Statistical evidence for the natural variation of the central Pacific El Niño

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 117, Issue 6, 2012, Pages

  Kim, Jin Soo ^a   Kim, Kwang Yul ^a   Yeh, Sang Wook ^b  

^a Seoul National University   (South Korea)

^b Hanyang University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS;

CYCLOSTATIONARY; DATA SETS; DIPOLE PATTERNS; EASTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; EMPIRICAL ORTHOGONAL FUNCTION ANALYSIS; EQUATORIAL CLIMATE; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; GEOPHYSICAL FLUID DYNAMICS LABORATORIES; IN-PHASE; NATURAL FEATURES; NATURAL VARIATION; PRE-INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS; PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (SST); SIMILAR ANALYSIS; SPATIAL PATTERNS; STATISTICAL EVIDENCE; TEMPORAL PATTERN;

NICKEL COMPOUNDS;

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; CLIMATE CONDITIONS; CLIMATE MODELING; DATA SET; EL NINO; EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS; WARMING;

PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (CENTRAL); PACIFIC OCEAN (EQUATORIAL); PACIFIC OCEAN (TROPICAL);

EID: 84862580760     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2012JC008003     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Adler, R. F., et al. (2003), The version-2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Monthly Precipitation Analysis (1979-present), J. Hydrometeorol., 4(6), 1147-1167, doi:10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1147: TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2.
2. Ashok, K., S. K. Behera, S. A. Rao, H. Weng, and T. Yamagata (2007), El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C11007, doi:10.1029/2006JC003798.
3. Carton, J. A., and B. S. Giese (2008), A reanalysis of ocean climate using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA), Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 2999-3017, doi:10.1175/2007MWR1978.1.
4. Choi, J., S.-I. An, J.-S. Kug, and S.-W. Yeh (2011a), The role of mean state on changes in El Niño's flavor, Clim. Dyn., 37, 1205-1215, doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0912-1.
5. Choi, J., S.-I. An, and S.-W. Yeh (2011b), Decadal amplitude modulation of two types of ENSO and its relationship with the mean state, Clim. Dyn., doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1186-y, in press.
6. Collins, M., et al. (2010), The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño, Nat. Geosci., 3, 391-397.
7. Delworth, T., et al. (2006), GFDL's CM2 global coupled climate models. Part I: Formulation and simulation characteristics, J. Clim., 19, 643-674, doi:10.1175/JCLI3629.1.
8. Guan, B., and S. Nigam (2008), Pacific sea surface temperatures in the twentieth century: An evolution-centric analysis of variability and trend, J. Clim., 21, 2790-2809, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI2076.1.
9. Kao, H.-Y., and J.-Y. Yu (2009), Contrasting eastern-Pacific and central-Pacific types of ENSO, J. Clim., 22, 615-632, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2309. 1.
10. Kim, K.-Y. (2002), Investigation of ENSO variability using cyclostationary EOFs of observational data, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 81, 149-168, doi:10.1007/s00703-002-0549-7.
11. Kim, K.-Y., and Y.-Y. Kim (2004), Investigation of tropical Pacific upperocean variability using cyclostationary EOFs of assimilated data, Ocean Dyn., 54, 489-505, doi:10.1007/s10236-004-0094-7.
12. Kim, K.-Y., and G. R. North (1997), EOFs of harmonizable cyclostationary processes, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2416-2427, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1997) 054<2416:EOHCP>2.0.CO;2.
13. Kim, K.-Y., G. R. North, and J. Huang (1996), EOFs of one-dimensional cyclostationary time series: Computations, examples and stochastic modeling, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1007-1017, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1996) 053<1007:EOODCT>2. 0.CO;2.
14. Kug, J.-S., F.-F. Jin, and S.-I. An (2009), Two types of El Niño events: Cold tongue El Niño and warm pool El Niño, J. Clim., 22, 1499-1515, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2624.1.
15. Kug, J.-S., J. Choi, S.-I. An, F.-F. Jin, and A. T. Wittenberg (2010), Warm pool and cold tongue El Niño events as simulated by the GFDL 2.1 coupled GCM, J. Clim., 23, 1226-1239, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI3293.1.
16. Larkin, N. K., and D. E. Harrison (2005a), On the definition of El Niño and associated seasonal average U.S. weather anomalies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L13705, doi:10.1029/2005GL022738.
17. Larkin, N. K., and D. E. Harrison (2005b), Global seasonal temperature and precipitation anomalies during El Niño autumn and winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L16705, doi:10.1029/2005GL022860.
18. Lee, T., and M. J. McPhaden (2010), Increasing intensity of El Niño in the central-equatorial Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L14603, doi:10.1029/2010GL044007.
19. McPhaden, M. J., S. E. Zebiak, and M. H. Glantz (2006), ENSO as an integrating concept in Earth science, Science, 314, 1740-1745, doi:10.1126/science.1132588.
20. McPhaden, M. J., T. Lee, and D. McClurg (2011), El Niño and its relationship to changing background conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L15709, doi:10.1029/2011GL048275.
21. Na, H., B.-G. Jang, W.-M. Choi, and K.-Y. Kim (2011), Statistical simulations of the future 50-year statistics of cold-tongue El Niño and warmpool El Niño, Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 223-233, doi:10.1007/s13143-011-0011-1.
22. Newman, M., S.-I. Shin, and M. A. Alexander (2011), Natural variation in ENSO flavors, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L14705, doi:10.1029/2011GL047658.
23. Rayner, N. A., D. E. Parker, E. B. Horton, C. K. Folland, L. V. Alexander, D. P. Rowell, E. C. Kent, and A. Kaplan (2003), Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D14), 4407, doi:10.1029/ 2002JD002670.
24. Ren, H.-L., and F.-F. Jin (2011), Niño indices for two types of ENSO, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L04704, doi:10.1029/2010GL046031.
25. Smith, T. M., and R. W. Reynolds (2004), Improved extended reconstruction of SST (1854-1997), J. Clim., 17, 2466-2477, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004) 017<2466:IEROS>2.0.CO;2.
26. Song, H.-J., E. Choi, G.-H. Lim, Y. H. Kim, J.-S. Kug, and S.-W. Yeh (2011), The central Pacific as the export region of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation sea surface temperature anomaly to Antarctic sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D21113, doi:10.1029/2011JD015645.
27. Takahashi, K., A. Montecinos, K. Goubanova, and B. Dewitte (2011), ENSO regimes: Reinterpreting the canonical and Modoki El Niño, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L10704, doi:10.1029/2011GL047364.
28. Weng, H., S. K. Behera, and T. Yamagata (2009), Anomalous winter climate conditions in the Pacific rim during recent El Niño Modoki and El Niño events, Clim. Dyn., 32, 663-674, doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0394-6.
29. Yeh, S.-W., J.-S. Kug, B. Dewitte, M.-H. Kwon, B. P. Kirtman, and F.-F. Jin (2009), El Niño in a changing climate, Nature, 461, 511-514, doi:10.1038/nature08316.
30. Yeh, S.-W., B. P. Kirtman, J.-S. Kug, W. Park, and M. Latif (2011), Natural variability of the central Pacific El Niño event on multi-centennial timescales, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L02704, doi:10.1029/2010GL045886.
31. Yu, J.-Y., and H.-Y. Kao (2007), Decadal changes of ENSO persistence barrier in SST and ocean heat content indices: 1958-2001, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D13106, doi:10.1029/2006JD007654.
32. Yu, J.-Y., and S. T. Kim (2010), Identification of central-Pacific and eastern-Pacific types of ENSO in CMIP3 models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L15705, doi:10.1029/2010GL044082.