The kidney as a treatment target for type 2 diabetes

Diabetes Spectrum

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 29-36

  Dokken, Betsy ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMYLIN DERIVATIVE; BIGUANIDE DERIVATIVE; BILE ACID SEQUESTRANT; CANAGLIFLOZIN; DAPAGLIFLOZIN; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; EMPAGLIFLOZIN; GLICLAZIDE; GLIMEPIRIDE; GLITAZONE DERIVATIVE; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1 RECEPTOR AGONIST; GLUCOSE; GLYCOSIDASE INHIBITOR; INDAPAMIDE PLUS PERINDOPRIL; INSULIN; INSULIN SENSITIZING AGENT; IPRAGLIFLOZIN; LX 4211; MEGLITINIDE; METFORMIN; PHLORIZIN; PIOGLITAZONE; PLACEBO; PROTEIN INHIBITOR; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 1; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2 INHIBITOR; SULFONYLUREA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ADD ON THERAPY; BACKACHE; BODY WEIGHT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DIABETIC DIET; DIARRHEA; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SYNTHESIS; DRUG TARGETING; GENITAL TRACT INFECTION; GLUCONEOGENESIS; GLUCOSE ABSORPTION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE TRANSPORT; GLUCOSE UTILIZATION; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; KIDNEY; KIDNEY PROXIMAL TUBULE; KIDNEY TUBULE ABSORPTION; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MONOTHERAPY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; POLYPHARMACY; REVIEW; RHINOPHARYNGITIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EID: 84862535460     PISSN: 10409165     EISSN: 19447353     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2337/diaspect.25.1.29     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. World Health Organization: Diabetes: fact sheet no. 312 [article online]. Available from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/index.html. Accessed 2 June 2011
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Atlanta, Ga., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011
3. Centers for Disease Control: National diabetes fact sheet, 2007 [article online]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs-2007.pdf. Accessed 12 January 2011
4. American Diabetes Association: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2012. Diabetes Care 35 (Suppl. 1):S11-S63, 2012
5. Singleton JR, Smith AG, Russell JW, Feldman EL: Microvascular complications of impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes 52:2867-2873, 2003 (Pubitemid 37466854)
6. Fox CS, Coady S, Sorlie PD, D'Agostino RB Sr, Pencina MJ, Vasan RS, Meigs JB, Levy D, Savage PJ: Increasing cardiovascular disease burden due to diabetes mellitus: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 115:1544-1550, 2007 (Pubitemid 46648639)
7. Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, Manzi J, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F, Levey AS: Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA 298:2038-2047, 2007 (Pubitemid 350074801)
8. Foley RN, Collins AJ: End-stage renal disease in the United States: an update from the United States Renal Data System. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:2644-2648, 2007 (Pubitemid 47531190)
9. DCCT Research Group: The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329:977-986, 1993
10. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group: Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 352:854-865, 1998
11. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group: Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 352:837-853, 1998
12. Skyler JS, Bergenstal R, Bonow RO, Buse J, Deedwania P, Gale EA, Howard BV, Kirkman MS, Kosiborod M, Reaven P, Sherwin RS: Intensive glycemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA diabetes trials: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and a scientific statement of the American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association. Circulation 119:351-357, 2009
13. Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, Genuth SM, Lachin JM, Orchard TJ, Raskin P, Zinman B, DCCT/EDIC Study Group: Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 353:2643-2653, 2005 (Pubitemid 41817713)
14. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA: 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 359:1577-1589, 2008
15. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, Reda D, Emanuele N, Reaven PD, Zieve FJ, Marks J, Davis SN, Hayward R, Warren SR, Goldman S, McCarren M, Vitek ME, Henderson WG, Huang GD: Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 360:129-139, 2009
16. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, Goff DC Jr, Bigger JT, Buse JB, Cushman WC, Genuth S, Ismail-Beigi F, Grimm RH Jr, Probstfield JL, Simons-Morton DG, Friedewald WT: Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 358:2545-2559, 2008 (Pubitemid 351831356)
17. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, Neal B, Billot L, Woodward M, Marre M, Cooper M, Glasziou P, Grobbee D, Hamet P, Harrap S, Heller S, Liu L, Mancia G, Mogensen CE, Pan C, Poulter N, Rodgers A, Williams B, Bompoint S, de Galan BE, Joshi R, Travert F: Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 358:2560-2572, 2008 (Pubitemid 351831357)
18. Handelsman Y, Mechanick JI, Blonde L, Grunberger G, Bloomgarden ZT, Bray GA, Dagogo-Jack S, Davidson JA, Einhorn D, Ganda O, Garber AJ, Hirsch IB, Horton ES, Ismail-Beigi F, Jellinger PS, Jones KL, Jovanovic L, Lebovitz H, Levy P, Moghissi ES, Orzeck EA, Vinik AI, Wyne KL, AACE Task Force for Developing Diabetes Comprehensive Care Plan: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan. Endocr Pract 17 (Suppl. 2):1-53, 2011
19. Wing RR, Lang W, Wadden TA, Safford M, Knowler WC, Bertoni AG, Hill JO, Brancati FL, Peters A, Wagenknecht L, the Look ARG: Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 34:1481-1486, 2011
20. Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, Ferrannini E, Holman RR, Sherwin R, Zinman B: Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 32:193-203, 2009
21. Blonde L: Current antihyperglycemic treatment strategies for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cleve Clin J Med 76 (Suppl. 5):S4-S11, 2009
22. Chan JL, Abrahamson MJ: Pharmaco logical management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: rationale for rational use of insulin. Mayo Clin Proc 78:459-467, 2003
23. Fonseca VA, Handelsman Y, Staels B: Colesevelam lowers glucose and lipid levels in type 2 diabetes: the clinical evidence. Diabetes Obes Metab 12:384-392, 2010
24. Via MA, Chandra H, Araki T, Potenza MV, Skamagas M: Bromocriptine approved as the first medication to target dopamine activity to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 3:43-48, 2010
25. Cheung BM, Ong KL, Cherny SS, Sham PC, Tso AW, Lam KS: Diabetes prevalence and therapeutic target achievement in the United States, 1999 to 2006. Am J Med 122:443-453, 2009
26. Fonseca VA: Defining and characterizing the progression of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32 (Suppl. 2):S151-S156, 2009
27. Schmittdiel JA, Uratsu CS, Karter AJ, Heisler M, Subramanian U, Mangione CM, Selby JV: Why don't diabetes patients achieve recommended risk factor targets? Poor adherence versus lack of treatment intensification. J Gen Intern Med 23:588-594, 2008
28. Meyer C, Dostou JM, Welle SL, Gerich JE: Role of human liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle in postprandial glucose homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282:E419-E427, 2002 (Pubitemid 34654813)
29. Gerich JE: Role of the kidney in normal glucose homeostasis and in the hyperglycaemia of diabetes mellitus: therapeutic implications. Diabet Med 27:136-142, 2010
30. Gerich JE, Meyer C, Woerle HJ, Stumvoll M: Renal gluconeogenesis: its importance in human glucose homeostasis. Diabetes Care 24:382-391, 2001 (Pubitemid 32119142)
31. Moen MF, Zhan M, Hsu VD, Walker LD, Einhorn LM, Seliger SL, Fink JC: Frequency of hypoglycemia and its significance in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4:1121-1127, 2009
32. Thorens B, Lodish HF, Brown D: Differential localization of two glucose transporter isoforms in rat kidney. Am J Physiol 259:C286-C294, 1990
33. Ross BD, Espinal J, Silva P: Glucose metabolism in renal tubular function. Kidney Int 29:54-67, 1986 (Pubitemid 16165680)
34. Wright EM: Renal Na(+)-glucose cotransporters. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 280:F10-F18, 2001
35. Bakris GL, Fonseca VA, Sharma K, Wright EM: Renal sodium-glucose transport: role in diabetes mellitus and potential clinical implications. Kidney Int 75:1272-1277, 2009
36. Hediger MA, Kanai Y, You G, Nussberger S: Mammalian ion-coupled solute transporters. J Physiol 482 (Suppl.):7S-17S, 1995
37. Kanai Y, Lee WS, You G, Brown D, Hediger MA: The human kidney low affinity Na+/ glucose cotransporter SGLT2: delineation of the major renal reabsorptive mechanism for D-glucose. J Clin Invest 93:397-404, 1994
38. Hediger MA, Rhoads DB: Molecular physiology of sodium-glucose cotransporters. Physiol Rev 74:993-1026, 1994 (Pubitemid 24328943)
39. Bishop JH, Green R, Thomas S: Free-flow reabsorption of glucose, sodium, osmoles and water in rat proximal convoluted tubule. J Physiol 288:331-351, 1979 (Pubitemid 9146889)
40. Wright EM, Hirayama BA, Loo DF: Active sugar transport in health and disease. J Intern Med 261:32-43, 2007 (Pubitemid 46046470)
41. Chin E, Zhou J, Bondy C: Anatomical and developmental patterns of facilitative glucose transporter gene expression in the rat kidney. J Clin Invest 91:1810-1815, 1993 (Pubitemid 23127388)
42. Ferrannini E: Sodium-glucose transporter-2 inhibition as an antidiabetic therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 25:2041-2043, 2010
43. Ferrannini E: Learning from glycosuria. Diabetes 60:695-696, 2011
44. Meyer C, Stumvoll M, Nadkarni V, Dostou J, Mitrakou A, Gerich J: Abnormal renal and hepatic glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 102:619-624, 1998 (Pubitemid 28376164)
45. Rahmoune H, Thompson PW, Ward JM, Smith CD, Hong G, Brown J: Glucose transporters in human renal proximal tubular cells isolated from the urine of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes 54:3427-3434, 2005 (Pubitemid 43334332)
46. Freitas HS, Anhe GF, Melo KF, Okamoto MM, Oliveira-Souza M, Bordin S, Machado UF: Na(+) -glucose transporter-2 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in kidney of diabetic rats correlates with glycemic levels: involvement of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha expression and activity. Endocrinology 149:717-724, 2008 (Pubitemid 351159342)
47. Kamran M, Peterson RG, Dominguez JH: Overexpression of GLUT2 gene in renal proximal tubules of diabetic Zucker rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:943-948, 1997 (Pubitemid 27427241)
48. Farber SJ, Berger EY, Earle DP: Effect of diabetes and insulin of the maximum capacity of the renal tubules to reabsorb glucose. J Clin Invest 30:125-129, 1951
49. Santer R, Calado J: Familial renal glucosuria and SGLT2: from a Mendelian trait to a therapeutic target. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:133-141, 2010
50. Scholl-Burgi S, Santer R, Ehrich JH: Long-term outcome of renal glucosuria type 0: the original patient and his natural history. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:2394-2396, 2004 (Pubitemid 39214139)
51. Calado J, Loeffler J, Sakallioglu O, Gok F, Lhotta K, Barata J, Rueff J: Familial renal glucosuria: SLC5A2 mutation analysis and evidence of salt-wasting. Kidney Int 69:852-855, 2006
52. Calado J, Sznajer Y, Metzger D, Rita A, Hogan MC, Kattamis A, Scharf M, Tasic V, Greil J, Brinkert F, Kemper MJ, Santer R: Twenty-one additional cases of familial renal glucosuria: absence of genetic heterogeneity, high prevalence of private mutations and further evidence of volume depletion. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23:3874-3879, 2008
53. Washburn WN: Evolution of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors as anti-diabetic agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 19:1485-1499, 2009
54. Rodbard HW, Jellinger PS, Davidson JA, Einhorn D, Garber AJ, Grunberger G, Handelsman Y, Horton ES, Lebovitz H, Levy P, Moghissi ES, Schwartz SS: Statement by an American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology consensus panel on type 2 diabetes mellitus: an algorithm for glycemic control. Endocr Pract 15:540-559, 2009
55. Ehrenkranz JR, Lewis NG, Kahn CR, Roth J: Phlorizin: a review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 21:31-38, 2005
56. Rossetti L, Smith D, Shulman GI, Papachristou D, DeFronzo RA: Correction of hyperglycemia with phlorizin normalizes tissue sensitivity to insulin in diabetic rats. J Clin Invest 79:1510-1515, 1987 (Pubitemid 17099657)
57. Kahn BB, Shulman GI, DeFronzo RA, Cushman SW, Rossetti L: Normalization of blood glucose in diabetic rats with phlorizin treatment reverses insulin-resistant glucose transport in adipose cells without restoring glucose transporter gene expression. J Clin Invest 87:561-570, 1991
58. White JR: Apple trees to sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitors: a review of SGLT2 inhibition. Clinical Diabetes 28:5-10, 2010
59. Marsenic O: Glucose control by the kidney: an emerging target in diabetes. Am J Kidney Dis 53:875-883, 2009
60. Pardridge WM, Boado RJ, Farrell CR: Brain-type glucose transporter (GLUT-1) is selectively localized to the blood-brain barrier: studies with quantitative Western blotting and in situ hybridization. J Biol Chem 265:18035-18040, 1990
61. Chao EC, Henry RR: SGLT2 inhibition: a novel strategy for diabetes treatment. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9:551-559, 2010
62. Fujimori Y, Katsuno K, Nakashima I, Ishikawa-Takemura Y, Fujikura H, Isaji M: Remogliflozin etabonate, in a novel category of selective low-affinity sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT2) inhibitors, exhibits antidiabetic efficacy in rodent models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 327:268-276, 2008
63. Han S, Hagan DL, Taylor JR, Xin L, Meng W, Biller SA, Wetterau JR, Washburn WN, Whaley JM: Dapagliflozin, a selective SGLT2 inhibitor, improves glucose homeostasis in normal and diabetic rats. Diabetes 57:1723-1729, 2008
64. Katsuno K, Fujimori Y, Takemura Y, Hiratochi M, Itoh F, Komatsu Y, Fujikura H, Isaji M: Sergliflozin, a novel selective inhibitor of low-affinity sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT2), validates the critical role of SGLT2 in renal glucose reabsorption and modulates plasma glucose level. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 320:323-330, 2007 (Pubitemid 46025747)
65. Komoroski B, Vachharajani N, Boulton D, Kornhauser D, Geraldes M, Li L, Pfister M: Dapagliflozin, a novel SGLT2 inhibitor, induces dose-dependent glucosuria in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 85:520-526, 2009
66. Komoroski B, Vachharajani N, Feng Y, Li L, Kornhauser D, Pfister M: Dapagliflozin, a novel, selective SGLT2 inhibitor, improved glycemic control over 2 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Pharmacol Ther 85:513-519, 2009
67. List JF, Woo V, Morales E, Tang W, Fiedorek FT: Sodium-glucose cotransport inhibition with dapagliflozin in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32:650-657, 2009
68. Ferrannini E, Ramos SJ, Salsali A, Tang W, List JF: Dapagliflozin monotherapy in type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control by diet and exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Diabetes Care 33:2217-2224, 2010
69. Bailey CJ, Gross JL, Pieters A, Bastien A, List JF: Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with metformin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 375:2223-2233, 2010
70. Nauck MA, Del Prato S, Meier JJ, Duran-Garcia S, Rohwedder K, Elze M, Parikh SJ: Dapagliflozin versus glipizide as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycemic control with metformin: a randomized, 52-week, double-blind, active-controlled noninferiority trial. Diabetes Care 34:2015-2022, 2011
71. Strojek K, Yoon KH, Hruba V, Elze M, Langkilde A, Parikh S: Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with glimepiride: a randomised, 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 13:928-938, 2011
72. Rosenstock J, Vico M, Wei L, Salsali A, List J: Dapagliflozin added-on to pioglitazone reduces HbA1c and mitigates weight gain with low incidence of hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes [abstract]. Diabetes 60 (Suppl. 1):0986-P, 2011
73. Wilding JPH, Woo V, Pahor A, Sugg J, Langkilde A, Parikh S: Effect of dapagliflozin, a novel insulin-independent treatment, over 48 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes poorly controlled with insulin[abstract]. Diabetologia 53 (Suppl. 1):S348, 2010
74. Wilding JPH, Woo V, Soler NG, Pahor A, Sugg J, Parikh S: Dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes poorly controlled on insulin therapy: efficacy of a novel insulin-independent treatment [abstract]. Diabetes 59 (Suppl. 1):78-OR, 2010
75. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Endocrinologic & Metabolic Advisory Committee: Background document: dapagliflozin BMS-512148 NDA 202293. Available online from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/ CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/ EndocrinologicandMetabolicDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM262996.pdf. Accessed 5 August 2011
76. Rosenstock J, Polodori D, Zhao Y, Sha S, Arbit D, Usiskin K, Capuano G, Canovatchel W: Canagliflozin, an inhibitor of sodium glucose co-transporter 2, improves glycaemic control, lowers body weight, and improves beta cell function in subjects with type 2 diabetes on background metformin [abstract]. Diabetologia 53 (Suppl. 1):S351, 2010
77. Ferrannini E, Seman LJ, Seewaldt-Becker E, Hantel S, Pinnetti S, Woerle HJ: The potent and highly selective sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT-2) inhibitor BI10773 is safe and efficacious as monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [abstract]. Diabetologia 53 (Suppl. 1):S351, 2010
78. Kashiwagi A, Utsuno A, Kazuta K, Yoshida S, Kageyama S: ASP1941, selective SGLT2 inhibitor, was effective and safe in Japanese healthy volunteers and patients with type 2 diabetes [abstract]. Diabetes 59 (Suppl. 1): 75-OR, 2010
79. Freiman J, Ruff DA, Frazier KS, Combs K, Turnage A, Shadoan M, Powell D, Zambrowicz B, Brown P: LX4211, a dual SGLT2/SGLT1 inhibitor, shows rapid and significant improvement in glycemic control over 28 days in pateients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) [abstract]. Diabetes 59 (Suppl. 1):17-LB, 2010
80. Wilding JP, Norwood P, T'Joen C, Bastien A, List JF, Fiedorek FT: A study of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving high doses of insulin plus insulin sensitizers: applicability of a novel insulin-independent treatment. Diabetes Care 32:1656-1662, 2009
81. Schwartz S, Morrow L, Hompesch M, Devineni D, Skee D, Vandebosch A, Murphy J, Pfeifer M: Canagliflozin improves glycemic control in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) not optimally controlled on stable doses of insulin [abstract]. Diabetes 59 (Suppl. 1):564-P, 2010
82. Sha S, Devineni D, Ghosh A, Opolidori D, Hompesch M, Arnolds S, Morrow L, Spitzer H, Blake J, Wexler D, Tan Y, Smulders K, Demarest K, Rothenberg PL: Canagliflozin, a novel inhibitor of sodium glucose co-transporter-2, improves glucose control in subjects with type 2 diabetes and was well tolerated [abstract]. Diabetes 59 (Suppl. 1):568-P, 2010