Speciation and frequency of virulence genes of Enterococcus spp. isolated from rainwater tank samples in southeast Queensland, Australia

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 46, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 6843-6850

  Ahmed, W ^a,b   Sidhu, J P S ^a,b   Toze, S ^a,c  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE SUNSHINE COAST   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUSTRALIA; E. COLI; ENTEROCOCCUS SPP; FECAL INDICATOR BACTERIA; HEALTH IMPLICATIONS; POTENTIAL SOURCES; QUEENSLAND; RAINWATER QUALITY; VIRULENCE GENE; WATER SAMPLES;

ESCHERICHIA COLI; GENES;

TANKS (CONTAINERS);

RAIN;

BACTERIUM; BIOINDICATOR; FREQUENCY ANALYSIS; GENE EXPRESSION; RAINWATER; SPECIATION (BIOLOGY); VIRULENCE;

ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENTEROCOCCAL INFECTION; ENTEROCOCCUS; ENTEROCOCCUS AVIUM; ENTEROCOCCUS CASSELIF LAVUS; ENTEROCOCCUS DURANS; ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS; ENTEROCOCCUS FAECIUM; ENTEROCOCCUS HIRAE; ENTEROCOCCUS MUNDTII; ESCHERICHIA COLI; GENE FREQUENCY; NONHUMAN; SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION; WATER QUALITY; WATER SAMPLING;

BASE SEQUENCE; COLONY COUNT, MICROBIAL; DNA PRIMERS; ENTEROCOCCUS; GENES, BACTERIAL; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; QUEENSLAND; RAIN; VIRULENCE; WATER MICROBIOLOGY;

AUSTRALIA; QUEENSLAND;

EID: 84862573748     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es300595g     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Bacteria; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, 1986.
2. Harwood, V. J.; Delahoya, N. C.; Ulrich, R. M.; Kramer, M. F.; Whitlock, J. E.; Garey, J. R. Molecular confirmation of Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium from clinical, faecal and environmental sources. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2004, 38, 476-482. (Pubitemid 38716511)
3. Lanthier, M.; Scott, A.; Lapen, D. R.; Zhang, Y.; Topp, E. Frequency of virulence genes and antibiotic resistances in Enterococcus spp. isolates from wastewater and feces of domesticated mammals and birds, and wildlife. Can. J. Microbiol. 2010, 56, 715-729.
4. Fisher, K.; Phillips, C. The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus. Microbiology 2009, 155, 1749-1757.
5. Kayser, F. H. Safety aspects of enterococci from the medical point of view. Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 2003, 88, 255-262. (Pubitemid 37329503)
6. Gelsomino, R.; Vancanneyt, M.; Cogan, T. M.; Swings, J. Effect of raw milk-cheese consumption on the enterococcal flora of human feces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003, 69, 312-319. (Pubitemid 36077490)
7. Manero, A.; Vilanova, X.; Cerda-Cuellar, M.; Blanch, A. R. Characterization of sewage waters by biochemical fingerprinting of enterococci. Water Res. 2002, 36, 2831-2835. (Pubitemid 34626532)
8. Moellering, R. C., Jr. Emergence of enterococcus as a significant pathogen. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1992, 14, 1173-1176.
9. Kainer, M. A.; Devasia, R. A.; Jones, T. F.; Simmons, B. P.; Melton, K.; Chow, S.; et al. Response to emerging infection leading to outbreak of linezolid-resistant enterococci. Emerging Infect. Dis. 2007, 13, 1024-1030.
10. Shankar, N.; Baghdaya, A. S.; Gilmore, M. S. Modulation of virulence within a pathogenicity island in vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Nature 2002, 417, 746-750. (Pubitemid 34640628)
11. Gilmore, M. S.; Segarra, R. A.; Booth, M. C.; Bogie, C. P.; Hall, L. R.; Clewell, D. B. Genetic structure of the Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pAD1 encoded cytolytic toxin system and its relationship to antibiotic determinants. J. Bacteriol. 1994, 176, 7335-7344. (Pubitemid 24364061)
12. Qin, X.; Singh, K. V.; Weinstock, G. M.; Murray, B. E. Charaterization of fsr, a regulator controlling expression of gelatinase and serine protease in Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF. J. Bacteriol. 2001, 183, 3373-3382.
13. Shankar, N.; Lockatell, C. V.; Baghdaya, A. S.; Drachenberg, C.; Gilmore, M. S.; Johnson, D. E. Role of Enterococcus faecalis surface protein esp in the pathogenesis of ascending urinary tract infection. Infect. Immun. 2001, 69, 4366-4372. (Pubitemid 32574434)
14. Huycke, M. M.; Gilmore, M. S.; Jett, B. D.; Booth, J. L. Transfer of pheromone-inducible plasmisds between Enterococcus faecalis in the Syrian-hamster gastro-intestinal tract. J. Infect. Dis. 1992, 166, 1188-1191.
15. Kreft, B.; Marre, R.; Schramm, U.; Wirth, R. Aggregation substance of Enterococcus faecalis mediates adhesion to cultured renal tubular cells. Infect. Immun. 1992, 60, 25-30.
16. Olmsted, S. B.; Dunny, G. M.; Erlandsen, S. L.; Wells, C. L. A plasmid-encoded surface protein on Enterococcus faecalis augments its internalization by cultured intestinal epithelial cells. J. Infect Dis. 1994, 170, 1549-1556. (Pubitemid 24369916)
17. Jett, B. D.; Jensen, H. G.; Nordquist, R. E.; Gilmore, M. S. Contribution of the pAD1-encoded cytolysis to the severity of experimental Enterococcus faecalis endophthalmitis. Infect. Immun. 1992, 60, 2445-2452.
18. Chow, J. W.; Thal, L. A.; Perri, M. B.; Vazquez, J. A.; Donabedian, S. M.; Clewell, D. B.; et al. Plasmid-associated hemolysin and aggregation substance production contribute to virulence in experimental enterococcal endocarditis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1993, 37, 2474-2477.
19. Waters, C. M.; Dunny, G. M. Analysis of functional domains of the Enterococcus faecalis pheromone-induced surface protein aggregation substance. J. Bacteriol. 2001, 183, 5659-5667. (Pubitemid 32898613)
20. Lowe, A. M.; Lambert, P. A.; Smith, A. W. Cloning of an enterococcus faecalis endocarditis antigen: Homology with adhesins from some oral streptococci. Infect. Immun. 1995, 63, 703-706.
21. Singh, K. V.; Coque, T. M.; Weinstock, G. M.; Murray, B. E. In vivo testing of an Enterococcus faecalis efaA mutant and use of efaA homologs for species identification. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 1998, 21, 323-331. (Pubitemid 28403638)
22. Despins, C.; Farahbakhsh, K.; Leidl, C. Assessment of rainwater quality from rainwater harvesting systems in Ontario, Canada. J. Water Supply Res. Technol. AQUA 2009, 58, 117-134.
23. Evans, C. A.; Coombes, P. J.; Dunstan, R. H. Wind, rain and bacteria: The effect of weather or the microbial composition of roof-harvested rainwater. Water Res. 2006, 40, 37-44. (Pubitemid 43021300)
24. Uba, B. N.; Aghogho, O. Rainwater quality from different roof-catchments in the Port Harcourt District, Rivers State, Nigeria. J. Water Supply Res. Technol. AQUA 2000, 49, 281-288.
25. Ahmed, W.; Huygens, F.; Goonetilleke, A.; Gardner, T. Real-time PCR detection of pathogenic microorganisms in roof-harvested rainwater in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2008, 74, 5490-5496.
26. Sazakil, E.; Alexopolous, A.; Leotsinidis, M. Rainwater harvesting quality assessment and utilization in Kelafonia Island, Greece. Water Res. 2007, 41, 2039-2047. (Pubitemid 46528976)
27. Spinks, J.; Phillips, S.; Robinson, P.; Van Buynder, P. Bushfires and tank rainwater quality: A cause for concern? J. Water Health 2006, 4, 21-28.
28. Ahmed, W.; Goonetilleke, A.; Gardner, T. Implications of faecal indicator bacteria for the microbiological assessment of roof-harvested rainwater quality in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Can. J. Microbiol. 2010, 56, 471-479.
29. Ahmed, W.; Gardner, T.; Toze, S. Microbiological quality of roof-harvested rainwater and health risks: A review. J. Environ. Qual. 2011, 40, 13-21.
30. CRC for Water Quality and Treatment. Water Quality and Health Risks from Urban Rainwater Tanks; Research Rep. 42; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment: Salisbury, SA, Australia, 2006.
31. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Method 1600: Membrane Filter Test Method for Enterococci in Water; EPA/821/R-97/004; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water: Washington, DC, 1997.
32. Haugland, R. A.; Siefring, S. C.; Wymer, L. J.; Brenner, K. P.; Dufour, A. P. Comaparison of enterococcus measurements in freshwater at two recreational beaches by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and membrane filter culture analysis. Water Res. 2005, 39, 559-568. (Pubitemid 40221877)
33. Jackson, C. R.; Fedorka-Cray, P. J.; Barrett., J. B. Use of a genus- and species-specific multiplex PCR for identification of enterococci. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004, 42, 3558-3565.
34. Mannu, L.; Paba, A.; Daga, E.; Comunian, R.; Zanetti, S.; Dupre, I.; Sechi, L. A. Comparison of the incidence of virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance between Enterococcus faecium strains of dairy, animal and clinical origin. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2003, 88, 291-304. (Pubitemid 37329506)
35. Shankar, V.; Baghdayan, A. S.; Huycke, M. M.; Lindahl, G.; Gilmore, M. S. Infection-derived Enterococcus faecalis strains are enriched in esp a gene encoding a novel surface protein. Infect. Immun. 1999, 67, 193-200. (Pubitemid 29021648)
36. Vankerckhoven, V.; Autgaerdan, T. V.; Vael, C.; Lammens, C.; Chapelle, S.; Rossi, R.; Jabes, D.; Gossens, H. Develeopment of a multiplex PCR for the detection of asa1, gelE, cylA, esp, and hyl genes in enterococci and survey for virulence determinants among European hospital isolates of Enterococcus faecium. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004, 42, 4473-4479.
37. Willey, B. M.; Jones, R. M.; McGree, A.; Witte, W.; French, G.; Roberts, R. B.; Jenkins, S. G.; Nadler, H.; et al. Practical approach to the identification of clinically relevant Enterococcus species. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1999, 34, 165-171.
38. Wheeler, A. L.; Hartel, P. G.; Godfrey, D. G.; Hill, J. L.; Segars, W. I. Combining ribotyping and limited host range of Enterococcus faecalis for microbial source tracking. J. Environ. Qual. 2002, 31, 1286-1293.
39. Kuntz, R. L.; Hartel, P. G.; Rodgers, K.; Segars, W. I. Presence of Enterococcus faecalis in broiler litter and wild bird feces for bacterial source tracking. Water Res. 2004, 38, 3551-3557. (Pubitemid 39485698)
40. Aarestrup, F. M.; Butaye, P.; Witte, W. Nonhuman reservoirs of enterococci. In The Enterococci: Pathogenesis, Molecular Biology, and Antibiotic Resistance; Gilmore, M. S., Clewell, D. B., Eds.; ASM Press: Washington, DC, 2002; pp 55-100.
41. Devriese, L. A.; van de Kerckhove, A.; Kilpper-Balz, R.; Schleifer, K. H. Characterization and identification of Enterococcus species isolated from the intestines of animals. Int. J. Sys. Bacteriol. 1987, 37, 257-259.
42. Layton, B. A.; Walters, S. P.; Lam, L. H.; Boehm, A. B. Enterococcus species distribution among human and animal hosts using multiplex PCR. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2010, 109, 539-547.
43. Middleton, J. H.; Ambrose, A. Enumeration and antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal indicator organisms isolated from migratory Canada geese (Branta Canadensis). J. Wildl. Dis. 2005, 41, 334-341. (Pubitemid 41245639)
44. Proucher, A. M.; Devriese, L. A.; Hernandez, J. F.; Delattre, J. M. Enumeration by a miniaturized method of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus bovis and enterococci as indicators of the origin of faecal pollution of waters. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1991, 70, 525-530.
45. Kaushik, R.; Balasubramanian, R. Assessment of bacterial pathogens in fresh rainwater and airborne particulate matter using real-time PCR. Atmos. Environ. 2011, 46, 131-139.
46. Pinto, B.; Pierotti, R.; Canale, G.; Reali, D. Charaterization of 'fecal streptococci' as indicators of faecal pollution and distribution in the environment. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 1999, 29, 258-263.
47. Eaton, T. J.; Gasson, M. J. Molecular screening of Enterococcus virulence determinants and potential for genetic exchange between food and medical isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001, 67, 1628-1635. (Pubitemid 33644933)
48. Coque, T. M.; Patterson, J. E.; Steckelberg, J. M.; Murray, B. E. Incidence of hemolysin, gelatinase, and aggregation substance among enterococci isolated from patients with endocarditis and other infections and from feces of hospitalized and community-based persons. J. Infect. Dis. 1995, 171, 1223-1229.
49. Nallapareddy, S. R.; duh, R. -W.; Singh, K. V.; Murray, B. E. Molecular typing of selected Enterococcus faecalis isolates: Pilot study using multilocus sequence typing and pulsed-field gel electerophoresis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2002, No. 40, 868-876.