The relative age of mountain permafrost - estimation of Holocene permafrost limits in Norway

Global and Planetary Change

Volumn 92-93, Issue , 2012, Pages 209-223

  Lilleøren, Karianne S ^a   Etzelmüller, Bernd ^a   Schuler, Thomas V ^a   Gisnås, Kjersti ^a   Humlum, Ole ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

Climate change; Holocene permafrost; Landscape development; Permafrost modeling

Indexed keywords

AREAL DISTRIBUTION; DEGLACIATIONS; HEAT-FLOW MODELS; HIGH MOUNTAINS; HOLOCENES; LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT; LITTLE ICE AGE; MEAN ANNUAL AIR TEMPERATURES; REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION; SCANDINAVIA; SPATIAL MODELING; THERMAL MAXIMA; TIME-PERIODS;

CLIMATE CHANGE; LANDFORMS; TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT;

PERMAFROST;

AIR TEMPERATURE; CALIBRATION; CLIMATE CHANGE; DEGLACIATION; ESTIMATION METHOD; GEOMORPHOLOGY; HOLOCENE; LANDSCAPE CHANGE; MEASUREMENT METHOD; MOUNTAIN REGION; NUMERICAL MODEL; ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING; PERMAFROST; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; TEMPERATURE EFFECT;

NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA;

CALLUNA VULGARIS;

EID: 84862287523     PISSN: 09218181     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.05.016     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Alley R.B. The Younger Dryas cold interval as viewed from central Greenland. Quaternary Science Reviews 2000, 19(1-5):213-226.
2. Alley R.B., Gow A.J., Johnson S.J., Kipfstuhl J., Meese D.A., Thorsteinsson T. Comparison of deep ice cores. Nature 1995, 373:393-394.
3. Alley R.B., Mayewski P.A., Sowers T., Stuiver M., Taylor K.C., Clark P.U. Holocene climate instability: a prominent, wide-spread event 8200yr ago. Geology 1997, 25:483-486.
4. Andersen B.G. The deglaciation of Norway after 10,000B.P. Boreas 1980, 9(4):211-216.
5. André M.F. Rock glaciers in Svalbard - tentative dating and inferred long-term velocities. Geografiska Annaler Series A-Physical Geography 1994, 76(4):235-245.
6. Bakke J., Dahl S.O., Paasche O., Lovlie R., Nesje A. Glacier fluctuations, equilibrium-line altitudes and palaeoclimate in Lyngen, northern Norway, during the Lateglacial and Holocene. The Holocene 2005, 15(4):518-540.
7. Bakke J., Lie O., Nesje A., Dahl S.O., Paasche O. Utilizing physical sediment variability in glacier-fed lakes for continuous glacier reconstructions during the Holocene, northern Folgefonna, western Norway. The Holocene 2005, 15(2):161-176.
8. Bakke J., Lie O., Dahl S.O., Nesje A., Bjune A.E. Strength and spatial patterns of the Holocene wintertime westerlies in the NE Atlantic region. Global and Planetary Change 2008, 60(1-2):28-41.
9. Balch E.S. Glacières or Freezing Caverns 1900, Allen, Lane and Scott, Philadelphia.
10. Ballantyne C.K. The Holocene glacial history of Lyngshalvøya, northern Norway - chronology and climatic implications. Boreas 1990, 19(2):93-117.
11. Ballantyne C.K. Paraglacial geomorphology. Quaternary Science Reviews 2002, 21(18-19):1935-2017.
12. Berthling I. Slow Periglacial Mass Wasting - Processes and Geomorphological Impact. Case Studies from Finse, southern Norway and Prins Karls Forland, Svalbard 2001, University of Oslo, Oslo.
13. Berthling I., Etzelmüller B. The concept of cryo-conditioning in landscape evolution. Quaternary Research 2011, 75(2):378-384.
14. Bjune A., Birks H.J.B., Seppa H. Holocene vegetation and climate history on a continental-oceanic transect in northern Fennoscandia based on pollen and plant macrofossils. Boreas 2004, 33(3):211-223.
15. Bjune A.E., Bakke J., Nesje A., Birks H.J.B. Holocene mean July temperature and winter precipitation in western Norway inferred from palynological and glaciological lake-sediment proxies. The Holocene 2005, 15(2):177-189.
16. Blikra L.H., Selvik S.F. Climatic signals recorded in snow avalanche-dominated colluvium in western Norway: depositional facies successions and pollen records. The Holocene 1998, 8(6):631-658.
17. Blikra L.H., Henderson I., Nordvik T. Faren for fjellskred fra Nordnesfjellet i Lyngenfjorden, Troms (in Norwegian) [The risk of rockslides from Nordnesfjellet mountain in Lyngenfjorden, Troms] 2009, Norges geologiske undersøkelse - Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim, Norway.
18. Bøe R., Rise L., Blikra L.H., Longva O., Eide A. Holocene mass-movement processes in Trondheimsfjorden, Central Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology 2003, 83(1):3-22.
19. Böhme M., Saintot A., Henderson I.H.C., Henriksen H., Hermanns R.L. Rock slope instabilities in Sogn and Fjordane County, Norway: a detailed structural and geomorphological analysis. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2011, 351(1):97-111.
20. Bradley R.S. Paleoclimatology. International Geophysics Series 1999, 68. Harcourt Academic Press.
21. Burn C.R., Smith C.A.S. Observations of the "thermal offset" in near-surface mean annual ground temperatures at several sites near Mayo, Yukon territory, Canada. Arctic 1988, 41(2):99-104.
22. CAPE Holocene paleoclimate data from the Arctic: testing models of global climate change. Quaternary Science Reviews 2001, 20(12):1275-1287.
23. Christensen T.R., Johansson T.R., Akerman H.J., Mastepanov M., Malmer N., Friborg T., Crill P., Svensson B.H. Thawing sub-arctic permafrost: effects on vegetation and methane emissions. Geophysical Research Letters 2004, 31(4).
24. Christiansen H.H., et al. The thermal state of permafrost in the Nordic area during the international polar year 2007-2009. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2010, 21(2):156-181.
25. Cronin T.M., Gemery L., Briggs W.M., Jakobsson M., Polyak L., Brouwers E.M. Quaternary sea-ice history in the Arctic Ocean based on a new Ostracode sea-ice proxy. Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29(25-26):3415-3429.
26. Cutler P.M., MacAyeal D.R., Mickelson D.M., Parizek B.R., Colgan P.M. A numerical investigation of ice-lobe-permafrost interaction around the southern Laurentide ice sheet. Journal of Glaciology 2000, 46:311-325.
27. Dahl S.O., Nesje A. Holocene glacier fluctuations at Hardangerjøkulen, central-southern Norway: a high resolution composite chronology from lacustrine and terrestrial deposits. The Holocene 1994, 4:269-277.
28. Dahl S.O., Nesje A. A new approach to calculating Holocene winter precipitation by combining glacier equilibrium-line altitudes and pine-tree limits: a case study from Hardangerjøkulen, central southern Norway. The Holocene 1996, 6(4):381-398.
29. Dansgaard W., Johnsen S.J., Clausen H.B., Dahl-Jensen D., Gundestrup N.S., Hammer C.U., Hvidberg C.S., Steffensen J.P., Sveinbjörnsdottir A.E., Jouzel J., Bond G. Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record. Nature 1993, 364(6434):218-220.
30. Davis B.A.S., Brewer S., Stevenson A.C., Guiot J., Contributors D. The temperature of Europe during the Holocene reconstructed from pollen data. Quaternary Science Reviews 2003, 22(15-17):1701-1716.
31. Erikstad L., Sollid J.L. Neoglaciation in south Norway using lichenometric methods. Norsk geografisk tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 1986, 40:85-105.
32. Etzelmüller B., Frauenfelder R. Factors controlling the distribution of mountain permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere and their influence on sediment transfer. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 2009, 41(1):48-58.
33. Etzelmüller B., Berthling I., Sollid J.L. Aspects and concepts on the geomorphological significance of Holocene permafrost in southern Norway. Geomorphology 2003, 52:87-104.
34. Etzelmüller B., Farbrot H., Gudmundsson Á., Humlum O., Tveito O.E., Björnsson H. The regional distribution of mountain permafrost in Iceland. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2007, 18(2):185-199.
35. Etzelmüller B., Romstad B., Fjellanger J. Automatic regional classification of topography in Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology 2007, 87:167-180.
36. Etzelmüller B., Schuler T.V., Isaksen K., Christiansen H.H., Farbrot H., Benestad R. Modeling the temperature evolution of Svalbard permafrost during the 20th and 21st century. The Cryosphere 2011, 5:67-79.
37. Farbrot H., Etzelmüller B., Schuler T.V., Gudmundsson Á., Eiken T., Humlum O., Björnsson H. Thermal characteristics and impact of climate change on mountain permafrost in Iceland. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112(F3):F03S90.
38. Farbrot H., Isaksen K., Etzelmüller B. Present and past distribution of mountain permafrost in Gaissane Mountains, Northern Norway. Ninth International Conference on Permafrost 2008, 427-432. University of Alaska, Fairbanks. D.L. Kane, K.M. Hinkel (Eds.).
39. Farbrot H., Hipp T., Etzelmüller B., Isaksen K., Ødegård R.S., Schuler T.V., Humlum O. Air and ground temperature variations observed along elevation and continentality gradients in southern Norway. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2011, 22(4):343-360.
40. Fisher D.A., Koerner R.M., Reeh N. Holocene climatic records from Agassiz Ice Cap, Ellesmere Island, NWT, Canada. The Holocene 1995, 5(1):19-24.
41. Follestad B.A. Block fields, ice-flow directions and the Pleistocene ice sheet in Nordmøre and Romsdal, West Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology 1990, 70:27-33.
42. Fritz M., Wetterich S., Schirrmeister L., Meyer H., Lantuit H., Preusser F., Pollard W.H. Eastern Beringia and beyond: Late Wisconsinan and Holocene landscape dynamics along the Yukon Coastal Plain, Canada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2012, 319-320(0):28-45.
43. Gisnås, K., 2011. Modelling of permafrost in Norway using two equilibrium models. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, 145 pp.
44. Gisnås K., Farbrot H., Etzelmüller B., Schuler T.V. Regional scale distribution of permafrost in Norway base on two equilibrium models. European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2011, Vienna 2011.
45. Goodrich L.E. The influence of snow cover on the ground thermal regime. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 1982, 19:421-432.
46. Gorbunov A.P., Marchenko S.S., Seversky E.V. The thermal environment of blocky materials in the mountains of Central Asia. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2004, 15(1):95-98.
47. Grove J.M. The initiation of the "Little Ice Age" in regions round the North Atlantic. Climatic Change 2001, 48(1):53-82.
48. Haeberli W., Burn C.R. Natural hazards in forests: glacier and permafrost effects as related to climate change. Environmental Change and Hazards in Forests 2002, 167-202. CABI, Wallingford/New York. R.C. Sidle (Ed.).
49. Harris S.A., Pedersen D.E. Thermal regimes beneath coarse blocky materials. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 1998, 9(2):107-120.
50. Harris C., Vonder Muhll D. Permafrost and climate in Europe. Climate change, mountain permafrost degradation and geotechnical hazard. Global Change and Protected Areas. Advances in Global Change Research 2001, 71-82. G. Visconti, M. Beniston, E.D. Iannorelli, D. Barba (Eds.).
51. Harris C., et al. Permafrost and climate in Europe: monitoring and modelling thermal, geomorphological and geotechnical responses. Earth-Science Reviews 2009, 92(3-4):117-171.
52. Hättestrand C. Ribbed moraines in Sweden - distribution pattern and palaeoglaciological implications. Sedimentary Geology 1997, 111(1-4):41-56.
53. Hättestrand C., Kleman J. Ribbed moraine formation. Quaternary Science Reviews 1999, 18(1):43-61.
54. Hipp T., Etzelmüller B., Farbrot H., Schuler T.V., Westermann S. Modelling borehole temperatures in Southern Norway - insights into permafrost dynamics during the 20th and 21st century. The Cryosphere 2012, 6:553-571.
55. Hole N., Sollid J.L. Neoglaciation in western Norway - preliminary results. Norsk geografisk tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 1979, 33:213-215.
56. Hubberten H.-W., Romanovskii N.N. Terrestrial and offshore permafrost evolution of the Laptev sea region during the last Pleistocene-Holocene glacial-eustatic cycle. Permafrost Response on Economic Development, Environmental Security and Natural Resources 1998, NATO Science Series, Novosibirsk, Russia. R. Paepe, V. Melnikov (Eds.).
57. Isaksen K., Ødegård R.S., Eiken T., Sollid J.L. Composition, flow and development of two tongue-shaped rock glaciers in the permafrost of Svalbard. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2000, 11(3):241-257.
58. Isaksen K., Holmlund P., Sollid J.L., Harris C. Three deep alpine-permafrost boreholes in Svalbard and Scandinavia. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2001, 12(1):13-25.
59. Isaksen K., Hauck C., Gudevang E., Ødegård R., Sollid J.L. Mountain permafrost distribution in Dovrefjell and Jotunheimen, southern Norway, based on BTS and DC resistivity tomography data. Norsk geografisk tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 2002, 56:122-136.
60. Isaksen K., Blikra L.H., Eiken T. The existence of warm permafrost in unstable rock slopes in western and northern Norway. European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2011, Vienna 2011.
61. Jensen C., Vorren K.D. Holocene vegetation and climate dynamics of the boreal alpine ecotone of northwestern Fennoscandia. Journal of Quaternary Science 2008, 23(8):719-743.
62. Juliussen H., Humlum O. Preservation of block fields beneath Pleistocene ice sheets on Sølen and Elgåhogna, central-eastern Norway. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 2007, 51:113-138.
63. Juliussen H., Humlum O. Towards a TTOP ground temperature model for mountainous terrain in central-eastern Norway. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2007, 8(161-184).
64. Kaufman D.S., et al. Holocene thermal maximum in the western Arctic (0-180°W). Quaternary Science Reviews 2004, 23(5-6):529-560.
65. Kellerer-Pirklbauer A., Wangensteen B., Farbrot H., Etzelmuller B. Relative surface age-dating of rock glacier systems near Holar in Hjaltadalur, northern Iceland. Journal of Quaternary Science 2008, 23(2):137-151.
66. Khvorostyanov D.V., Ciais P., Krinner G., Zimov S.A. Vulnerability of east Siberia's frozen carbon stores to future warming. Geophysical Research Letters 2008, 35(10):L10703.
67. King L. Zonation and ecology of high mountain permafrost in Scandinavia. Geografiska Annaler Series A - Physical Geography 1986, 68(3):131-139.
68. Kleman J. The palimpsest glacial landscape in northwestern Sweden - Late Weichselian deglaciation landforms and traces of older west-centered ice sheets. Geografiska Annaler 1992, 74A:217-236.
69. Kleman J. Preservation of landforms under ice sheets and ice caps. Geomorphology 1994, 9(1):19-32.
70. Kleman J., Borgström I. Glacial landforms indicative of a partly frozen bed. Journal of Glaciology 1994, 40:255-264.
71. Kleman J., Hättestrand C. Frozen-bed Fennoscandian and Laurentide ice sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature 1999, 402(6757):63-66.
72. Kleman J., Borgström I., Robertsson A.-M., Liljesköld M. Morphology and stratigraphy from several deglaciations in the Transtrand mountains, western Sweden. Journal of Quaternary Science 1992, 7:1-16.
73. Kondratjeva K.A., Khrutzky S.F., Romanovsky N.N. Changes in the extent of permafrost during the late quaternary period in the territory of the former Soviet Union. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 1993, 4(2):113-119.
74. Korhola A., Vasko K., Toivonen H.T.T., Olander H. Holocene temperature changes in northern Fennoscandia reconstructed from chironomids using Bayesian modelling. Quaternary Science Reviews 2002, 21:1841-1860.
75. Kukkonen I.T., Šafanda J. Numerical modelling of permafrost in bedrock in northern Fennoscandia during the Holocene. Global and Planetary Change 2001, 29(3-4):259-273.
76. Kullman L. Holocene tree-limit and climate history from the Scandes Mountains, Sweden. Ecology 1995, 76(8):2490-2502.
77. Lauritzen S.-E. Calibration of speleothem stable isotopes against historical records: a Holocene temperature curve for north Norway?. Karst Waters Institute Special Publications 1996, University of Bergen, Norway.
78. Lauritzen S.-E., Lundberg J. Calibration of the speleothem delta function: an absolute temperature record for the Holocene in northern Norway. The Holocene 1999, 9(6):659-669.
79. Lilleøren K.S., Etzelmüller B. A regional inventory of rock glaciers and ice-cored moraines in Norway. Geografiska Annaler Series A - Physical Geography 2011, 93(3):175-191.
80. Lunardini V.J. Theory of n-factors and correlation of data. Third International Conference of Permafrost Edmonton, Canada 1978, 40-46.
81. Lundqvist J. Rogen (ribbed) moraine - identification and possible origin. Sedimentary Geology 1989, 62(2-4):281-292.
82. Luoto M., Seppälä M. Thermokarst ponds as indicators of the former distribution of palsas in Finnish Lapland. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2003, 14(1):19-27.
83. MacDonald G.M., Velichko A.A., Kremenetski C.V., Borisova O.K., Goleva A.A., Andreev A.A., Cwynar L.C., Riding R.T., Forman S.L., Edwards T.W.D., Aravena R., Hammarlund D., Szeicz J.M., Gattaulin V.N. Holocene treeline history and climate change across northern Eurasia. Quaternary Research 2000, 53(3):302-311.
84. Mann M.E., Zhang Z., Rutherford S., Bradley R.S., Hughes M.K., Shindell D., Ammann C., Faluvegi G., Ni F. Global signatures and dynamical origins of the Little Ice Age and medieval climate anomaly. Science 2009, 326(5957):1256-1260.
85. Mathews W.H., Mackay J.R. Deformation of soils by glacier ice and the influence of pore pressure and permafrost. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 1959, 54:27-36.
86. Matthews J.A., Dahl S.O., Nesje A., Berrisford M.S., Andersson C. Holocene glacier variations in central Jotunheimen, southern Norway based on distal glaciolacustrine sediment cores. Quaternary Science Reviews 2000, 19(16):1625-1647.
87. Matthews J.A., Berrisford M.S., Dresser P.Q., Nesje A., Dahl S.O., Bjune A.E., Bakke J., John H., Birks B., Lie O., Dumayne-Peaty L., Barnett C. Holocene glacier history of Bjornbreen and climatic reconstruction in central Jotunheimen, Norway, based on proximal glaciofluvial stream-bank mires. Quaternary Science Reviews 2005, 24(1-2):67-90.
88. Matthews J.A., Dahl S.O., Dresser P.Q., Berrisford M.S., Lie O., Nesje A., Owen G. Radiocarbon chronology of Holocene colluvial (debris-flow) events at Sletthamn, Jotunheimen, southern Norway: a window on the changing frequency of extreme climatic events and their landscape impact. The Holocene 2009, 19(8):1107-1129.
89. Nesje A. Latest Pleistocene and Holocene alpine glacier fluctuations in Scandinavia. Quaternary Science Reviews 2009, 28:2119-2136.
90. Nesje A., Dahl S.O. Holocene glacier variations of Blåisen, Hardangerjøkulen, central southern Norway. Quaternary Research 1991, 35:25-40.
91. Nesje A., Dahl S.O. The "Little Ice Age" - only temperature?. The Holocene 2003, 13:139-145.
92. Nesje A., Anda E., Rye N., Lien R., Hole P.A., Blikra L.H. The vertical extent of the Late-Weichselian ice sheet in the Nordfjord-Møre area, western Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 1987, 67:125-141.
93. Nesje A., Matthews J.A., Dahl S.O., Berrisford M.S., Andersson C. Holocene glacier fluctuations of Flatebreen and winter-precipitation changes in the Jostedalsbreen region, western Norway, based on glaciolacustrine sediment records. The Holocene 2001, 11(3):267-280.
94. Nesje A., Jansen E., Birks J.B., Bjune A., Bakke J., Andersson C., Dahl S.O., Kristensen D.K., Lauritzen S.-E., Lie O., Risebrobakken B., Svendsen J.-I. Holocene climate variability in the northern north Atlantic region: a review of terrestrial and marine evidence. Geophysical Monograph Series 2005, 158:289-322.
95. Nesje A., Bjune A.E., Bakke J., Dahl S.O., Lie O., Birks H.J.B. Holocene palaeoclimate reconstructions at Vanndalsvatnet, western Norway, with particular reference to the 8200cal.yr BP event. The Holocene 2006, 16(5):717-729.
96. Nesje A., Bakke J., Dahl S.O., Lie O., Matthews J.A. Norwegian mountain glaciers in the past, present and future. Global and Planetary Change 2008, 60(1-2):10-27.
97. O'Brien S.R., Mayewski P.A., Meeker L.D., Meese D.A., Twickler M.S., Whitlow S.I. Complexity of Holocene climate as reconstructed from a Greenland ice core. Science 1995, 270(5244):1962-1964.
98. Ødegård R., Hoelzle M., Vedel Johansen K., Sollid J.L. Permafrost mapping and prospecting in southern Norway. Norsk geografisk tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 1996, 50:41-53.
99. Olesen O., Brönner J., Ebbing J., Gellein J., Gernigon L., Koziel J., Lauritsen T., Myklebust R., Pascal C., Sand M., Solheim D., Usov S. New aeromagnetic and gravity compilations from Norway and adjacent areas: methods and applications. Petroleum Geology Conference Series 2010, 559-586.
100. Østrem G. Ice-cored moraines in Scandinavia. Geografiska Annaler 1964, 46:282-337.
101. Østrem G. Problems of dating ice-cored moraines. Geografiska Annaler Series A, Physical Geography 1965, 47(1):1-38.
102. Paasche Ø., Dahl S.O., Løvlie R., Bakke J., Nesje A. Rockglacier activity during the Last Glacial-Interglacial transition and Holocene spring snowmelting. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26(5-6):793-807.
103. Popp S., Diekmann B., Meyer H., Siegert C., Syromyatnikov I., Hubberten H.-W. Palaeoclimate signals as inferred from stable-isotope composition of ground ice in the Verkhoyansk foreland, Central Yakutia. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2006, 17(2):119-132.
104. Porter S.C., Denton G.H. Chronology of neoglaciation in the North American Cordillera. American Journal of Science 1967, 265(3):177-210.
105. Renssen H., Seppä H., Heiri O., Roche D.M., Goosse H., Fichefet T. The spatial and temporal complexity of the Holocene thermal maximum. Nature Geoscience 2009, 2(6):411-414.
106. Rosén P., Segerström U., Eriksson L., Renberg I., Birks H.J.B. Holocene climatic change reconstructed from diatoms, chironomids, pollen and near-infrared spectroscopy at an alpine lake (Sjuodjijaure) in northern Sweden. The Holocene 2001, 11(5):551-562.
107. Sazonova T.S., Romanovsky V.E., Walsh J.E., Sergueev D.O. Permafrost dynamics in the 20th and 21st centuries along the East Siberian transect. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109(D1):D01108.
108. Schiesser W.E. The numerical method of lines: integration of partial differential equations 1991, Academic press, San Diego, USA.
109. Schirrmeister L., Siegert C., Kunitzky V., Grootes P., Erlenkeuser H. Late Quaternary ice-rich permafrost sequences as a paleoenvironmental archive for the Laptev Sea Region in northern Siberia. International Journal of Earth Sciences 2002, 91(1):154-167.
110. Schirrmeister L., Siegert C., Kuznetsova T., Kuzmina S., Andreev A., Kienast F., Meyer H., Bobrov A. Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic records from permafrost deposits in the Arctic region of Northern Siberia. Quaternary International 2002, 89(1):97-118.
111. Seppä H., Birks H.J.B. July mean temperature and annual precipitation trends during the Holocene in the Fennoscandian tree-line area: pollen-based climate reconstructions. The Holocene 2001, 11(5):527-539.
112. Seppä H., Birks H.J.B. Holocene climate reconstructions from the Fennoscandian tree-line area based on pollen data from Toskaijavri. Quaternary Research 2002, 57(2):191-199.
113. Seppä H., Nyman M., Korhola A., Weckstrom J. Changes of treelines and alpine vegetation in relation to post-glacial climate dynamics in northern Fennoscandia based on pollen and chironomid records. Journal of Quaternary Science 2002, 17(4):287-301.
114. Seppälä M. Snow depth controls palsa growth. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 1994, 5(4):283-288.
115. Shakesby R.A., Dawson A.G., Matthews J.A. Rock glaciers, protalus ramparts and related phenomena, Rondane, Norway - a continuum of large-scale talus-derived landforms. Boreas 1987, 16(3):305-317.
116. Sigmond E.M.O. Geologis kart over land- og havområder i Nord-Europa 2002, T. Norges geologiske undersøkelse (Ed.).
117. Slagstad T., Balling N., Elvebakk H., Midttømme K., Olesen O., Olsen L., Pascal C. Heat-flow measurements in Late Palaeoproterozoic to Permian geological provinces in south and central Norway and a new heat-flow map of Fennoscandia and the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. Tectonophysics 2009, 473(3-4):341-361.
118. Sletten K., Blikra L.H. Holocene colluvial (debris-flow and water-flow) processes in eastern Norway: stratigraphy, chronology and palaeoenvironmental implications. Journal of Quaternary Science 2007, 22(6):619-635.
119. Smith M.W., Riseborough D.W. Permafrost monitoring and detection of climate change. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 1996, 7(4):301-309.
120. Smith M.W., Riseborough D.W. Climate and the limits of permafrost: a zonal analysis. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2002, 13:1-15.
121. Sollid J.L., Sørbel L. Palsa Bogs at Haugtjørnin, Dovrefjell, South Norway. Norsk geografisk tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 1974, 28:53-60.
122. Sollid J.L., Sørbel L. Deglaciation of western Central Norway. Boreas 1979, 8(2):233-239.
123. Sollid J.L., Sørbel L. Distribution and genesis of moraines in Central Norway. Striae 1984, 20:63-67.
124. Sollid J.L., Sørbel L. Influence of temperature conditions in formation of end moraines in Fennoscandia and Svalbard. Boreas 1988, 17:553-558.
125. Sollid J.L., Sørbel L. Rock glaciers in Svalbard and Norway. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 1992, 3:215-220.
126. Sollid J.L., Sørbel L. Distribution of glacial landforms in southern Norway in relation to the thermal regime of the last continental ice sheet. Geografiska Annaler 1994, 76 A(1-2):25-36.
127. Sollid J.L., Sørbel L. Palsa Bogs as a climate indicator - examples from Dovrefjell, Southern Norway. Ambio 1998, 27(4):287-291.
128. Sollid J.L., Andersen S.T., Hamre N., Kjeldsen O., Salvigsen O., Sturød S., Tveitå T., Wilhelmsen A. Deglaciation of Finnmark, North Norway. Norsk geografisk tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 1973, 27(4):233-325.
129. Sollid J.L., Isaksen K., Eiken T., Odegard R.S. The Transition Zone of Mountain Permafrost on Dovrefjell, southern Norway. Permafrost 2003, vols. 1 and 2. 1085-1089pp.
130. Svensson H. Note on a type of patterned ground on the Varanger peninsula, Norway. Geografiska Annaler 1962, 44(3-4):413.
131. Svensson H. Frost-fissure patterns in the Nordic countries. Geografiska Annaler Series A - Physical Geography 1992, 74(2-3):207-218.
132. Thie J. Distribution and thawing of permafrost in the southern part of the discontinuous permafrost zone in Manitoba. Arctic 1974, 27(3):189-200.
133. Turetsky M.R., Wieder R.K., Vitt D.H., Evans R.J., Scott K.D. The disappearance of relict permafrost in boreal north America: effects on peatland carbon storage and fluxes. Global Change Biology 2007, 13(9):1922-1934.
134. Vare L.L., Massé G., Gregory T.R., Smart C.W., Belt S.T. Sea ice variations in the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago during the Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 2009, 28(13-14):1354-1366.
135. Vorren K.D. Stratigraphical investigations of a palsa bog in northern Norway. Astarte 1972, 5:39-71.
136. Vorren K.D. Recent palsa datings, a brief survey. Norsk geografisk tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 1979, 33:217-220.
137. Vorren K.D., Jensen C., Alm T. Klimautviklingen i Troms og Vesterålen de siste 26,000 år (in Norwegian). Ottar 1999, 227:29-35.
138. Walter K.M., Zimov S.A., Chanton J.P., Verbyla D., Chapin F.S. Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming. Nature 2006, 443(7107):71-75.
139. Wangensteen B., Guomundsson A., Eiken T., Kaab A., Farbrot H., Etzelmuller B. Surface displacements and surface age estimates for creeping slope landforms in northern and eastern Iceland using digital photogrammetry. Geomorphology 2006, 80(1-2):59-79.
140. Wegmann M., Gudmundsson G.H., Haeberli W. Permafrost changes in rock walls and the retreat of alpine glaciers: a thermal modelling approach. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 1998, 9(1):23-33.
141. Williams P.J., Smith M.W. The Frozen Earth. Fundamentals of Geocryology 1989, Cambridge University Press.
142. Worsley P., Harris C. Evidence for neoglacial solifluction at Okstindan, North Norway. Arctic 1974, 27:128-144.
143. Zoltai S.C. Permafrost distribution in peatlands of West-Central Canada during the Holocene warm period 6000 years BP. Géographie Physique et Quaternaire 1995, 49(1):45-54.