EL, et al. Prevalence of von Willebrand disease in children: a multiethnic study. J Pediatr 1993; 123: 893-898.
19. Kadir RA, Economides DL, Sabin CA, et al. Frequency of inherited bleeding disorders in women with menorrhagia. Lancet 1998; 351: 485-489.
20. Winkler UH. Menstruation: extravascular fibrinolytic activity and reduced fibrinolytic capacity. Ann NY Acad Sci 1992; 667: 289-290.
21. Edlund M, Blomback M, He S. On the correlation between local fibrinolytic activity in menstrual fluid and total blood loss during menstruation and effects of desmopressin. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2003; 14: 593-598.
22. Philipp CS, Dilley A, Miller CH, et al. Platelet functional defects in women with unexplained menorrhagia. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1: 477-484.
23. ACOG committee on Gynecologic Practice. von Willebrand's disease in gynecologic practice. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 263. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 98: 1185-1186.
24. James AH. More than menorrhagia: a review of the obstetric and gynaecological manifestations of bleeding disorders. Haemophilia 2005; 11: 295-307.
25. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Heavy menstrual bleeding. Clinical Guideline. London: RCOG, 2007.
26. Kadir RA, Economides DL, Sabin CA, et al. Frequency of inherited bleeding disorders in women with menorrhagia. Lancet 1998; 351: 485-489.
27. Rodeghiero F, Castaman G, Tosetto A, et al. The discriminant power of bleeding history for the diagnosis of type 1 von Willebrand disease: an international, multicenter study. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3: 2619- 2626.
28. Chi C, Chase A, Riddell A, et al. Bleeding score as a screening tool for identification and assessment of VWD in women [Abstract]. Thromb Res 2007; 119 (Suppl 1): S101.
29. Kadir RA, Economides DL, Sabin CA, et al. Assessment of menstrual blood loss and gynaecological problems in patients with inherited bleeding disorders. Haemophilia 1999; 5: 40-48.
30. Kouides PA, Phatak PD, Burkart P, et al. Gynaecological and obstetrical morbidity in women with type I von Willebrand disease: results of a patient survey. Haemophilia 2000; 6: 643-648.
31. Foster PA. The reproductive health of women with von Willebrand disease unresponsive to DDAVP: results of an international survey. On behalf of the Subcommittee on von Willebrand Factor of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the ISTH. Thromb Haemost 1995; 74: 784-790.
32. Plug I, Mauser-Bunschoten EP, Broker-Vriends AH, et al. Bleeding in carriers of hemophilia. Blood 2006; 108: 52-56.
33. George JN, Caen JP, Nurden AT. Glanzmann's thrombasthenia: the spectrum of clinical disease. Blood 1990; 75: 1383-1393.
34. Lopez JA, Andrews RK, Afshar-Kharghan V, Berndt MC. Bernand-Soulier syndrome. Blood 1998; 91: 4397-4418.
35. Woo YL, White B, Corbally R, et al. von Willebrand's disease: an important cause of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2002; 13: 89-93.
36. Kadir RA, Sabin CA, Pollard D, et al. Quality of life during menstruation in patients with inherited bleeding disorders. Haemophilia 1998; 4: 836-841.
37. Shanker M, Chi C, Kadir RA. Review of quality of life: menorrhagia in women with or without inherited bleeding disorders. Haemophilia 2008; 14: 15-20.
38. Barr RD, Sek J, Horsman J, et al. Health status and health-related quality of life associated with von Willebrand disease. Am J Hematol 2003; 73: 108-114.
39. Kirtava A, Crudder S, Dilley A, et al. Trends in clinical management of women with von Willebrand disease: a survey of 75 women enrolled in haemophilia treatment centres in the United States. Haemophilia 2004; 10: 158-161.
40. Lee CA, Chi C, Shiltagh N, et al. Review of a multidisciplinary clinic for women with inherited bleeding disorders. Haemophilia 2008; published online..
41. Gleeson NC, Buggy F, Sheppard BL, Bonnar J. The effect of tranexamic acid on measured menstrual loss and endometrial fibrinolytic enzymes in dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1994; 73: 274-277.
42. Dockeray CJ, Sheppard BL, Daly L, Bonnar J. The fibrinolytic enzyme system in normal menstruation and excessive uterine bleeding and the effect of tranexamic acid. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1987; 24: 309-318.
43. Lethaby A, Farquhar C, Cooke I. Antifibrinolytics for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; CD000249.
44. Edlund M, Andersson K, Rybo G, et al. Reduction of menstrual blood loss in women suffering from idiopathic menorrhagia with a novel antifibrinolytic drug (Kabi 2161). Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995; 102: 913-917.
45. Callender ST, Warner GT, Cope E. Treatment of menorrhagia with tranexamic acid. A double-blind trial. BMJ 1970; 4: 214-216.
46. Bonnar J, Sheppard BL. Treatment of menorrhagia during menstruation: randomised controlled trial of ethamsylate, mefenamic acid, and tranexamic acid. BMJ 1996; 313: 579-582.
47. Rybo G. Tranexamic acid therapy: effective treatment in heavy menstrual bleeding: clinical update on safety. Adv Ther 1991; 4: 1-8.
48. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The initial management of menorrhagia - national evidencebased clinical guidelines No. 1. 1998. London: RCOG Press; 1998.
49. Ong YL, Hull DR, Mayne EE. Menorrhagia in von Willebrand disease successfully treated with single daily dose tranexamic acid. Haemophilia 1998; 4: 63-65.
50. Onundarson PT. Treatment of menorrhagia in von Willebrand's disease [Letter]. Haemophilia 1999; 5: 76.
51. Lethagen S, Harris AS, Sjorin E, Nilsson IM. Intranasal and intravenous administration of desmopressin: effect on F VIII/vWF, pharmacokinetics and reproducibility. Thromb Haemost 1987; 58: 1033-1036.
52. Cash JD, Gader AM, da Costa J. Proceedings: The release of plasminogen activator and factor VIII to lysine vasopressin, arginine vasopressin, I-desamino-8- d-arginine vasopressin, angiotensin and oxytocin in man. Br J Haematol 1974; 27: 363-364.
53. Sakariassen KS, Cattaneo M, Berg A, et al. DDAVP enhances platelet adherence and platelet aggregate growth on human artery subendothelium. Blood 1984; 64: 229-236.
54. Rose EH, Aledort LM. Nasal spray desmopressin (DDAVP) for mild hemophilia A and von Willebrand disease. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 563-568.
55. Lethagen S, Ragnarson Tennvall G. Self-treatment with desmopressin intranasal spray in patients with bleeding disorders: effect on bleeding symptoms and socioeconomic factors. Ann Hematol 1993; 66: 257-260.
56. Lethagen S, Harris AS, Nilsson IM. Intranasal desmopressin (DDAVP) by spray in mild hemophilia A and von Willebrand's disease type I. Blut 1990; 60: 187- 191.
57. Rodeghiero F, Castaman G, Mannucci PM. Prospective multicenter study on subcutaneous concentrated desmopressin for home treatment of patients with von Willebrand disease and mild or moderate hemophilia A. Thromb Haemost 1996; 76: 692-696.
58. Leissinger C, Becton D, Cornell C, Jr., Cox Gill J. Highdose DDAVP intranasal spray (Stimate) for the prevention and treatment of bleeding in patients with mild haemophilia A, mild or moderate type 1 von Willebrand disease and symptomatic carriers of haemophilia A. Haemophilia 2001; 7: 258-266.
59. Kadir RA, Lee CA, Sabin CA, et al. DDAVP nasal spray for treatment of menorrhagia in women with inherited bleeding disorders: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. Haemophilia 2002; 8: 787-793.
60. Edlund M, Blomback M, Fried G. Desmopressin in the treatment of menorrhagia in women with no common coagulation factor deficiency but with prolonged bleeding time. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2002; 13: 225-231.
61. Kouides PA, Heit JA, Philipp CS, et al. The effect of intranasal desmopressin vs. oral tranexamic acid on menstrual blood loss among women with menorrhagia and abnormal laboratory hemostasis: a multicentre, randomized cross-over study [Abstract]. J Thomb Haemost 2007; 5 (Suppl 2); p-m-183.
62. Dunn AL, Powers JR, Ribeiro MJ, et al. Adverse events during use of intransal desmopressin acetate for haemophilia A and von Willebrand disease: a case report and review of 40 patients. Haemophilia 2000; 6: 11-14.
63. Lethaby A, Augood C, Duckitt K, Farquhar C. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; CD000400.
64. Callard GV, Litofsky FS, DeMerre LJ. Menstruation in women with normal or artificially controlled cycles. Fertil Steril 1966; 17: 684-688.
65. Ramcharan S, Pellegrin FA, Ray RM, Hsu JP. The Walnut Creek Contraceptive Drug Study. A prospective study of the side effects of oral contraceptives. Volume III, an interim report: a comparison of disease occurrence leading to hospitalization or death in users and nonusers of oral contraceptives. J Reprod Med 1980; 25 (6 Suppl): 345-372.
66. Nilsson L, Rybo G. Treatment of menorrhagia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1971; 110: 713-720.
67. Fraser IS, McCarron G. Randomized trial of 2 hormonal and 2 prostaglandin-inhibiting agents in women with a complaint of menorrhagia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 31: 66-70.
68. Jarvis RR, Olsen ME. Type I von Willebrand's disease presenting as recurrent corpus hemorrhagicum. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 99: 887-888.
69. Vercellini P, De Giorgi O, Mosconi P, et al. Cyproterone acetate versus a continuous monophasic oral contraceptive in the treatment of recurrent pelvic pain after conservative surgery for symptomatic endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2002; 77: 52-61.
70. Sulak PJ, Cressman BE, Waldrop E, et al. Extending the duration of active oral contraceptive pills to manage hormone withdrawal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89: 179-183.
71. Miller L, Notter KM. Menstrual reduction with extended use of combination oral contraceptive pills: randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 98: 771-778.
72. Miller L, Hughes JP. Continuous combination oral contraceptive pills to eliminate withdrawal bleeding: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101: 653- 661.
73. Edelman AB, Gallo MF, Jensen JT, et al. Continuous or extended cycle versus cyclic use of combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; CD004695.
74. Lethaby A, Irvine G, Cameron I. Cyclical progestogens for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1998; CD001016.
75. Irvine GA, Campbell-Brown MB, Lumsden MA, et al. Randomised comparative trial of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and norethisterone for treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105: 592-598.
76. Shaw RW. Treating the patient with menorrhagia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994; 101 Suppl 11: 1-2.
77. Silverberg SG, Haukkamaa M, Arko H, et al. Endometrial morphology during long-term use of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1986; 5: 235-241.
78. Koh SC, Singh K. The effect of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system use on menstrual blood loss and the haemostatic, fibrinolytic/inhibitor systems in women with menorrhagia. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: 133-138.
79. Stewart A, Cummins C, Gold L, et al. The effectiveness of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in menorrhagia: a systematic review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2001; 108: 74-86.
80. Lethaby AE, Cooke I, Rees M. Progesterone or progestogen releasing intrauterine systems for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; CD002126.
81. Lahteenmaki P, Haukkamaa M, Puolakka J, et al. Open randomised study of use of levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system as alternative to hysterectomy. BMJ 1998; 316: 1122-1126.
82. Kingman CE, Kadir RA, Lee CA, Economides DL. The use of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for treatment of menorrhagia in women with inherited bleeding disorders. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2004; 111: 1425-1428.
83. Kouides P, Phatak P, Sham R, et al. The efficacy and safety of the levonorgestrel intrauterine device (Mirena) for bleeding disorder-related menorrhagia in an American cohort [Abstract]. Hemophilia 2006; 12 (Suppl 2): 146.
84. Silverberg SG, Haukkamaa M, Arko H, et al. Endometrial morphology during long-term use of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1986; 5: 235-241.
85. Nagrani R, Bowen-Simpkins P, Barrington JW. Can the levonorgestrel intrauterine system replace surgical treatment for the management of menorrhagia?. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2002; 109: 345-347.
86. Xiao B, Wu SC, Chong J, et al. Therapeutic effects of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in the treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia. Fertil Steril 2003; 79: 963-969.
87. Chi C, Chase A, Kadir R. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for the management of menorrhagia in women with inherited bleeding disorders: longterm follow-up [Abstract]. Thromb Res 2007; 119 (Suppl 1): S101.
88. Hidalgo M, Bahamondes L, Perrotti M, et al. Bleeding patterns and clinical performance of the levonorgestrelreleasing intrauterine system (Mirena) up to two years. Contraception 2002; 65: 129-132.
89. Andersson K, Odlind V, Rybo G. Levonorgestrelreleasing and copper-releasing (Nova T) IUDs during five years of use: a randomized comparative trial. Contraception 1994; 49: 56-72.
90. Sivin I, el Mahgoub S, McCarthy T, et al. Long-term contraception with the levonorgestrel 20 mcg/day (LNg 20) and the copper T 380Ag intrauterine devices: a fiveyear randomized study. Contraception 1990; 42: 361- 378.
91. Hurskainen R, Teperi J, Rissanen P, et al. Clinical outcomes and costs with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or hysterectomy for treatment of menorrhagia: randomized trial 5-year follow-up. JAMA 2004; 291: 1456-1463.
92. Pakarinen PI, Suvisaari J, Luukkainen T, Lahteenmaki P. Intracervical and fundal administration of levonorgestrel for contraception: endometrial thickness, patterns of bleeding, and persisting ovarian follicles. Fertil Steril 1997; 68: 59-64.
93. Jarvela I, Tekay A, Jouppila P. The effect of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on uterine artery blood flow, hormone concentrations and ovarian cyst formation in fertile women. Hum Reprod 1998; 13: 3379-3383.
94. Inki P, Hurskainen R, Palo P, et al. Comparison of ovarian cyst formation in women using the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system vs. hysterectomy. Ultra-sound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 20: 381- 385.
95. Lukes AS, Kouides PA. Hysterectomy versus expanded medical treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding: clinical outcomes in the medicine or surgery trial. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104: 864-865.
96. Howard F, Phatak P, Braggins C, et al. Patient preferences/ outcomes for the treatment of menorrhagia from a prospective study of the prevalence of von Willebrand disease-related menorrhagia [Abstract]. Haemophilia 2000; 6: 242.
97. Maresh MJ, Metcalfe MA, McPherson K, et al. The VALUE national hysterectomy study: description of the patients and their surgery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2002; 109: 302-312.
98. McPherson K, Metcalfe MA, Herbert A, et al. Severe complications of hysterectomy: the VALUE study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2004; 111: 688-694.
99. Lethaby A, Shepperd S, Cooke I, Farquhar C. Endometrial resection and ablation versus hysterectomy for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1999; CD000329.
100. Lethaby A, Hickey M. Endometrial destruction techniques for heavy menstrual bleeding: a Cochrane review. Hum Reprod 2002; 17: 2795-2806.
101. Toth D, Gervaise A, Kuzel D, Fernandez H. Thermal balloon ablation in patients with multiple morbidity: 3- year follow-up. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2004; 11: 236-239.
102. Rubin G, Wortman M, Kouides PA. Endometrial ablation for von Willebrand disease-related menorrhagia - experience with seven cases. Haemophilia 2004; 10: 477-482.
103. Pasi KJ, Collins PW, Keeling DM, et al. Management of von Willebrand disease: a guideline from the UK Haemophilia Centre Doctors' Organization. Haemophilia 2004; 10: 218-231.
104. Keeling D, Tait C, Maknis M. Guidelines on the selection and use of therapeutic products to treat haemophilia and other hereditary bleeding disorders. Haemophilia 2008; 14: 671-684.
105. Read GF, Wilsonn DW, Hughes IA, Griffith SK. The use of salivary progesterone assays in the assessment of ovarian function in postmenarcheal girls. J Endocrinol 1984; 102: 265-268.
106. Bevan JA, Maloney KW, Hillery CA, et al. Bleeding disorders: a common cause of menorrhagia in adolescents. J Pediatr 2001; 138: 856-861.
107. Jayasinghe Y, Moore P, Donath S, et al. Bleeding disorders in teenagers presenting with menorrhagia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2005; 45: 439-443.
108. Claessens EA, Cowell CA. Acute adolescent menorrhagia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981; 139: 277-80.
109. Smith YR, Quint EH, Hertzberg RB. Menorrhagia in adolescents requiring hospitalization. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 1998; 11: 13-15.
110. Philipp CS, Faiz A, Dowling N, et al. Age and the prevalence of bleeding disorders in women with menorrhagia. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105: 61-66.
111. Mikhail S, Varadarajan R, Kouides P. The prevalence of disorders of haemostasis in adolescents with menorrhagia referred to a haemophilia treatment centre. Haemophilia 2007; 13: 627-632.
112. Leung PL, Ng PS, Lok IH, Yuen PM. Puberty menorrhagia secondary to inherited bleeding disorders. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2005; 84: 921-922.
113. Khair K, Baker K, Mathias M, et al. Intranasal desmopressin: a safe and efficacious treatment option for children with bleeding disorders. Haemophilia 2007; 13: 548-551.
114. Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care Clinical Effectiveness Unit. FFPRHC Guideline (October 2004). Contraceptive choices for young people. J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care 2004; 30: 237-251.
115. Cromer BA, Blair JM, Mahan JD, et al. A prospective comparison of bone density in adolescent girls receiving depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera), levonorgestrel (Noeplant), or oral contraceptives. J Pediatr 1996; 129: 671-676.
116. Jayasinghe K, Moore P, Jayasinghe Y, Grover S. The use of levonorgestrel intrauterine system in adolescents. North American Society Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 20th Annual Clinical meeting, 18-20 May 2006. Orlando, FL: NASPAG, 2006.
117. Alperine JE. Estrogens and surgery in women with von Willebrand disease. Am J Med 1982; 73: 367-371.
118. Glueck HI, Flessa HC. Control of hemorrhage in with von Willebrand disease and haemophilic carrier with norethynordrelmestranol. Thromb Res 1972; 1: 253-266.
119. Elkeles RS, Hampton JR, Mitchell JRA. Effect of oestrogen on human platelet behaviour, Lancet 1968; 2: 315-317.
120. DeVore GR, Owens O, Kase N. Use of intravenous Premarin in the treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding: a double-blind randomized control study. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 59: 285-291.
121. Bowkley CW, Dubel GJ, Haas RA, et al. Uterine artery embolization for control of life-threatening haemorrhage at menarche: Brief report. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2007; 18: 127-131.
122. Klein JR, Litt IF. Epidemiology of adolescent dysmenorrhea. Pediatrics 1981; 68: 661-664.
123. Banikarim C, Chacko MR, Kelder SH. Prevalence and impact of dysmenorrhea on Hispanic female adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000; 154: 1226-1229.
124. Hann LE, Hall DA, Black EB, Ferrucci JT, Jr. Mittelschmerz. Sonographic demonstration. JAMA 1979; 241: 2731-2732.
125. Silwer J. von Willebrand's disease in Sweden. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 1973; 238: 1-159.
126. O'Brien PM, DiMichele DM, Walterhouse DO. Management of an acute hemorrhagic ovarian cyst in a female patient with hemophilia A. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1996; 18: 233-236.
127. Jarvis RR, Olsen ME. Type I von Willebrand's disease presenting as recurrent corpus hemorrhagicum. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 99: 887-888.
128. Mishell DR, Jr. Noncontraceptive health benefits of oral steroidal contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 142: 809-816.
129. Bottini E, Pareti FI, Mari D, et al. Prevention of hemoperitoneum during ovulation by oral contraceptives in women with type III von Willebrand disease and afibrinogenemia. Case reports. Haematologica 1991; 76: 431-433.
130. Ghosh K, Mohanty D, Pathare AV, Jijina F. Recurrent haemoperitoneum in a female patient with type III von Willebrand's disease responded to administration of oral contraceptive. Haemophilia 1998; 4: 767-768.
131. Vercellini P, De Giorgi O, Aimi G, et al. Menstrual characteristics in women with and without endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90: 264-268.
132. Stewart EA. Uterine fibroids. Lancet 2001; 357: 293- 298.
133. Lund N, Justesen P, Elle B, et al. Fibroids treated by uterine artery embolization. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000; 79: 905-910.
134. Seals JG, Jones PA, Wolfe C. Uterine artery embolization as a treatment for symptomatic fibroids: a review of literature and case report. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2006; 18: 361-367.