Management of cutaneous dermatomyositis

Dermatologic Therapy

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 112-134

  Lam, Christina ^a   Vleugels, Ruth Ann ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Amyopathic dermatomyositis; Dermatomyositis; Juvenile dermatomyositis

Indexed keywords

AMITRIPTYLINE; AZATHIOPRINE; CAMPHOR; CETIRIZINE; CHLOROQUINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN A; DAPSONE; DOXEPIN; EMOLLIENT AGENT; FEXOFENADINE; GABAPENTIN; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; HYDROXYZINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; LORATADINE; MENTHOL; MEPACRINE; METHOTREXATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; PIMECROLIMUS; PRAMOCAINE; PREDNISONE; PREGABALIN; RAPAMYCIN; RITUXIMAB; TACROLIMUS; UNINDEXED DRUG;

AGRANULOCYTOSIS; ALGORITHM; AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ANAPHYLAXIS; APLASTIC ANEMIA; ASEPTIC MENINGITIS; ASTHENIA; B CELL LYMPHOMA; BEDTIME DOSAGE; BLOOD TOXICITY; BREAST CANCER; CALCINOSIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CUTANEOUS DERMATOMYOSITIS; CYTOPENIA; DERMATOMYOSITIS; DRESS SYNDROME; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSURIA; FATIGUE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEADACHE; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION; INCIDENCE; INFUSION RELATED REACTION; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; LIVER TOXICITY; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG FIBROSIS; MALAISE; METHEMOGLOBINEMIA; MORNING DOSAGE; MUCOCUTANEOUS REACTION; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; NAUSEA; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PANCYTOPENIA; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PLASMAPHERESIS; PNEUMONIA; PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY; PRURITUS; PYURIA; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN DISCOLORATION; SKIN MANIFESTATION; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; SUNLIGHT PROTECTION; SYMPTOM; THROMBOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ULCERATIVE MUCOSITIS; URINARY FREQUENCY; URINARY TRACT DISEASE; UROGENITAL TRACT DISEASE; VOMITING; WHOLE BODY RADIATION; YELLOWISH SKIN PIGMENTATION;

ALGORITHMS; DERMATOLOGIC AGENTS; DERMATOMYOSITIS; HUMANS; SKIN; SKIN DISEASES;

EID: 84862554295     PISSN: 13960296     EISSN: 15298019     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2012.01491.x     Document Type: Review

References (268)

1. Callen JP, Wortmann RL. Dermatomyositis. Clin Dermatol 2006: 24: 363-373. (Pubitemid 44332867)
2. Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (first of two parts). N Engl J Med 1975: 292: 344-347.
3. Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (second of two parts). N Engl J Med 1975: 292: 403-407.
4. Dalakas MC. Review: an update on inflammatory and autoimmune myopathies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2011: 37: 226-242.
5. Andras C, Ponyi A, Constantin T, et al. Dermatomyositis and polymyositis associated with malignancy: a 21-year retrospective study. J Rheumatol 2008: 35: 438-444. (Pubitemid 351374417)
6. Antiochos BB, Brown LA, Li Z, Tosteson TD,Wortmann RL, Rigby WF. Malignancy is associated with dermatomyositis but not polymyositis in Northern New England, USA. J Rheumatol 2009: 36: 2704-2710.
7. Mebazaa A, Boussen H, Nouira R, et al. Dermatomyositis and malignancy in Tunisia: a multicenter national retrospective study of 20 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003: 48: 530-534. (Pubitemid 36397015)
8. Zhang W, Jiang SP, Huang L. Dermatomyositis and malignancy: a retrospective study of 115 cases. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2009: 13: 77-80.
9. Zong M, Lundberg IE. Pathogenesis, classification and treatment of inflammatory myopathies. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2011: 7: 297-306.
10. Jorizzo JL. Dermatomyositis: practical aspects. Arch Dermatol 2002: 138: 114-116. (Pubitemid 34056243)
11. Chow WH, Gridley G, Mellemkjaer L, McLaughlin JK,Olsen JH, Fraumeni JF, Jr. Cancer risk following polymyositis and dermatomyositis: a nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Cancer Causes Control 1995: 6: 9-13.
12. Sontheimer RD, Costner MI. Dermatomyositis. In: Fitzpatrick TB, Wolff K, eds. Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2008: 1536-1553.
13. Kasteler JS, Callen JP. Scalp involvement in dermatomyositis. Often overlooked or misdiagnosed. JAMA 1994: 272: 1939-1941.
14. Hundley JL, Carroll CL, Lang W, et al. Cutaneous symptoms of dermatomyositis significantly impact patients'quality of life. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006: 54: 217-220. (Pubitemid 43144389)
15. Callen JP. Dermatomyositis. Lancet 2000: 355: 53-57. (Pubitemid 30072189)
16. Sontheimer RD. The management of dermatomyositis: current treatment options. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2004: 5: 1083-1099. (Pubitemid 38702339)
17. Goel KM, Shanks RA. Dermatomyositis in childhood. Review of eight cases. Arch Dis Child 1976: 51: 501-506.
18. Na SJ, Kim SM, Sunwoo IN, Choi YC. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of juvenile and adult dermatomyositis. J Korean Med Sci 2009: 24: 715-721.
19. Ramanan AV, Feldman BM. Clinical features and outcomes of juvenile dermatomyositis and other childhood onset myositis syndromes. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2002: 28: 833-857. (Pubitemid 36008555)
20. Gerami P, Schope JM, McDonald L, Walling HW, Sontheimer RD. A systematic review of adult-onset clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis sine myositis): a missing link within the spectrum of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006: 54: 597-613.
21. Sontheimer RD. Cutaneous features of classic dermatomyositis and amyopathic dermatomyositis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1999: 11: 475-482. (Pubitemid 29506173)
22. Sontheimer RD.Would a new name hasten the acceptance of amyopathic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis sine myositis) as a distinctive subset within the idiopathic inflammatory dermatomyopathies spectrum of clinical illness? J Am Acad Dermatol 2002: 46: 626-636.
23. Sontheimer RD. Clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis: what can we now tell our patients? Arch Dermatol 2010: 146: 76-80.
24. Bendewald MJ, Wetter DA, Li X, Davis MD. Incidence of dermatomyositis and clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis: a population-based study in Olmsted County,Minnesota. Arch Dermatol 2010: 146: 26-30.
25. Klein RQ, Teal V, Taylor L, Troxel AB, Werth VP. Number, characteristics, and classification of patients with dermatomyositis seen by dermatology and rheumatology departments at a large tertiary medical center. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007: 57: 937-943. (Pubitemid 350087354)
26. Dawkins MA, Jorizzo JL, Walker FO, Albertson D, Sinal SH, Hinds A. Dermatomyositis: a dermatology-based case series. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998: 38: 397-404. (Pubitemid 28125521)
27. Vleugels RA, Callen JP. Dermatomyositis: current and future treatments. Expert Rev Dermatol 2009: 4: 581-594.
28. Iorizzo LJ, 3rd, Jorizzo JL. The treatment and prognosis of dermatomyositis: an updated review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008: 59: 99-112.
29. Choy EH, Hoogendijk JE, Lecky B, Winer JB. Immunosuppressant and immunomodulatory treatment for dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005: (3): CD003643.
30. Choy EH, Hoogendijk JE, Lecky B, Winer JB, Gordon P. WITHDRAWN: immunosuppressant and immunomodulatory treatment for dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009: (4): CD003643.
31. Huber AM, Dugan EM, Lachenbruch PA, et al. Preliminary validation and clinical meaning of the cutaneous assessment tool in juvenile dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 2008: 59: 214-221. (Pubitemid 351272957)
32. Klein RQ, Bangert CA, Costner M, et al. Comparison of the reliability and validity of outcome instruments for cutaneous dermatomyositis. Br J Dermatol 2008: 159: 887-894.
33. Yassaee M, Fiorentino D, Okawa J, et al. Modification of the cutaneous dermatomyositis disease area and severity index, an outcome instrument. Br J Dermatol 2010: 162: 669-673.
34. Callen JP. Cutaneous manifestations of dermatomyositis and their management. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2010: 12: 192-197.
35. Quain RD,Werth VP.Management of cutaneous dermatomyositis: current therapeutic options. Am J Clin Dermatol 2006: 7: 341-351. (Pubitemid 46998568)
36. Callen JP. Photosensitivity in collagen vascular diseases. Semin Cutan Med Surg 1999: 18: 293-296.
37. Sontheimer RD. Photoimmunology of lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis: a speculative review. Photochem Photobiol 1996: 63: 583-594. (Pubitemid 126467133)
38. Dourmishev L, Meffert H, Piazena H. Dermatomyositis: comparative studies of cutaneous photosensitivity in lupus erythematosus and normal subjects. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2004: 20: 230-234. (Pubitemid 39359335)
39. Cheong WK, Hughes GR, Norris PG, Hawk JL. Cutaneous photosensitivity in dermatomyositis. Br J Dermatol 1994: 131: 205-208. (Pubitemid 24251492)
40. Love LA,Weinberg CR,McConnaughey DR, et al. Ultraviolet radiation intensity predicts the relative distribution of dermatomyositis and anti-Mi-2 autoantibodies in women. Arthritis Rheum 2009: 60: 2499-2504.
41. Sontheimer RD. Skin disease in dermatomyositis - what patients and their families often want to know. Dermatol Online J 2002: 8: 6.
42. Yuen WY, Schuttelaar ML, Barkema LW, Coenraads PJ. Bullous allergic contact dermatitis to lidocaine. Contact Dermat 2009: 61: 300-301.
43. Coskey RJ. Contact dermatitis caused by diphenhydramine hydrochloride. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983: 8: 204-206. (Pubitemid 13189247)
44. Coskey RJ. Adverse effects of corticosteroids: I. Topical and intralesional. Clin Dermatol 1986: 4: 155-160.
45. Sparkes CG. Measuring adrenal function in out-patients using topical corticosteroids. Br J Dermatol 1976: 94 (Suppl. 12): 77-82.
46. Ring J, Mohrenschlager M, Henkel V. The US FDA "black box" warning for topical calcineurin inhibitors: an ongoing controversy. Drug Saf 2008: 31: 185-198. (Pubitemid 351311575)
47. Lampropoulos CE, D'Cruz DP. Topical tacrolimus treatment in a patient with dermatomyositis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005: 64: 1376-1377. (Pubitemid 41206265)
48. Yoshimasu T, Ohtani T, Sakamoto T, Oshima A, Furukawa F. Topical FK506 (tacrolimus) therapy for facial erythematous lesions of cutaneous lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis. Eur J Dermatol 2002: 12: 50-52. (Pubitemid 34131138)
49. Garcia-Doval I, Cruces M. Topical tacrolimus in cutaneous lesions of dermatomyositis: lack of effect in side-by-side comparison in five patients. Dermatology 2004: 209: 247-248. (Pubitemid 39370342)
50. Ueda M, Makinodan R, Matsumura M, Ichihashi M. Successful treatment of amyopathic dermatomyositis with topical tacrolimus. Br J Dermatol 2003: 148: 595-596. (Pubitemid 36461348)
51. Hollar CB, Jorizzo JL. Topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment for refractory skin disease in dermatomyositis: a pilot study. J Dermatolog Treat 2004: 15: 35-39. (Pubitemid 38252094)
52. Peyrot I, Sparsa A, Loustaud-Ratti V, et al. Topical tacrolimus and resistant skin lesions of dermatomyositis. Rev Med Interne 2006: 27: 730-735. (Pubitemid 44470804)
53. Soter NA, Fleischer AB Jr,Webster GF,Monroe E, Lawrence I. Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients: part II, safety. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001: 44: S39-S46. (Pubitemid 32047912)
54. Kim JE, Jeong MG, Lee HE, Ko JY, Ro YS. Successful treatment of cutaneous lesions of dermatomyositis with topical pimecrolimus. Ann Dermatol 2011: 23: 348-351.
55. Richelson E. Tricyclic antidepressants and histamine H1 receptors. Mayo Clin Proc 1979: 54: 669-674.
56. Ochsendorf FR.Use of antimalarials in dermatology. JDDG 2010: 8: 829-846.
57. Callen JP, Camisa C. Antimalarial agents. In:Wolverton SE, ed. Comprehensive dermatologic drug therapy. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2007: 259-273.
58. Woo TY, Callen JP, Voorhees JJ, Bickers DR, Hanno R, Hawkins C. Cutaneous lesions of dermatomyositis are improved by hydroxychloroquine. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984: 10: 592-600. (Pubitemid 14171230)
59. Cosnes A, Amaudric F, Gherardi R, et al. Dermatomyositis without muscle weakness. Long-term follow-up of 12 patients without systemic corticosteroids. Arch Dermatol 1995: 131: 1381-1385.
60. Olson NY, Lindsley CB. Adjunctive use of hydroxychloroquine in childhood dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 1989: 16: 1545-1547. (Pubitemid 20053192)
61. Cox NH. Amyopathic dermatomyositis, photosensitivity and hydroxychloroquine. Br J Dermatol 1995: 132: 1016-1017.
62. Ang GC,Werth VP. Combination antimalarials in the treatment of cutaneous dermatomyositis: a retrospective study. Arch Dermatol 2005: 141: 855-859. (Pubitemid 41058066)
63. Pelle MT, Callen JP. Adverse cutaneous reactions to hydroxychloroquine are more common in patients with dermatomyositis than in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol 2002: 138: 1231-1233; discussion 1233.
64. Rahman P, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB. Smoking interferes with efficacy of antimalarial therapy in cutaneous lupus. J Rheumatol 1998: 25: 1716-1719. (Pubitemid 28439264)
65. Kreuter A, Gaifullina R, Tigges C, Kirschke J, Altmeyer P, Gambichler T. Lupus erythematosus tumidus response to antimalarial treatment in 36 patients with emphasis on smoking. Arch Dermatol 2009: 145: 244-248.
66. Jewell ML, McCauliffe DE. Patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus who smoke are less responsive to antimalarial treatment. J AmAcad Dermatol 2000: 42: 983-987. (Pubitemid 30368665)
67. Lardet D, Martin S, Truchetet F, Cuny JF, Virion JM, Schmutz JL. Influence of smoking in the effectiveness of antimalarials drugs in cutaneous lesions of patients with lupus: estimation through a prospective study. Rev Med Interne 2004: 25: 786-791. (Pubitemid 40292251)
68. Wahie S, Daly AK, Cordell HJ, et al. Clinical and pharmacogenetic influences on response to hydroxychloroquine in discoid lupus erythematosus: a retrospective cohort study. J Invest Dermatol 2011: 131: 1981-1986.
69. Dutz J, Werth VP. Cigarette smoking and response to antimalarials in cutaneous lupus erythematosus patients: evolution of a dogma. J Invest Dermatol 2011: 131: 1968-1970.
70. Marmor MF, Kellner U, Lai TY, Lyons JS, Mieler WF. Revised recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2011: 118: 415-422.
71. Bloom BJ, Tucker LB, Klein-Gitelman M, Miller LC, Schaller JG. Worsening of the rash of juvenile dermatomyositis with hydroxychloroquine therapy. J Rheumatol 1994: 21: 2171-2172. (Pubitemid 24352377)
72. Dalakas MC. Immunotherapy of inflammatory myopathies: practical approach and future prospects. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2011: 13: 311-323.
73. Lang B, Dooley J. Failure of pulse intravenous methylprednisolone treatment in juvenile dermatomyositis. J Pediatr 1996: 128: 429-432. (Pubitemid 26087549)
74. Laxer RM, Stein LD, Petty RE. Intravenous pulse methylprednisolone treatment of juvenile dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 1987: 30: 328-334. (Pubitemid 17098585)
75. Huang JL. Long-term prognosis of patients with juvenile dermatomyositis initially treated with intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999: 17: 621-624.
76. Fisler RE, Liang MG, Fuhlbrigge RC, Yalcindag A, Sundel RP. Aggressive management of juvenile dermatomyositis results in improved outcome and decreased incidence of calcinosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002: 47: 505-511.
77. Callen JP, Kulp-Shorten CL, Wolverton SE. Methotrexate. In: Wolverton SE, ed. Comprehensive dermatologic drug therapy. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2007: 163-181.
78. Bangert CA, Costner MI. Methotrexate in dermatology. Dermatol Ther 2007: 20: 216-228. (Pubitemid 350029311)
79. Dalakas MC. Inflammatory myopathies: management of steroid resistance. Curr Opin Neurol 2011: 24: 457-462.
80. Malaviya AN,Many A, Schwartz RS. Treatment of dermatomyositis with methotrexate. Lancet 1968: 2: 485-488.
81. Metzger AL, Bohan A, Goldberg LS, Bluestone R, Pearson CM. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis: combined methotrexate and corticosteroid therapy. Ann Intern Med 1974: 81: 182-189.
82. Kasteler JS, Callen JP. Low-dose methotrexate administered weekly is an effective corticosteroid-sparing agent for the treatment of the cutaneous manifestations of dermatomyositis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997: 36: 67-71. (Pubitemid 27043876)
83. Zieglschmid-Adams ME, Pandya AG, Cohen SB, Sontheimer RD. Treatment of dermatomyositis with methotrexate. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995: 32: 754-757.
84. Zieglschmid-Adams ME, Pandya A, Cohen SB, Sontheimer RD. The value of methotrexate in dermatomyositis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998: 38: 130-132.
85. Hornung T, Ko A, Tuting T, Bieber T, Wenzel J. Efficacy of low-dose methotrexate in the treatment of dermatomyositis skin lesions. Clin Exp Dermatol 2012: 37 (2): 139-142.
86. Miller LC, Sisson BA, Tucker LB, DeNardo BA, Schaller JG. Methotrexate treatment of recalcitrant childhood dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 1992: 35: 1143-1149.
87. Fischer TJ, Rachelefsky GS, Klein RB, Paulus HE, Stiehm ER. Childhood dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Treatment with methotrexate and prednisone. Am J Dis Child 1979: 133: 386-389. (Pubitemid 9212624)
88. Ramanan AV, Campbell-Webster N, Ota S, et al. The effectiveness of treating juvenile dermatomyositis with methotrexate and aggressively tapered corticosteroids. Arthritis Rheum 2005: 52: 3570-3578. (Pubitemid 41612226)
89. Al-Mayouf S, Al-Mazyed A, Bahabri S. Efficacy of early treatment of severe juvenile dermatomyositis with intravenous methylprednisolone and methotrexate. Clin Rheumatol 2000: 19: 138-141.
90. Orvis AK, Wesson SK, Breza JTS, Church AA, Mitchell CL, Watkins SW. Mycophenolate mofetil in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009: 60: 183-199.
91. Majithia V, Harisdangkul V. Mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept): an alternative therapy for autoimmune inflammatory myopathy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005: 44: 386-389. (Pubitemid 40361299)
92. Rowin J, Amato AA, Deisher N, Cursio J, Meriggioli MN. Mycophenolate mofetil in dermatomyositis: is it safe? Neurology 2006: 66: 1245-1247. (Pubitemid 43739712)
93. Tausche AK, Meurer M. Mycophenolate mofetil for dermatomyositis. Dermatology 2001: 202: 341-343.
94. Gelber AC, Nousari HC, Wigley FM. Mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of severe skin manifestations of dermatomyositis: a series of 4 cases. J Rheumatol 2000: 27: 1542-1545. (Pubitemid 30354061)
95. Edge JC, Outland JD, Dempsey JR, Callen JP. Mycophenolate mofetil as an effective corticosteroid-sparing therapy for recalcitrant dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol 2006: 142: 65-69. (Pubitemid 43107363)
96. Dagher R, Desjonqueres M, Duquesne A, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in juvenile dermatomyositis: a case series. Rheumatol Int 2012: 32 (3): 711-716.
97. Rouster-Stevens KA, Morgan GA, Wang D, Pachman LM. Mycophenolate mofetil: a possible therapeutic agent for children with juvenile dermatomyositis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010: 62: 1446-1451.
98. Rezaei N, Abolhassani H, Aghamohammadi A, Ochs HD. Indications and safety of intravenous and subcutaneous immunoglobulin therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2011: 7: 301-316.
99. Cherin P, Herson S, Wechsler B, et al. Efficacy of intravenous gammaglobulin therapy in chronic refractory polymyositis and dermatomyositis: an open study with 20 adult patients. Am J Med 1991: 91: 162-168.
100. Esteve E, Cambie MP, Serpier H, Vanderbroere-Bouquet A, Bellaiche P, Kalis B. Paraneoplastic dermatomyositis: efficacy of intravenous gammaglobulin. Br J Dermatol 1994: 131: 917-918. (Pubitemid 24373982)
101. Kikuchi-Numagami K, Sato M, Tagami H. Successful treatment of a therapy-resistant severely pruritic skin eruption of malignancy-associated dermatomyositis with highdose intravenous immunoglobulin. J Dermatol 1996: 23: 340-343. (Pubitemid 26181328)
102. Moriguchi M, Suzuki T, Tateishi M, Hara M, Kashiwazaki S. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for refractory myositis. Intern Med 1996: 35: 663-667. (Pubitemid 26364335)
103. Sadayama T, Miyagawa S, Shirai T. Low-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for intractable dermatomyositis skin lesions. J Dermatol 1999: 26: 457-459. (Pubitemid 29402388)
104. Gottfried I, Seeber A, Anegg B, Rieger A, Stingl G, Volc- Platzer B. High dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in dermatomyositis: clinical responses and effect on sIL-2R levels. Eur J Dermatol 2000: 10: 29-35. (Pubitemid 30081523)
105. Kuwano Y, Ihn H, Yazawa N, et al. Successful treatment of dermatomyositis with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. Acta DermVenereol 2006: 86: 158-159. (Pubitemid 44020186)
106. Dalakas MC, Illa I, Dambrosia JM, et al. A controlled trial of high-dose intravenous immune globulin infusions as treatment for dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med 1993: 329: 1993-2000. (Pubitemid 24015043)
107. Saito E, Koike T, Hashimoto H, et al. Efficacy of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in Japanese patients with steroid-resistant polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Mod Rheumatol 2008: 18: 34-44.
108. Danieli MG, Calcabrini L, Calabrese V, Marchetti A, Logullo F, Gabrielli A. Intravenous immunoglobulin as add on treatment with mycophenolate mofetil in severe myositis. Autoimmun Rev 2009: 9: 124-127.
109. Danieli MG, Malcangi G, Palmieri C, et al. Cyclosporin A and intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Ann Rheum Dis 2002: 61: 37-41. (Pubitemid 34074837)
110. Penate Y, Guillermo N, Melwani P, Martel R, Hernandez- Machin B, Borrego L. Calcinosis cutis associated with amyopathic dermatomyositis: response to intravenous immunoglobulin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009: 60: 1076-1077.
111. Peake MF, Perkins P, Elston DM, Older SA, Vinson RP. Cutaneous ulcers of refractory adult dermatomyositis responsive to intravenous immunoglobulin. Cutis 1998: 62: 89-93. (Pubitemid 128472645)
112. Sabroe RA, Wallington TB, Kennedy CT. Dermatomyositis treated with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins and associated with panniculitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995: 20: 164-167.
113. Suzuki Y, Hayakawa H, Miwa S, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for refractory interstitial lung disease associated with polymyositis/ dermatomyositis. Lung 2009: 187: 201-206.
114. Cherin P, Piette JC, Wechsler B, et al. Intravenous gamma globulin as first line therapy in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: an open study in 11 adult patients. J Rheumatol 1994: 21: 1092-1097. (Pubitemid 24182283)
115. Mosca M, Strigini F, Carmignani A, D'Ascanio A, Genazzani AR, Bombardieri S. Pregnant patient with dermatomyositis successfully treated with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Arthritis Rheum 2005: 53: 119-121. (Pubitemid 40216362)
116. Williams L, Chang PY, Park E, Gorson KC, Bayer-Zwirello L. Successful treatment of dermatomyositis during pregnancy with intravenous immunoglobulin monotherapy. Obstet Gynecol 2007: 109: 561-563. (Pubitemid 46146861)
117. Linardaki G, Cherouvim E, Goni G, Boki KA. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for pregnancy-associated dermatomyositis. Rheumatol Int 2011: 31: 113-115.
118. Schleinitz N, Jean E, Benarous L, et al. Subcutaneous immunoglobulin administration: an alternative to intravenous infusion as adjuvant treatment for dermatomyositis? Clin Rheumatol 2008: 27: 1067-1068.
119. Danieli MG, Pettinari L, Moretti R, Logullo F, Gabrielli A. Subcutaneous immunoglobulin in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: a novel application. Autoimmun Rev 2011: 10: 144-149.
120. Dalakas MC. The role of high-dose immune globulin intravenous in the treatment of dermatomyositis. Int Immunopharmacol 2006: 6: 550-556.
121. Pierce LR, Jain N. Risks associated with the use of intravenous immunoglobulin. Transfus Med Rev 2003: 17: 241-251. (Pubitemid 37310931)
122. Al-Mayouf SM, Laxer RM, Schneider R, Silverman ED, Feldman BM. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for juvenile dermatomyositis: efficacy and safety. J Rheumatol 2000: 27: 2498-2503.
123. Sansome A, Dubowitz V. Intravenous immunoglobulin in juvenile dermatomyositis - four year review of nine cases. Arch Dis Child 1995: 72: 25-28.
124. Bodemer C, Teillac D, Le Bourgeois M, Wechsler B, de Prost Y. Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulins in sclerodermatomyositis. Br J Dermatol 1990: 123: 545-546.
125. Collet E, Dalac S,Maerens B, Courtois JM, Izac M, Lambert D. Juvenile dermatomyositis: treatment with intravenous gammaglobulin. Br J Dermatol 1994: 130: 231-234. (Pubitemid 24204621)
126. Kokori H, Fotoulaki M, Giannakopoulou C, Hatzidaki E, Tantros S, Sbyrakis S. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in a girl with juvenile dermatomyositis. Pediatr Int 1999: 41: 696-697. (Pubitemid 30004372)
127. Amano H, Nagai Y, Katada K, Hashimoto C, Ishikawa O. Successful treatment of cutaneous lesions in juvenile dermatomyositis with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. Br J Dermatol 2007: 156: 1390-1392. (Pubitemid 47029827)
128. Lam CG, Manlhiot C, Pullenayegum EM, Feldman BM. Efficacy of intravenous Ig therapy in juvenile dermatomyositis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011: 70 (12): 2089-2094.
129. Manlhiot C, Tyrrell PN, Liang L, Atkinson AR, Lau W, Feldman BM. Safety of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of juvenile dermatomyositis: adverse reactions are associated with immunoglobulin A content. Pediatrics 2008: 121: e626-e630.
130. Zhu YI, Stiller MJ. Dapsone and sulfones in dermatology: overview and update. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001: 45: 420-434. (Pubitemid 32800500)
131. Sago J, Hall RP III. Dapsone. Dermatol Ther 2002: 15: 340-351. (Pubitemid 36133862)
132. Konohana A, Kawashima J. Successful treatment of dermatomyositis with dapsone. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994: 19: 367.
133. Cohen JB. Cutaneous involvement of dermatomyositis can respond to dapsone therapy. Int J Dermatol 2002: 41: 182-184. (Pubitemid 34601117)
134. Galrao LDA, Reale J, Lima I, Santiago M. Efficacy of dapsone in two cases of amyopathic dermatomyositis. An Bras Dermatol 2006: 81: 181-182. (Pubitemid 46768109)
135. Rituxan® [medication guide]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech, Inc., 2011. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ Drugs/DrugSafety/UCM169892.pdf.
136. Gottenberg JE, Guillevin L, Lambotte O, et al. Tolerance and short term efficacy of rituximab in 43 patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2005: 64: 913-920. (Pubitemid 40733918)
137. Lambotte O, Kotb R, Maigne G, Blanc FX, Goujard C, Delfraissy JF. Efficacy of rituximab in refractory polymyositis. J Rheumatol 2005: 32: 1369-1370. (Pubitemid 40995398)
138. Chiappetta N, Steier J, Gruber B. Rituximab in the treatment of refractory dermatomyositis. J Clin Rheumatol 2005: 11: 264-266. (Pubitemid 41475695)
139. Noss EH, Hausner-Sypek DL, Weinblatt ME. Rituximab as therapy for refractory polymyositis and dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 2006: 33: 1021-1026.
140. Dinh HV, McCormack C, Hall S, Prince HM. Rituximab for the treatment of the skin manifestations of dermatomyositis: a report of 3 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007: 56: 148-153. (Pubitemid 44969291)
141. Feist E, Dorner T, Sorensen H, Burmester GR. Longlasting remissions after treatment with rituximab for autoimmune myositis. J Rheumatol 2008: 35: 1230-1232. (Pubitemid 351813176)
142. Sultan SM, Ng KP, Edwards JC, Isenberg DA, Cambridge G. Clinical outcome following B cell depletion therapy in eight patients with refractory idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008: 26: 887-893.
143. Rios Fernandez R, Callejas Rubio JL, Sanchez Cano D, Saez Moreno JA, Ortego Centeno N. Rituximab in the treatment of dermatomyositis and other inflammatory myopathies. A report of 4 cases and review of the literature. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2009: 27: 1009-1016.
144. Haroon M, Devlin J. Rituximab as a first-line agent for the treatment of dermatomyositis. Rheumatol Int 2010: doi: 10.1007/s00296-010-1458-6. Epub Mar 27.
145. Touma Z, Arayssi T, Kibbi L, Masri AF. Successful treatment of cardiac involvement in dermatomyositis with rituximab. Joint Bone Spine 2008: 75: 334-337. (Pubitemid 351609418)
146. Kaposztas Z, Etheridge WB, Kahan BD. Case report: successful treatment of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder and quiescence of dermatomyositis with rituximab and sirolimus. Transplant Proc 2008: 40: 1744-1746. (Pubitemid 351853149)
147. Mahler EA, Blom M, Voermans NC, van Engelen BG, van Riel PL, Vonk MC. Rituximab treatment in patients with refractory inflammatory myopathies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011: 50: 2206-2213.
148. Levine TD. Rituximab in the treatment of dermatomyositis: an open-label pilot study. Arthritis Rheum 2005: 52: 601-607. (Pubitemid 40216325)
149. Chung L, Genovese MC, Fiorentino DF. A pilot trial of rituximab in the treatment of patients with dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol 2007: 143: 763-767. (Pubitemid 46955736)
150. Oddis CV, Reed AM, Aggarwal R, et al. Rituximab in the treatment of refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis (DM) and adult polymyositis (PM) - the RIM Study (abstract). Arthritis Rheum 2010: 62: 3844.
151. Cooper MA, Willingham DL, Brown DE, French AR, Shih FF, White AJ. Rituximab for the treatment of juvenile dermatomyositis: a report of four pediatric patients. Arthritis Rheum 2007: 56: 3107-3111. (Pubitemid 47502758)
152. Bader-Meunier B, Decaluwe H, Barnerias C, et al. Safety and efficacy of rituximab in severe juvenile dermatomyositis: results from 9 patients from the French Autoimmunity and Rituximab registry. J Rheumatol 2011: 38: 1436-1440.
153. Emer JJ, Claire W. Rituximab: a review of dermatological applications. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2009: 2: 29-37.
154. Carson KR, Evens AM, Richey EA, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after rituximab therapy in HIVnegative patients: a report of 57 cases fromthe Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports project. Blood 2009: 113: 4834-4840.
155. Patel AA, Swerlick RA, McCall CO. Azathioprine in dermatology: the past, the present, and the future. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006: 55: 369-389. (Pubitemid 44189574)
156. Callen JP. Immunomodulatory treatment for dermatomyositis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2008: 8: 348-353.
157. Ramirez G, Asherson RA, Khamashta MA, Cervera R, D'Cruz D, Hughes GRV. Adult-onset polymyositisdermatomyositis: description of 25 patients with emphasis on treatment. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1990: 20: 114-120. (Pubitemid 20364843)
158. Bunch TW, Worthington JW, Combs JJ, Ilstrup DM, Engel AG. Azathioprine with prednisone for polymyositis. A controlled, clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1980: 92: 365-369. (Pubitemid 10154812)
159. Bunch TW. Prednisone and azathioprine for polymyositis: long-term followup. Arthritis Rheum 1981: 24: 45-48. (Pubitemid 11163039)
160. Hollingworth P, de Vere Tyndall A, Ansell BM, et al. Intensive immunosuppression versus prednisolone in the treatment of connective tissue diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 1982: 41: 557-562. (Pubitemid 13208392)
161. Villalba L, Hicks JE, Adams EM, et al. Treatment of refractory myositis: a randomized crossover study of two new cytotoxic regimens. Arthritis Rheum 1998: 41: 392-399. (Pubitemid 28128762)
162. Joffe MM, Love LA, Leff RL, et al. Drug therapy of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: predictors of response to prednisone, azathioprine, and methotrexate and a comparison of their efficacy. Am J Med 1993: 94: 379-387. (Pubitemid 23106624)
163. Miller J, Walsh Y, Saminaden S, Lecky BRF, Winer JB. Randomised double blind controlled trial of methotrexate and steroids compared with azathioprine and steroids in the treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. J Neurol Sci 2002: 199: S53.
164. Miller LC,Michael AF, KimY. Childhood dermatomyositis. Clinical course and long-term follow-up. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1987: 26: 561-566. (Pubitemid 18043638)
165. Jacobs JC. Methotrexate and azathioprine treatment of childhood dermatomyositis. Pediatrics 1977: 59: 212-218. (Pubitemid 8045790)
166. Benson MD, Aldo MA. Azathioprine therapy in polymyositis. Arch Intern Med 1973: 132: 447-451.
167. Amor KT, Ryan C, Menter A. The use of cyclosporine in dermatology: part I. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010: 63: 925-946; quiz 947-928.
168. Vencovsky J, Jarosova K, Machacek S, et al. Cyclosporine A versus methotrexate in the treatment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Scand J Rheumatol 2000: 29: 95-102. (Pubitemid 30434151)
169. Qushmaq KA, Chalmers A, Esdaile JM. Cyclosporin A in the treatment of refractory adult polymyositis/ dermatomyositis: population based experience in 6 patients and literature review. J Rheumatol 2000: 27: 2855-2859.
170. Maeda K, Kimura R, Komuta K, Igarashi T. Cyclosporine treatment for polymyositis/dermatomyositis: is it possible to rescue the deteriorating cases with interstitial pneumonitis? Scand J Rheumatol 1997: 26: 24-29. (Pubitemid 27105157)
171. Kavanagh GM, Ross JS, Black MM. Dermatomyositis treated with cyclosporin. J R SocMed 1991: 84: 306.
172. Lueck CJ, Trend P, Swash M. Cyclosporin in the management of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991: 54: 1007-1008.
173. Saadeh C, Bridges W, Burwick F. Dermatomyositis: remission induced with combined oral cyclosporine and highdose intravenous immune globulin. South Med J 1995: 88: 866-870.
174. Grau JM, Herrero C, Casademont J, Fernandez-Sola J, Urbano-Marquez A. Cyclosporine A as first choice therapy for dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 1994: 21: 381-382. (Pubitemid 24078869)
175. KimHJ, Hong YK, Yoo WH. Dermatomyositis, complicated with pneumomediastinum, successfully treated with cyclosporine A: a case report and review of literature. Rheumatol Int 2009: 29: 1101-1104.
176. Danko K, Szegedi G. Cyclosporin A treatment of dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 1991: 34: 933-934.
177. Kotani T, Makino S, Takeuchi T, et al. Early intervention with corticosteroids and cyclosporin A and 2-hour postdose blood concentration monitoring improves the prognosis of acute/subacute interstitial pneumonia in dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 2008: 35: 254-259. (Pubitemid 351284439)
178. Kotani T, Takeuchi T, Makino S, et al. Combination with corticosteroids and cyclosporin-A improves pulmonary function test results and chest HRCT findings in dermatomyositis patients with acute/subacute interstitial pneumonia. Clin Rheumatol 2011: 30: 1021-1028.
179. Shimojima Y, Ishii W, Kato T, et al. Intractable skin necrosis and interstitial pneumonia in amyopathic dermatomyositis, successfully treated with cyclosporin A. Intern Med 2003: 42: 1253-1258. (Pubitemid 38128759)
180. Reiff A, Rawlings DJ, Shaham B, et al. Preliminary evidence for cyclosporin A as an alternative in the treatment of recalcitrant juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 1997: 24: 2436-2443. (Pubitemid 28005149)
181. Heckmatt J, Hasson N, Saunders C, et al. Cyclosporin in juvenile dermatomyositis. Lancet 1989: 1: 1063-1066. (Pubitemid 19123068)
182. Zeller V, Cohen P, Prieur AM, Guillevin L. Cyclosporin a therapy in refractory juvenile dermatomyositis. Experience and longterm followup of 6 cases. J Rheumatol 1996: 23: 1424-1427. (Pubitemid 26258767)
183. Hamill G, Saunders C, Heckmatt J, Dubowitz V, Stanhope R. "Catch-up" growth in steroid dependent dermatomyositis treated with cyclosporin-A. Eur J Med 1992: 1: 16-18.
184. Zabel P, Leimenstoll G, Gross WL. Cyclosporin for acute dermatomyositis. Lancet 1984: 1: 343. (Pubitemid 14185351)
185. PRINTO. Juvenile dermatomyositis trial. http://www. printo.it/project- ongoing-detail.asp?ProjectID=14.
186. Plosker G, Foster R. Tacrolimus: a further update of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in the management of organ transplantation. Drugs 2000: 59: 323-389. (Pubitemid 30168519)
187. Mitsui T, Kuroda Y, Kunishige M,Matsumoto T. Successful treatment with tacrolimus in a case of refractory dermatomyositis. Intern Med 2005: 44: 1197-1199.
188. Yamada A, Ohshima Y, Omata N, Yasutomi M, Mayumi M. Steroid-sparing effect of tacrolimus in a patient with juvenile dermatomyositis presenting poor bioavailability of cyclosporine A. Eur J Pediatr 2004: 163: 561-562. (Pubitemid 39222512)
189. Modesto C, Boronat M,Marsal S, Arnal-Guimera C. FK-506 in the treatment of unresponsive juvenile dermatomyositis. Ann Rheum Dis 2000: 59: 728.
190. Hassan J, van der Net JJ, van Royen-Kerkhof A. Treatment of refractory juvenile dermatomyositis with tacrolimus. Clin Rheumatol 2008: 27: 1469-1471.
191. Martin Nalda A, Modesto Caballero C, Arnal Guimeral C, Boronat Rom M, Barcelo Garcia P. [Efficacy of tacrolimus (FK-506) in the treatment of recalcitrant juvenile dermatomyositis: study of 6 cases].Med Clin (Barc) 2006: 127: 697-701.
192. Oddis CV, Sciurba FC, Elmagd KA, Starzl TE. Tacrolimus in refractory polymyositis with interstitial lung disease. Lancet 1999: 353: 1762-1763. (Pubitemid 29240378)
193. Ochi S, Nanki T, Takada K, et al. Favorable outcomes with tacrolimus in two patients with refractory interstitial lung disease associated with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2005: 23: 707-710. (Pubitemid 41300719)
194. Wilkes MR, Sereika SM, Fertig N, Lucas MR, Oddis CV. Treatment of antisynthetase-associated interstitial lung disease with tacrolimus. Arthritis Rheum 2005: 52: 2439-2446. (Pubitemid 41117430)
195. Paghdal KV, Schwartz RA. Sirolimus (rapamycin): from the soil of Easter Island to a bright future. J AmAcad Dermatol 2007: 57: 1046-1050. (Pubitemid 350087332)
196. Nadiminti U, Arbiser JL. Rapamycin (sirolimus) as a steroid-sparing agent in dermatomyositis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005: 52: 17-19.
197. Sugisaki K, Takeda I, Iwadate H, Kanno T, Nishimaki T, Kasukawa R. Prevention of progression of interstitial lung lesions by early combination therapy with corticosteroids and cyclosporine/cyclophosphamide in two patients with amyopathic dermatomyositis. Fukushima J Med Sci 2002: 48: 103-110.
198. Tanaka F, Origuchi T, Migita K, et al. Successful combined therapy of cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine for acute exacerbated interstitial pneumonia associated with dermatomyositis. Intern Med 2000: 39: 428-430. (Pubitemid 30422104)
199. al-Janadi M, Smith CD, Karsh J. Cyclophosphamide treatment of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis in polymyositis/dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 1989: 16: 1592-1596. (Pubitemid 20053202)
200. Meyer O, Hayem G, Palazzo E, Crestani B, Debray MP, Ballard M. Interstitial lung disease due to polymyositis or dermatomyositis: effect of a 6-month course of i.v. pulse cyclophosphamide. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2005: 23: 724. (Pubitemid 41300723)
201. Yamasaki Y, Yamada H, Yamasaki M, et al. Intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy for progressive interstitial pneumonia in patients with polymyositis/ dermatomyositis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007: 46: 124-130. (Pubitemid 44932799)
202. Hildebrand BA Jr, Arroyo R. Evolution of clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis despite aggressive immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide and prednisone. J Clin Rheumatol 2010: 16: 143-145.
203. Mok CC, To CH, Szeto ML. Successful treatment of dermatomyositis-related rapidly progressive interstitial pneumonitis with sequential oral cyclophosphamide and azathioprine. Scand J Rheumatol 2003: 32: 181-183. (Pubitemid 36819385)
204. Tsujimura S, Saito K, Tanaka Y. Complete resolution of dermatomyositis with refractory cutaneous vasculitis by intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy. InternMed 2008: 47: 1935-1940.
205. Nakashima S, Mori M, Miyamae T, et al. [Intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy for refractory juvenile dermatomyositis]. Ryumachi 2002: 42: 895-902.
206. Senju A, Shimono M, Shiota N, et al. [Effective cyclophosphamide pulse therapy for an young infant with severe dermatomyositis]. No To Hattatsu 2011: 43: 309-312.
207. Riley P, Maillard SM, Wedderburn LR, Woo P, Murray KJ, Pilkington CA. Intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in juvenile dermatomyositis. A review of efficacy and safety. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004: 43: 491-496. (Pubitemid 38495769)
208. Sinoway PA, Callen JP. Chlorambucil. An effective corticosteroid-sparing agent for patients with recalcitrant dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 1993: 36: 319-324. (Pubitemid 23090597)
209. Cagnoli M, Marchesoni A, Tosi S. Combined steroid, methotrexate and chlorambucil therapy for steroidresistant dermatomyositis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1991: 9: 658-659.
210. Wallace DJ, Metzger AL, White KK. Combination immunosuppressive treatment of steroid-resistant dermatomyositis/polymyositis. Arthritis Rheum 1985: 28: 590-592. (Pubitemid 15109915)
211. Stubgen JP. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha as a potential therapeutic target in idiopathic inflammatorymyopathies. J Neurol 2011: 258: 961-970.
212. Selva-O'Callaghan A, Martinez-Costa X, Solans-Laque R, MauriM, Capdevila JA, Vilardell-Tarres M. Refractory adult dermatomyositis with pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis treated with infliximab. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004: 43: 1196-1197. (Pubitemid 39232831)
213. Dold S, Justiniano ME,Marquez J, Espinoza LR. Treatment of early and refractory dermatomyositis with infliximab: a report of two cases. Clin Rheumatol 2007: 26: 1186-1188. (Pubitemid 46863976)
214. Norman R, Greenberg RG, Jackson JM. Case reports of etanercept in inflammatory dermatoses. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006: 54: S139-S142. (Pubitemid 43243490)
215. Iannone F, Scioscia C, Falappone PC, Covelli M, Lapadula G. Use of etanercept in the treatment of dermatomyositis: a case series. J Rheumatol 2006: 33: 1802-1804. (Pubitemid 44373214)
216. Efthimiou P, Schwartzman S, Kagen LJ. Possible role for tumour necrosis factor inhibitors in the treatment of resistant dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a retrospective study of eight patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2006: 65: 1233-1236. (Pubitemid 44277404)
217. Riley P, McCann LJ, Maillard SM, Woo P, Murray KJ, Pilkington CA. Effectiveness of infliximab in the treatment of refractory juvenile dermatomyositis with calcinosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008: 47: 877-880. (Pubitemid 351796377)
218. Dastmalchi M, Grundtman C, Alexanderson H, et al. A high incidence of disease flares in an open pilot study of infliximab in patients with refractory inflammatory myopathies. Ann Rheum Dis 2008: 67: 1670-1677.
219. Hengstman GJD, De Bleecker JL, Feist E, et al. Open-label trial of anti-TNF-(alpha) in dermato- and polymyositis treated concomitantly with methotrexate. Eur Neurol 2008: 59: 159-163. (Pubitemid 351301260)
220. Amato A. A randomized, pilot trial of etanercept in dermatomyositis. Ann Neurol 2011: 70: 427-436.
221. Klein R, Rosenbach M, Kim EJ, Kim B, Werth VP, Dunham J. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitor-associated dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol 2010: 146: 780-784.
222. Brunasso AM, Scocco GL, Massone C. Dermatomyositis during adalimumab therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2010: 37: 1549-1550.
223. Hall HA, Zimmermann B. Evolution of dermatomyositis during therapy with a tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor. Arthritis Rheum 2006: 55: 982-984. (Pubitemid 44917476)
224. Adams EM, Pucino F, Yarboro C, et al. A pilot study: use of fludarabine for refractory dermatomyositis and polymyositis, and examination of endpoint measures. J Rheumatol 1999: 26: 352-360. (Pubitemid 29066739)
225. Flores-Suarez LF, Morales H, Angeles A, Kraus A. Druginduced amyopathic dermatomyositis. J Clin Rheumatol 2002: 8: 50-54.
226. Miyamae T, Sano F, Ozawa R, Imagawa T, Inayama Y, Yokota S. Efficacy of thalidomide in a girl with inflammatory calcinosis, a severe complication of juvenile dermatomyositis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2010: 8: 6.
227. Sangle VS, Sangle SR, D'Cruz DP. Leflunomide as a remission-maintaining therapy in difficult-to-treat dermatomyositis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008: 67: 723. (Pubitemid 351571942)
228. Boswell JS, Costner MI. Leflunomide as adjuvant treatment of dermatomyositis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008: 58: 403-406.
229. Lange U, Piegsa M, Muller-Ladner U, Strunk J. Anti-Jo-1 antibody positive polymyositis - successful therapy with leflunomide. Autoimmunity 2006: 39: 261-264. (Pubitemid 43879040)
230. Sereda D, Werth VP. Improvement in dermatomyositis rash associated with the use of antiestrogen medication. Arch Dermatol 2006: 142: 70-72. (Pubitemid 43107364)
231. Cherin P, Auperin I, Bussel A, Pourrat J, Herson S. Plasma exchange in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: a multicenter study of 57 cases. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1995: 13: 270-271.
232. Miller FW, Leitman SF, Cronin ME, et al. Controlled trial of plasma exchange and leukapheresis in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med 1992: 326: 1380-1384.
233. Wang D, Zhang H, CaoM, et al. Efficacy of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in patients with drugresistant polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011: 70: 1285-1288.
234. Holzer U, van Royen-Kerkhof A, van der Torre P, et al. Successful autologous stem cell transplantation in two patients with juvenile dermatomyositis. Scand J Rheumatol 2010: 39: 88-92.
235. Chakraverty R, Rabin N, Peggs K, Robinson S, Duncan JR, Yong K. Dermatomyositis and sarcoid-like reaction associated with multiple myeloma treated effectively by highdose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2001: 27: 1215-1217. (Pubitemid 32600296)
236. Milanetti F, Abinun M, Voltarelli JC, Burt RK. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for childhood autoimmune disease. Pediatr ClinNorth Am2010: 57: 239-271.
237. Kelly JJ, Madoc-Jones H, Adelman LS, Andres PL, Munsat TL. Response to total body irradiation in dermatomyositis. Muscle Nerve 1988: 11: 120-123. (Pubitemid 18039610)
238. Zouagui A, Abourazzak S, Idrissi ML, et al. Actuality of juvenile dermatomyositis. Joint Bone Spine 2011: 78: 235-240.
239. Maurer JF, De Belleville-Sejourne AM, Chevallier J. A case of regressive development of a diffuse calcinosis during dermatomyositis in a child. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 1977: 44: 661-666. (Pubitemid 8230660)
240. Nassim JR, Connolly CK. Treatment of calcinosis universalis with aluminium hydroxide. Arch Dis Child 1970: 45: 118-121.
241. Kikuta H, Ishikawa Y, Nagano S, Uehara H. A case of calcinosis universalis complicating dermatomyositis - its treatment with aluminium hydroxide. Rinsho Shoni Igaku 1979: 27: 363-366. (Pubitemid 10126585)
242. Wang WJ, Lo WL, Wong CK. Calcinosis cutis in juvenile dermatomyositis: remarkable response to aluminium hydroxide therapy. Arch Dermatol 1988: 124: 1721-1722.
243. Nakagawa T, Takaiwa T. Calcinosis cutis in juvenile dermatomyositis responsive to aluminum hydroxide treatment. J Dermatol 1993: 20: 558-560. (Pubitemid 23328992)
244. Aihara Y, Mori M, Ibe M, et al. A case of juvenile dermatomyositis with calcinosis universalis - remarkable improve- ment with aluminum hydroxide therapy. Ryumachi 1994: 34: 879-884. (Pubitemid 24352582)
245. Jiang X, Yi Q, Liu D, Wang S, Li L. A case of juvenile dermatomyositis with severe calcinosis and successful treatment with prednisone and diltiazem. Int J Dermatol 2011: 50: 74-77.
246. Vinen CS, Patel S, Bruckner FE. Regression of calcinosis associated with adult dermatomyositis following diltiazem therapy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000: 39: 333-334. (Pubitemid 30204221)
247. Ichiki Y, Akiyama T, Shimozawa N, Suzuki Y, Kondo N, Kitajima Y. An extremely severe case of cutaneous calcinosis with juvenile dermatomyositis, and successful treatment with diltiazem. Br J Dermatol 2001: 144: 894-897. (Pubitemid 32374801)
248. Abdallah-Lotf M, Grasland A, Vinceneux P, Sigal-Grinberg M. Regression of cutis calcinosis with diltiazem in adult dermatomyositis. Eur J Dermatol 2005: 15: 102-104. (Pubitemid 40434636)
249. Balin SJ, Wetter DA, Andersen LK, Davis MD. Calcinosis cutis occurring in association with autoimmune connective tissue disease: the mayo clinic experience with 78 patients, 1996-2009. ArchDermatol 2012: 148 (4): 455-462.
250. Vitale A, Delia G, La Torre F, Calcagno G, D'Alcontres FS. Massive gluteal calcinosis in a 10-year-old girl with juvenile dermatomyositis: successful surgical management. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009: 124: 456e-458e.
251. Thellier S, Wierzbicka-Hainaut E, Huguier V, Quillet G. Tumorous feature of calcinosis: unusual sequelae of juvenile dermatomyositis. Nouv Dermatol 2009: 28: 169-170.
252. Taborn J, Bole GG, Thompson GR. Colchicine suppression of local and systemic inflammation due to calcinosis universalis in chronic dermatomyositis. Ann InternMed 1978: 89: 648-649. (Pubitemid 9016590)
253. Fuchs D, Fruchter L, Fishel B, Holtzman M, Yaron M. Colchicine suppression of local inflammation due to calcinosis in dermatomyositis and progressive systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol 1986: 5: 527-530.
254. Harel L,Harel G, Korenreich L, Straussberg R, Amir J. Treatment of calcinosis in juvenile dermatomyositis with probenecid: the role of phosphorus metabolism in the development of calcifications. J Rheumatol 2001: 28: 1129-1132. (Pubitemid 32422602)
255. Robertson LP,Marshall RW, Hickling P. Treatment of cutaneous calcinosis in limited systemic sclerosis with minocycline. Ann Rheum Dis 2003: 62: 267-269. (Pubitemid 36238096)
256. Slimani S, Abdessemed A, Haddouche A, Ladjouze-Rezig A. Complete resolution of universal calcinosis in a patient with juvenile dermatomyositis using pamidronate. Joint Bone Spine 2010: 77: 70-72.
257. Ambler GR, Chaitow J, Rogers M, McDonald DW, Ouvrier RA. Rapid improvement of calcinosis in juvenile dermatomyositis with alendronate therapy. J Rheumatol 2005: 32: 1837-1839. (Pubitemid 41324828)
258. Marco Puche A, Calvo Penades I, Lopez Montesinos B. Effectiveness of the treatment with intravenous pamidronate in calcinosis in juvenile dermatomyositis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2010: 28: 135-140.
259. Mori H, Okada Y, Yamaoka K, Saito K, Tanaka Y. Marked improvement of calcinosis in adult dermatomyositis with etidronate therapy. J Bone Miner Metab 2012: 30 (1): 114-118.
260. Al-Mayouf SM, Alsonbul A, Alismail K. Localized calcinosis in juvenile dermatomyositis: successful treatment with intralesional corticosteroids injection. Int J Rheum Dis 2010: 13: e26-e28.
261. Chan AYK, Li E. Electric shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) as a pain control measure in dermatomyositis with calcinosis cutis - old method, new discovery. Clin Rheumatol 2005: 24: 172-173. (Pubitemid 40552974)
262. Sultan-Bichat N, Menard J, Perceau G, Staerman F, Bernard P, Reguiai Z. Treatment of calcinosis cutis by extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012: 66 (3): 424-429.
263. Oliveri MB, Palermo R, Mautalen C, Hubscher O. Regression of calcinosis during diltiazem treatment in juvenile dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 1996: 23: 2152-2155. (Pubitemid 27006765)
264. Eddy MC, Leelawattana R, McAlister WH, Whyte MP. Calcinosis universalis complicating juvenile dermatomyositis: resolution during probenecid therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997: 82: 3536-3542. (Pubitemid 27509333)
265. Matsuoka Y, Miyajima S, Okada N. A case of calcinosis universalis successfully treated with low-dose warfarin. J Dermatol 1998: 25: 716-720. (Pubitemid 28566708)
266. Berger RG, Featherstone GL, Raasch RH, McCartney WH, Hadler NM. Treatment of calcinosis universalis with lowdose warfarin. Am J Med 1987: 83: 72-76. (Pubitemid 18099029)
267. Lassoued K, Saiag P, Anglade MC, Roujeau JC, Touraine RL. Failure of warfarin in treatment of calcinosis universalis. Am J Med 1988: 84: 795-796.
268. Pachman LM, Veis A, Stock S, et al. Composition of calcifications in children with juvenile dermatomyositis: association with chronic cutaneous inflammation. Arthritis Rheum 2006: 54: 3345-3350. (Pubitemid 44622107)