Photoimmunology of lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis: A speculative review

Photochemistry and Photobiology

Volumn 63, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 583-594

  Sontheimer, Richard D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY;

ANIMAL; BIOSYNTHESIS; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; DERMATOMYOSITIS; GENETICS; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; MOUSE; NEWBORN; RADIATION EXPOSURE; REVIEW; SKIN; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

ANIMALS; AUTOANTIBODIES; CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES; DERMATOMYOSITIS; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MICE; SKIN; ULTRAVIOLET RAYS;

EID: 0030139297     PISSN: 00318655     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb05660.x     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Norris, D A. (1993) Pathomechanisms of photosensitive lupus erythematosus. J. Invest. Dermatol 100, 58S-68S.
2. Kind, P., P. Lehmann and G. Plewig (1993) Phototesting in lupus erythematosus. J. Invest. Dermatol. 100, 53S-57S.
3. Kochevar, I. E. (1985) Action spectrum and mechanisms of UV radiation-induced injury in lupus erythematosus. J. Invest. Dermatol. 85, 140S-142S.
4. Tan, E. M., A. S. Cohen, J. F. Fries et al. (1982) The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 25, 1271.
5. Nived, O., P. B. Johansen and G. Sturfelt (1993) Standardized ultraviolet-A exposure provokes skin reaction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2, 247-250.
6. Doria, A., A. Biasinutto, A. Ghirardello, E. Sartori, R. Rondinone, A. Piccoli, C. Veller, C. V. Fornasa and P. F. Gambari (1996) Photosensitivity in systemic lupus erythematosus: laboratory testing of ARA/ACR definition. Lupus. (In press)
7. Sontheimer, R. D. and T. T. Provost (1996) Lupus erythematosus. Chapter 1. In Cutaneous Manifestations of Rheumatic Diseases (Edited by R. D. Sontheimer and T. T. Provost), pp. 1-71. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore
8. Ueki, H. (1994) Kobner phenomenon in lupus erythematosus. Hautarzt 45, 154-160.
9. Chargin, L. (1950) Recurrence of lupus erythematosus in grafted skin. Arch. Dermatol. 61, 532.
10. Cormane, R. H. and W. Bruinsma (1970) Exchange autografts of skin in lupus erythematosus. Ann Clin. Res. 2, 22-27.
11. Davis, T. L., C. B. Lyde, B. M. Davis and R. D. Sontheimer (1989) Perturbation of experimental ultraviolet light-induced erythema by passive transfer of serum from subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus patients. J. Invest. Dermatol. 92, 573-577.
12. Iacobelli, D., L. Bianchi and K. Hashimoto (1987) Passive transfer of photosensitivity by intradermal injection of vesiculobullous lupus erythematosus serum and ultraviolet light irradiation in the guinea pig Photodermatology 4, 288-295.
13. Goerz, G., P. Lehmann, H C. Schuppe. H. J. Lakomek and P Kind (1990) Lupus erythematosus. Z. Hautkr. 65, 226-234.
14. Lehmann, P , E. Hölzle, P. Kind, G. Goerz and G. Plewig (1990) Experimental reproduction of skin lesions in lupus erythematosus by UVA and UVB radiation. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 22, 181-187.
15. Everett, M. A. and A. C. Curtis (1957) Dermatomyositis: a review of 19 cases in adolescents and children. Arch. Intern. Med. 100, 70-76.
16. Woo, T. R., J. Rasmussen and J. P. Callen (1985) Recurrent photosensitive dermatitis preceding juvenile dermatomyositis. Pediatr. Dermatol. 2, 207-212.
17. Abdel-Nasser, M. B., S. C. Chun, H. Gollnick and C. E. Orfanos (1993) Amyopathic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis dermatomyositis siné myositis myositis) in a male patient and possible induction by ultraviolet light. Eur. J. Dermatol. 3, 367-370.
18. Cheong, W. K., G R. V. Hughes, P. G. Norris and J. L. M. Hawk (1994) Cutaneous photosensitivity in dermatomyositis. Br. J. Dermatol. 131, 205-208.
19. 1 mice: association with epidermal DNA synthesis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 72, 25-28.
20. Furukawa, F., H. Tanaka, K. Sekita, T. Nakamura, Y. Horiguchi and Y. Hamashima (1984) Dermatolpathological studies on skin lesions of MRL mice. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 276, 186-194.
21. Kanauchi, H., F. Furukawa and S. Imamura (1991) Characterization of cutaneous infiltrates in MRL/lpr mice monitored from onset to the full development of lupus erythematosus-like skin lesions. J. Invest. Dermatol. 86, 478-483.
22. Horiguchi, Y., F. Furukawa, G. Ohshio, T. Horio and S. Imamura (1987) Effects of ultraviolet light irradiation on the skin of MRL/1 mice. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 279, 478-483.
23. Davis, P. and J. S. Percy (1978) Effect of ultraviolet light of disease characteristics of NZB/W mice. J. Rheumatol. 5, 125-128.
24. Davis, P. and J. S. Percy (1978) Role of ultraviolet light and UV DNA in the induction of skin lesions in experimental animals. Br. J. Dermatol. 99, 201-205.
25. Strickland, P. T. (1984) Photocarcinogenesis and influence of UV radiation on autoimmune disease in NZB/N mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 73, 537-541.
26. Golan, D. T. and Y. Borel (1984) Increased photosensitivity to near-ultraviolet light in murine SLE. J. Immunol. 132, 705-710.
27. Ansel, J. C., J. Mountz, A. D Steinberg, E. DeFabo and I. Green (1985) Effects of UV radiation on autoimmune strains of mice: increased mortality and accelerated autoimmunity in BXSB male mice. J. Invest. Dermatol. 85, 181-186.
28. Bruze, M., A. Forsgren and B. Ljunggren (1985) Antinuclear antibodies in mice induced by long wave ultraviolet radiation (UVA). Acta Dermato-Venereol. (Siockh.) 65, 25-30.
29. 1 hybrid mice. Arthritis Rheum. 30, 557-561.
30. McGrath, Jr., H., E. Bak, M. L. Zimny and J. P. Michalski (1990) Fluorescent light decreases autoimmunity and improves immunity in B/W mice. J. Clin. Lab. Immunol. 32, 113-116.
31. Hargis, A. M. and D. J. Prieur (1988) Animal models of polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Clin. Dermatol. 6, 120-9, 52-4.
32. Wysenbeek, A. J., D. A. Block and J. F. Fries (1989) Prevalence and expression of photosensitivity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 48, 461-463.
33. Sontheimer, R. D. (1989) Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a decade's perspective. Med. Clin. North Am. 73, 1073-1090.
34. Callen, J. P. and J. Klein (1988) Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Clinical, serologic, immunogenetic, and therapeutic considerations in 72 patients. Arthritis Rheum 31, 1007-1103.
35. Herrero, C., I. Bielsa, J. Font, F. Lozano, G. Ericilla, M. Lecha, M. Ingelman and J. M. Mascaro (1988) Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: clinical pathologic findings in 13 cases. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 19, 1057-1062.
36. Hymes, S. R., T. J. Russell and R. E. Jordon (1986) The anti-Ro antibody system. Int. J. Dermatol. 25, 1-7.
37. Shou-yi. S., F. Shu-fang, L. Kang-huang, F. Li and K. Ke-fei (1987) Clinical study of 30 cases of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Chin. Med. J. 100, 45-48
38. Kind, P. and G. Goetz (1987) Klinik und differential diagnose des cutanen lupus erythematodes. Z Hautkr. 62, 1337-1347.
39. Hochberg, M. C., R. B. Boyd, J. M. Ahearn, F. C. Amett, W. B. Bias, T. T. Provost and M. B. Stevens (1985) Systemic lupus erythematosus: a review of clinicolaboratory features and immunogenetic markers in 150 patients with emphasis on demographic subsets. Medicine 64, 285-295.
40. Nesbitt, Jr., L T. (1980) Cutaneous immunofluorescence in dermatomyositis. Int. J. Dermatol. 19, 270-273.
41. Euwer, R. L. and R. D. Sontheimer (1991) Amyopaihic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis sine myositis). Presentation of siv new cases and review of the literature. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 24, 959-966.
42. Kochevar, I. E., M. A. Pathak and J A. Parrish (1993) Photophysics. photochemistry, and photobiology. Chapter 131. In Dermatology in General Medicine, 4th ed., Vol. 1 (Edited by T. B. Fitzpatrick, A. Z. Eisen, K. Wolff, I. M. Freedberg and K. F. Austen), pp. 1627-1638 McGraw-Hill, New York.
43. Wolska, H., M. Blaszczyk and S. Jablonska (1989) Phototests in patients with various forms of lupus erythematosus. Int. J. Dermatol. 28, 98-103.
44. Sontheimer, R. D., J. R. Thomas and J. N. Gilliam (1979) Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a cutaneous marker for a distinct lupus erythematosus subset. Arch. Dermatol. 115, 1409-1415.
45. McGrath, Jr., H. (1994) Ultraviolet-A1 irradiation decreases clinical disease activity and autoantibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 12, 29-135.
46. Sonnichsen, N., H. Meffert, V Kunzelmann and H. Audring (1993) UV-A-1 therapy of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Hautarzt 44, 723-725.
47. Davis, P., A. S. Russell and J. S Percy (1976) Antibodies to UV light denatured DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus: detection by filter radioimmunoassay and clinical correlations. J. Rheumatol. 3, 375-379.
48. Natali, P. G. and E. M. Tan (1972) Experimental renal disease induced by DNA anti-DNA immune complexes. J. Clin. Invest. 51, 345-355.
49. Golan, T. D., V. Foltyn and A. Roueff (1991) Increased susceptibility to in vitro ultraviolet B radiation in fibroblasts and lymphocytes cultured from systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 58, 289-304.
50. Rosenstein, B. S., R. B. Rosenstein and G. B. Zamansky (1992) Repair of DNA damage induced in systemic lupus erythematosus skin fibroblasts by simulated sunlight. J. Invest. Dermatol. 98, 469-474.
51. Herrick, A. L., J. A. Rafferty and G. P. Margison (1995) Viewpoint - DNA repair deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus: cause or consequence of disease and implications for management. Lupus 4, 423-424.
52. Richardson, B., D. Powers, F. Hooper, R. Yung and K. O'Rourke (1994) Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 overexpression and T cell autoreactivity. Arthritis Rheum. 9, 1363-1372.
53. Richardson, B., L. Scheinbart, J. Strahler, L. Gross, S. Hanash and M. Johnson (1990) Evidence for impaired T cell DNA methylation in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 33, 1665-1673.
54. Ponta, H., M. Pfennig-Yeh, E. Wagner, M. Schweiger and P. Herrlich (1979) Radiation sensitivity of messenger RNA. Mol. Genet. 175, 13-17.
55. Ottensmeyer, F. P. and G. F. Whitmore (1968) Coding properties of ultraviolet photoproducts of uracil. J. Mol. Biol. 38, 1-16.
56. Shaw, G. and R. Kamen (1986) A conserved AU sequence from the 3′ untranslated region of GM-CSF mRNA mediates selective mRNA degradation. Cell 46, 659-667.
57. de Vos, S., M. Brach, A. Budnik, M. Grewe, F. Herrmann and J. Krutmann (1994) Post-transcriptional regulation of mterleukin-6 gene expression in human keratinocytes by ultraviolet B radiation. J. Invest. Dermatol. 103, 92-96.
58. McCauliffe, D. P. and R. D. Sontheimer (1993) Molecular characterization of the Ro/SS-A autoantigens. J. Invest. Dermatol. 100, 73S-79S.
59. Palmer, R. G., C. J. Dore, L. Henderson and A. M. Denman (1987) Sister-chromatid exchange frequencies in fibroblasts and lymphocytes of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus Mutat. Res. 177, 125-132.
60. Fan, X. and F. Liu (1991) Hereditary mechanism of systemic lupus erythematosus. Chung-Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih 71, 4-5.
61. Devary, Y., R. A. Gottlieb, T. Smeal and M. Karin (1992) The mammalian ultraviolet response as triggered by activation of Src tyrosine kinases. Cell 71, 1081-1091.
62. Casellas, A. M., A. Prat, A. Llera, J. Manni, A. Boveris and J. F. Sarano (1991) Increased superoxide production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp. Rheumatol. 9, 511-514.
63. Ara, J. and R. Ali (1992) Reactive oxygen species modified DNA fragments of varying size are the preferred antigen for human anti-DNA autoantibodies. Immunol. Lett. 34, 195-200.
64. Blount, S., H. R. Griffiths and J. Lunec (1991) Reactive oxygen species damage to DNA and its role in systemic lupus erythematosus [Review]. Mol. Aspects Med. 12, 93-105.
65. Golan, T. D., S. Dan, H. Haim, G. Varda and K. Sol (1994) Solar ultraviolet radiation induces enhanced accumulation of oxygen radicals in murine SLE-derived splenocytes in vitro Lupus 3, 103-106.
66. Weimann, B. J. and H Weiser (1992) Effects of antioxidant vitamins C, E, and beta-carotene on immune functions in MRL/lpr mice and rats. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 669, 390-392.
67. Chandrasekar, B. and G. Fernandes (1994) Decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased antioxidant enzyme gene expression by omega-3 lipids in murine lupus nephritis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 200, 893-898.
68. Yeaman, G. R., K. Froebel, G. Galea, A. Ormerod and S. J. Urbaniak (1992) Discoid lupus erythematosus in an X-linked cytochrome-positive carrier of chronic granulomatous disease. Br. J. Dermatol. 126, 60-65.
69. Hafner, J., A. Enderlin, R. A. Seger, B. Wüthrich, L. Bruckner-Tudermann, P. Panizzoni and G. Burg (1992) Discoid lupus erythematosus-like lesions in carriers of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. Br. J. Dermatol. 127, 446-447.
70. Jackson, S. H., J. I. Gallin and S. M. Holland (1995) The p47phox mouse knock-out model of chronic granulomatous disease. J. Exp. Med. 182, 751-758.
71. Kalra, J., A. K. Chaudhary and K. Prasad (1991) Increased production of oxygen free radicals in cigarette smokers. Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 72, 1-7.
72. Sontheimer, R. D. and P. R. Bergstresser (1982) Epidermal Langerhans cell involvement in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J. Invest. Dermatol. 79, 237-243.
73. Andrews, B. S., A. Schenk, R. Barr, G. Friou, G. Mirick and P. Ross (1986) Immunopathology of cutaneous human lupus erythematosus defined by murine monoclonal antibodies J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 15, 474-481.
74. Shiohara, T., N. Moriya, Y. Tanaka, Y. Arai, J. Hayakawa, M. Chiba and M. Ngashima (1988) Immunopathologic study of lichenoid skin diseases: correlation between HLA-DR-positive keratinocytes or Langerhans cells and epidermotropic T cells. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 18, 67-74.
75. Tebbe, B., L. Mazur, R. Stadler and C. E. Orfanos (1995) Immunohistochemical analysis of chronic discoid and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus - relation to immunopathological mechanisms. Br. J. Dermatol. 132, 25-31.
76. Nieboer, C., Z. Tak-Diamand and A. G. VanLeeuwen-Wallau (1988) Dust-like particles: a specific direct immunofluorescence pattern in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Br. J. Dermatol. 118, 725-734.
77. David-Bajar, K. M., S. D. Bennion, J. D. DeSpain, L. E. Golitz and L. A. Lee (1992) Clinical, histologic, and immunofluorescent distinctions between subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and discoid lupus erythematosus. J. Invest. Dermatol. 99, 251-257.
78. Valeski, J. E., V. Kumar, A. B. Forman, E. H. Beutner and T. P. Chorzelski (1992) A characteristic cutaneous direct immunofluorescent pattern associated with Ro(SS-A) antibodies in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol 27, 194-198.
79. Weinstein, C., M. H. Miller, R. Axtens, G. O. Littlejohn, A. P. Dorevitch and R. Buchman (1987) Lupus and non-lupus cutaneous manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Aust. N.Z. J. Med. 17, 501-506.
80. Fabbri, P , E. Bernacchi and R. Neri (1990) Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematobus. Review of the literature and immunological studies of 11 patients. G. Ital. Dermatol. Venereal. 125, 329-336
81. George, R., R. Mathai and S. Kurian (1992) Cutaneous lupus erythematosus in India: immunofluorescence profile. Int. J. Dermatol. 31, 265-269.
82. Velthuis, P. J., L. Kater, I. Van der Tweel, H. Baart de la Faille and W. A. Van Vloten (1992) Immunofluorescence microscopy of healthy skin from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: more than just the lupus band. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 51, 720-725.
83. Lee, L. A., K. G. Gaither, S. N. Coulter, D. A. Norris and J. B. Harley (1989) The pattern of cutaneous immunoglobulin G deposition in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus is reproduced by infusing purified anti-Ro (SSA) antibodies into human skin grafted mice. J. Clin. Invest. 83, 1556-1563.
84. Mascaro, Jr., J. M., G. Hausmann, C. Herrero, J. Grau, M. Cid, J. Palou and J. M. Mascaro (1995) Membrane attack complex deposits in cutaneous lesions of dermatomyositis. Arch. Dermatol. 131, 1386-1392.
85. Konttinen, Y. T., S. Reitamo, A. Ranki et al. (1981) T lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes in the skin infiltrate of systemic and discoid lupus erythematosus and Jessner's lymphocytic infiltrate. Br. J. Dermatol. 104, 141-145.
86. Bjerke, J. R., H. Krogh and R. Matre (1981) in situ identification of mononuclear cells in cutaneous infiltrates in discoid lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis and secondary syphilis. Acta Dermato-Venereol (Stockh.) 61, 371-380.
87. Synkowski, D R. and T. T. Provost (1983) Characterization of the inflammatory infiltrate in lupus erythematosus lesions. J. Rheumatol. 10, 920-924.
88. Viljaranta, S., A. Ranki, A Kariniemi, P. Nieminen and L. Johansson (1987) Distribution of natural killer cells and lymphocyte subclasses in Jessner's lymphocytic infiltration of the skin and in cutaneous lesions of discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus. Br. J. Dermatol. 116, 831-838.
89. Bergroth, V., Y. T. Konttinen, H Piirainen, E. Johansson, D. Nordstrom and M. Malmstrom (1988) Evaluation of lymphocyte activation in skin lesions of patients with mixed connective tissue disease and discoid lupus erythematodes. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 280, 1-4.
90. Markey, A. C., M. H. Allen, C. Pitzalis and D. M. MacDonald (1990) T-cell inducer populations in cutaneous inflammation: a predominance of T helper-inducer lymphocytes (TH1) in the infiltrate of inflammatory dermatoses. Br. J. Dermatol. 122, 325-332.
91. De Jong, E. M. G. J., P. E. J. Van Erp, D. J. Ruiter and P. C. M. Van de Kerkhof (1991) Immunohistochemical detection of proliferation and differentiation in discoid lupus erythematosus. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 25, 1032-1038.
92. Rijlaarsdam, J. U., C. Nieboer, E. de Vries and R. Willemze (1990) Characterization of the dermal infiltrates in Jessner's lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin, polymorphous light eruption and cutaneous lupus erythematosus: differential diagnostic and pathogenetic aspects. J. Cutaneous Pathol. 17, 2-8.
93. Velthuis, P. J., H. Van Weelden, D. Van Wichen and B. de la Faille (1990) Immunohistopathology of light-induced skin lesions in lupus erythematosus. Acta Dermato-Venereol. (Srockh.) 70, 93-98.
94. Fivenson, D. P., L. A Rheins, J. J. Nordlund, M. Pomaranski, M. C. Douglass and E. A. Krull (1991) Thy-1 and T-cell receptor antigen expression in mycosis fungoides and benign inflammatory dermatoses. J. Natl. Cancer Insl. 83, 1088-1092.
95. Volc-Platzer, B., B. Anegg, S Milota, W. Pickl and G Fischer (1993) Accumulation of gamma/delta T cells in chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Invest. Dermatol. 100, 84S-91S.
96. Hausmann, G., C. Herrero, M. C. Cid, J. Casademont, M. Lecha and J. M. Mascaró (1991) Immunopathologic study of skin lesions in dermatomyositis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol 25, 225-230.
97. Winkelmann, R. K., R. E Jordon and J. M. de Moragas (1972) Immunofluorescent studies of dermatomyositis Dermatologica 145, 42-47.
98. Nesbitt, Jr., L T (1980) Cutaneous immunofluorescence in dermatomyositis. Int. J. Dermatol. 19, 270-278
99. Kasper, C. S., C. L. White and R. G. Freeman (1988) Pathology and immunopathology of polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Clin. Dermatol. 6, 64-75.
100. Chen, Z., J. C. Maize, R. M. Silver, R. L. Dobson, H. R. Maricq and S. K. Ainsworth (1985) Direct and indirect immunofluorescent findings in dermatomyositis. J. Cutaneous Pathol. 12, 18-27
101. Mascaró, Jr., J. M., G. Hausmann, C. Herrero, J M. Grau, M. C. Cid, J. Palou and J. M. Mascaró (1995) Membrane attack complex deposits in cutaneous lesions of dermatomyositis. Arch. Dermatol. 131, 1386-1392
102. Fahré, V. C., S. Lear, M Reichlin, S. J. Hodge and J. P. Callen (1991) Twenty percent of biopsy specimens from sun-exposed skin of normal young adults demonstrate positive immunofluorescence. Arch. Dermarol. 127, 1006-1011.
103. Cripps, D. J. and J. Rankin (1973) Action spectra of lupus erythematosus and experimental immunofluorescence. Arch. Dermatol. 107, 563-567.
104. Lee, L. A. (1993) Neonatal lupus erythematosus. J. Invest. Dermatol. 100, 9S-13S.
105. Sontheimer, R. D., T.-S. Lieu and J. D. Capra (1993) The diverse functional repertoire of calreticulin, a new human autoantigen. The Immunologist 1, 155-160.
106. Sontheimer, R. D., T. Q. Nguyen, S. T. Cheng, T. S. Lieu and J. D. Capra (1995) The unveiling of calreticulin - a clinically relevant tour of modern cell bioloay. J. Invest. Med. 43, 362-370.
107. Cheng, S. T., T. Q. Nguyen, Y. S. Yang, J. D. Capra and R. D. Sontheimer (1996) Calreticulin binds hYRNA and the 52kD polypeptide component of the Ro/SS-A ribonucleoprotein auto antigen J. Immunol. (in press).
108. LeFeber, W P., D. A. Norris, S. R. Ryan, L. A. Lee, J. C. Huff, M. Kubo, S. T. Boyce, B. L. Kotzin and W. L. Weston (1984) Ultraviolet light induces binding of antibodies to selected nuclear antigens on cultured human keratinocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 74, 1545-1551.
109. Furukawa, F., M. B. Lyons, L. Lee, S. N. Coulter and D. A. Norris (1988) Estradiol enhances binding to cultured human keratinocytes of antibodies specific for SS-A/Ro and SS-B/La. J. Immunol. 141, 1480-1488.
110. Furukawa, F., M. Kashihara-Sawami, M. B. Lyons and D. A. Norris (1990) Binding of antibodies to the extractable nuclear antigens SS-A/Ro and SS-B/La is induced on the surface of human keratinocytes by ultraviolet light (UVL): implications for the pathogenesis of photosensitive cutaneous lupus. J. Invest. Dermatol. 94, 77-85.
111. Jones, S. K. (1992) Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induces cellsurface Ro/SSA antigen expression by human keratinocytes in vitro: a possible mechanism for the UVR induction of cutaneous lupus lesions. Br. J. Dermatol. 126, 546-553.
112. Golan, T. D., K. B. Elkon, A. E. Gharavi and J. G. Krueger (1992) Enhanced membrane binding of autoantibodies to cultured keratinocytes of systemic lupus erythematosus patients after ultraviolet B/ultraviolet A irradiation. J. Clin. invest. 90, 1067-1076.
113. Kawashima, T., T. S. Lieu, E. G. Zappi, J. D. Capra and R. D. Sontheimer (1994) Impact of ultraviolet radiation on expression of SS-A/Ro autoantigenic polypeptides in transformed human epidermal keratinocytes. Lupus 3, 493-500.
114. Rosen A., L. Casciola-Rosen and J. Ahearn (1994) Viral antigens are concentrated and clustered with specific autoantigens in the surface blebs on apoptotic cells. Arthritis Rheumat. 37, S368. [Abstract]
115. Kawashima, T., E. G. Zappi, T. S. Lieu and R. D. Sontheimer (1994) Regulation of expression of the polypeptide constituents of the Ro autoantigen complex in transformed human epidermal keratinocytes. Dermatology 189 (Suppl. 1), 6-10
116. Golan, T D., K. B. Elkon, A. E. Gharavi and J G. Krueger (1992) Enhanced membrane binding of autoantigens to cultured keratinocytes of systemic lupus erythematosus patients after ultraviolet B/ultraviolet A irradiation. J. Clin. Invest 90, 1067-1076.
117. Niimi, Y., D. Ioannides, J. Buyon and J. C. Bystryn (1995) Heterogeneity in the expression of Ro and La antigens in human skin. Arthritis Rheumat. 38, 1271-1276.
118. Casciola-Rosen, L. A., G. Anhalt and A. Rosen (1994) Autoantigens targeted in systemic lupus erythematosus are clustered in two populations of surface structures on apoptotic keratinocytes. J Exp Med. 179, 1317-1330.
119. Rosen, A., L. Casciola-Rosen and J. Ahearn (1995) Novel packages of viral and self-antigens are generated during apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 181, 1557-1561.
120. Emlen, W., J. Niebur and R. Kadera (1994) Accelerated in vitro apoptosis of lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Immunol. 152, 3685-3692.
121. Gilliam, J. N. (1975) The significance of cutaneous immunoglobulin deposits in lupus erythematosus and NZB/NZW F1 hybrid mice. J. Invest. Dermatol. 65, 154-161.
122. Neish, C., M. Charley, N. Fertig, Jr., T. Medsger and J. S. Deng (1993) Elevated serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J. Dermatol. Sci. 5, 143-149.
123. Blum, C., D. Zillikens, H. P. Tony, A. A. Hartmann and G. Burs (1993) Soluble interleukin 2 receptor as activity parameter in serum of systemic and discoid lupus erythematosus. Hautarzt 44, 290-295.
124. Namekawa, T., K. Kuroda, T. Kato, K. Yamamoto, H. Murata, T. Sakamaki, K. Nishioka, I. Iwamoto, Y. Saitoh and T. Sumida (1995) Identification of Ro(SSA) 52 kDa reactive T cells in labial salivary glands from patients with Sjogren's syndrome. J. Rheumatol. 22, 2092-2099.
125. Targoff, I. N. (1991) Dermatomyositis and polymyositis. In Current Problems in Dermatology (Edited by W. A. Weston, R. M. MacKie and T. T. Provost), pp. 131-180.
126. Black, A. K., M. W. Greaves, C. N. Hensby and C. A. Plummer (1978) Increased prostaglandins E2 and F2 in human skin at 6 and 24 hours after UV-B radiation. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 5, 431-436.
127. Gahring, L., Baltz, M. B. Pepys and R. Daynes (1984) Effect of ultraviolet radiation on the production of ETAF/IL-1 in vivo and in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 1198-1202.
128. Gilchrest, B. A., N. A. Soter, J. S. Stoff and M. C. Mimh (1981) The human sunburn reaction: histologic and biochemical studies. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 5, 411-422.
129. Kupper, T. S., A. O. Chau, P. Flood, J. McGuire and U. Gubler (1987) Interleukin-1 gene expression in cultured human keratinocytes is augmented by ultraviolet light irradiation. J. Clin. Invest. 80, 430-436.
130. Pentland, A, P., M. Mahoney, S. C. Jacobs and M. J. Holtzman (1990) Enhanced prostaglandin synthesis after ultraviolet injury is mediated by endogenous histamine stimulation. A mechanism for irradiation erythema. J. Clin. Invest. 86, 566-574.
131. Klajman, A., I. Drucker and J. Mekori (1990) The importance of HLA-DR in autoimmune diseases. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 26, 691-692.
132. Hruza, L. L. and A. P. Pentland (1993) Mechanisms of UV-induced inflammation. J. Invest. Dermatol. 100, 35S-41S.
133. Mohamadzadeh, M., A. Takashima, I. Dougherty, K. Knop, P. R. Bergstresser and P. D. Cruz, Jr. (1995) Ultraviolet B radiation up-regulates the expression of IL-15 in human skin. J. Immunol. 155, 4492-4496.
134. Wilson, A. G., N. DeVries, F. Pociot, F. S. DiGiovine, L. B. A. Van der Putte and G. W. Duff (1993) A polymorphism within the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter region is strongly associated with HLA1, BS and DR3 alleles. J. Exp. Med 177, 557.
135. Harley, J. P., M. Reichlin, F. C. Arnett, E. L. Alexander, W. B. Bias and T T. Provost (1986) Gene interaction at the HLA-DQ locus enhances autoantibody production in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Science 232, 1145-1147.
136. Tarlow, J. K., F. E. Clay, M. J. Cork, A. I. Blakemore, A. J. McDonagh, A. G. Messenger and G. W. Duff (1994) Severity of alopecia areata is associated with a polymorphism in the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene. J Invest. Dermatol. 103, 387-390.
137. Urbanski, A., T. Schwarz, P. Neuner, J. Krutmann, R. Kirnbauer, A. Kock and T. A. Luger (1990) Ultraviolet light induces increased circulating interleukin-6 in humans. J. Invest. Dermatol. 94, 808-811.
138. Kind, P., P. E. Lipsky and R. D. Sontheimer (1986) Circulating T- and B-cell abnormalities in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J. Invest. Dermatol. 86, 235-239.
139. Middleton, M. H. and D. A. Norris (1995) Cytokine-induced ICAM-1 expression in human keratinocytes is highly variable in keratinocyte strains from different donors. J. Invest. Dermatol. 104, 489-196.
140. Krmmann, J., G. M. Kammer, Z. Toossi, R. L. Waller, J. J. Ellner and C A. Elmets (1990) UVB radiation and human monocyte accessory function: differential effects on pre-mitotic events in T-cell activation. J. Invest. Dermatol. 94, 204-209.
141. Krutmann, J., I. U. Khan, R. S. Wallis, F. Zhang, E. A. Rich, J. J. Ellner and C. A. Elmets (1990) Cell membrane is a major locus for ultraviolet B-induced alterations in accessory cells. J. Clin. Invest. 85, 1529-1536.
142. Stevens, S. R., A. Shibaki, L. Meunier and K. D. Cooper (1995) Suppressor T cell-activating macrophages in ultravioletirradiated human skin induce a novel TGF-β-dependent form of T cell activation characterized by deficient IL-2ra expression. J. Immunol. 155, 5601-5607.
143. Baadsgaard, O. (1991) In vivo ultraviolet irradiation of human skin results in profound perturbation of the immune system: relevance to ultraviolet-induced skin cancer. Arch. Dermatol. 127, 99-109.
144. Cruz, P. D. and P. R. Bergstresser (1990) Antigen processing and presentation by epidermal Langerhans cells. Dermatol. Clin. 8, 633-647.
145. Ullrich, S. E. (1995) Modulation of immunity by ultraviolet radiation: key effects on antigen presentation. J. Invest. Dermatol. 105 (Suppl.), 30S-36S.
146. Llorente, L., W. Zou, Y. Levy, Y. Richaud-Patin, J. Wijdenes, J. Alcocer-Varela, B. Morel-Fourrier, J. C. Brouet, D. Alarcon-Segovia and P. Galanaud (1995) Role of interleukin 10 in the B lymphocyte hyperactivity and autoantibody production of human systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Exp. Med. 181, 839-844.
147. Llorente, L., Y. Richaud-Patin, R. Fior, J. Alcocer-Varela, J. Wijdenes, B. M. Fourrier, P. Galanaud and D. Emilie (1994) In vivo production of interleukin-10 by non-T cells in rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus. A potential mechanism of B lymphocyte hyperactivity and autoimmunity. Arthritis Rheum. 37, 1647-1655.
148. Llorente, L., Y. Richaud-Patin, J. Wijdenes, J. Alcocer-Varela, M. C. Maillot, I. Durand-Gasselin, B. M. Fourrier, G. Galanaud and D. Emilie (1993) Spontaneous production of interleukin-10 by B lymphocytes and monocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur. Cytokine Network 4, 421-427.
149. Prud'homme, G. J., D. H. Kono and A. N. Theofilopoulos (1995) Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis reveals marked overexpression of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-1 and interferon-gamma mRNA in the lymph nodes of lupus-prone mice. Mol. Immunol 32, 495-503.
150. Houssiau, F. A., C. Lefebvre, M. Vanden Berghe, M. Lambert, J. Devogelaer and J. Renauld (1995) Serum interleukin 10 titers in systemic lupus erythematosus reflect disease activity. Lupus 4, 393-395.
151. Picker, L. J., S. A. Michie, L. S. Rott and E. C. Butcher (1990) A unique phenotype of skin-associated lymphocytes in humans: preferential expression of the HECA-452 epitope by benign and malignant T cells at cutaneous sites. Am. J. Pathol. 136, 1053-1068.
152. Picker, L. J., J. R. Treer, B. Ferguson-Darnell, P. A. Collins, P. R Bergstresser and L. W. Terstappen (1993) Control of lymphocyte recirculation in man. II. Differential regulation of the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen, a tissue-selective homing receptor for skin-homing T cells. J. Immunol. 150, 1122-1136.
153. Santamaria Babi, L. F., R. Moser, M. T. Perez Soler, L. J. Picker, K. Blaser and C. Hauser (1995) Migration of skinhoming T cells across cytokine-activated human endothelial cell layers involves interaction of the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA), the very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), and the lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-I). J. Immunol. 154, 1543-1550.
154. Norris, P., R. N. Poston, D S. Thomas, M Thornhill, J. Hawk and D. O. Haskard (1991) The expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in experimental cutaneous inflammation: a comparison of ultraviolet B erythema and delayed hypersensitivity. J. Invest. Dermatol. 96, 763-770.
155. Lee, L. A., C. M. Roberts, M. B. Frank, V. R. McCubbin and M. Reichlin (1994) The autoantibody response to Ro/SSA in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arch. Dermatol. 130, 1262-1268.