메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 75, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 378-384

The concept of cryo-conditioning in landscape evolution

Author keywords

Cryo conditioning; Cryo geomorphology; Landscape; Landscape evolution; Periglacial; Periglacial geomorphology; Scale

Indexed keywords

CRYO-CONDITIONING; CRYO-GEOMORPHOLOGY; LANDSCAPE; LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION; PERIGLACIAL; PERIGLACIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY; SCALE;

EID: 79952361793     PISSN: 00335894     EISSN: 10960287     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yqres.2010.12.011     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (52)

References (74)
  • 1
    • 0028571570 scopus 로고
    • Equilibrium, scale and inheritance in geomorphology
    • Ahnert F. Equilibrium, scale and inheritance in geomorphology. Geomorphology 1994, 11:125-140.
    • (1994) Geomorphology , vol.11 , pp. 125-140
    • Ahnert, F.1
  • 3
    • 0032435744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Near-surface thermal profiles in alpine bedrock: implications for the frost weathering of rock
    • Anderson R.S. Near-surface thermal profiles in alpine bedrock: implications for the frost weathering of rock. Arctic and Alpine Research 1998, 30:362-372.
    • (1998) Arctic and Alpine Research , vol.30 , pp. 362-372
    • Anderson, R.S.1
  • 4
    • 0037671333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do periglacial landscapes evolve under periglacial conditions?
    • André M.F. Do periglacial landscapes evolve under periglacial conditions?. Geomorphology 2003, 52:149-164.
    • (2003) Geomorphology , vol.52 , pp. 149-164
    • André, M.F.1
  • 5
    • 0003644840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Springer, Berlin.
    • Barsch D. Rockglaciers 1996, Springer, Berlin, 331 pp.
    • (1996) Rockglaciers , pp. 331
    • Barsch, D.1
  • 6
    • 0141737504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Channel network morphology and sediment dynamics under alternating periglacial and temperatue regimes: a numerical sumulation study
    • Boogart P.W., Tucker G.E., De Vries J.J. Channel network morphology and sediment dynamics under alternating periglacial and temperatue regimes: a numerical sumulation study. Geomorphology 2003, 54:257-277.
    • (2003) Geomorphology , vol.54 , pp. 257-277
    • Boogart, P.W.1    Tucker, G.E.2    De Vries, J.J.3
  • 7
    • 0002245303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Space, time and the mountain - how do we order what we see?
    • John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, B.L. Rhoads, C.E. Thorn (Eds.)
    • Church M. Space, time and the mountain - how do we order what we see?. The Scientific Nature of Geomorphology 1996, 147-170. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. B.L. Rhoads, C.E. Thorn (Eds.).
    • (1996) The Scientific Nature of Geomorphology , pp. 147-170
    • Church, M.1
  • 8
    • 0035057236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of rise in mean annual temperature on the stability of rock slopes containing ice-filled discontinuities
    • Davies M.C.R., Hamza O., Harris C. The effect of rise in mean annual temperature on the stability of rock slopes containing ice-filled discontinuities. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2001, 12:137-144.
    • (2001) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , vol.12 , pp. 137-144
    • Davies, M.C.R.1    Hamza, O.2    Harris, C.3
  • 10
    • 0033760707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of thermo-erosion in pro-glacial areas - examples from Spitsbergen
    • Etzelmüller B. Quantification of thermo-erosion in pro-glacial areas - examples from Spitsbergen. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, NF 2000, 44:343-361.
    • (2000) Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, NF , vol.44 , pp. 343-361
    • Etzelmüller, B.1
  • 11
    • 17444446842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspects and concepts on the geomorphological significance of Holocene permafrost in southern Norway
    • Etzelmüller B., Berthling I., Sollid J.L. Aspects and concepts on the geomorphological significance of Holocene permafrost in southern Norway. Geomorphology 2003, 52:87-104.
    • (2003) Geomorphology , vol.52 , pp. 87-104
    • Etzelmüller, B.1    Berthling, I.2    Sollid, J.L.3
  • 12
    • 67651024552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors controlling the distribution of mountain permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere and their influence on sediment transfer
    • Etzelmüller B., Frauenfelder R. Factors controlling the distribution of mountain permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere and their influence on sediment transfer. Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research 2009, 41:48-58.
    • (2009) Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research , vol.41 , pp. 48-58
    • Etzelmüller, B.1    Frauenfelder, R.2
  • 13
    • 19344372453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glacier-permafrost interaction in Arctic and alpine mountain environments with examples from southern Norway and Svalbard
    • C. Harris, J. Murton (Eds.) Cryosperic Systems
    • Etzelmüller B., Hagen J.O. Glacier-permafrost interaction in Arctic and alpine mountain environments with examples from southern Norway and Svalbard. Glaciers and Permafrost, Geological Society of London Special Publications 2005, 242:11-27. C. Harris, J. Murton (Eds.).
    • (2005) Glaciers and Permafrost, Geological Society of London Special Publications , vol.242 , pp. 11-27
    • Etzelmüller, B.1    Hagen, J.O.2
  • 14
    • 0030429386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glacier debris accumulation and sediment deformation influenced by permafrost - examples from Spitsbergen, Svalbard
    • Etzelmüller B., Hagen J.O., Vatne G., Ødegård R., Sollid J.L. Glacier debris accumulation and sediment deformation influenced by permafrost - examples from Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Annals of Glaciology 1996, 22:53-62.
    • (1996) Annals of Glaciology , vol.22 , pp. 53-62
    • Etzelmüller, B.1    Hagen, J.O.2    Vatne, G.3    Ødegård, R.4    Sollid, J.L.5
  • 23
    • 33845301129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relict non-glacial surfaces in formerly glaciated landscapes
    • Goodfellow B.W. Relict non-glacial surfaces in formerly glaciated landscapes. Earth-Science Reviews 2007, 80:47-73.
    • (2007) Earth-Science Reviews , vol.80 , pp. 47-73
    • Goodfellow, B.W.1
  • 24
    • 34548305016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permafrost in steep bedrock slopes and its temperature-related destabilization following climate change
    • Gruber S., Haeberli W. Permafrost in steep bedrock slopes and its temperature-related destabilization following climate change. Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface 2007, 112:F020S18.
    • (2007) Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface , vol.112
    • Gruber, S.1    Haeberli, W.2
  • 26
    • 19344367170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigating glacier-permafrost relationships in high-mountain areas: historical background, selected examples and research needs
    • C. Harris, J. Murton (Eds.) Cryosperic Systems
    • Haeberli W. Investigating glacier-permafrost relationships in high-mountain areas: historical background, selected examples and research needs. Glaciers and Permafrost, Geological Society of London Special Publications 2005, 242:29-37. C. Harris, J. Murton (Eds.).
    • (2005) Glaciers and Permafrost, Geological Society of London Special Publications , vol.242 , pp. 29-37
    • Haeberli, W.1
  • 27
    • 34548307074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climatic controls on frost cracking and implications for the evolution of bedrock landscapes
    • Hales T.C., Roering J.J. Climatic controls on frost cracking and implications for the evolution of bedrock landscapes. Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface 2007, 112:F02033.
    • (2007) Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface , vol.112
    • Hales, T.C.1    Roering, J.J.2
  • 28
    • 0034759482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New insights into rock weathering from high-frequency rock temperature data: an Antarctic study of weathering by thermal stress
    • Hall K., André M.F. New insights into rock weathering from high-frequency rock temperature data: an Antarctic study of weathering by thermal stress. Geomorphology 2001, 41:23-35.
    • (2001) Geomorphology , vol.41 , pp. 23-35
    • Hall, K.1    André, M.F.2
  • 31
    • 0026311579 scopus 로고
    • Weathering by segregation ice growth in microcracks at sustained subzero temperatures: verification from an experimental study using acoustic emissions
    • Hallet B., Walder J.S., Stubbs C.W. Weathering by segregation ice growth in microcracks at sustained subzero temperatures: verification from an experimental study using acoustic emissions. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 1991, 2:283-300.
    • (1991) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , vol.2 , pp. 283-300
    • Hallet, B.1    Walder, J.S.2    Stubbs, C.W.3
  • 32
    • 4644338697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The thermal regime of the active layer at the Murtel rock glacier based on data from 2002
    • Hanson S., Hoelzle M. The thermal regime of the active layer at the Murtel rock glacier based on data from 2002. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2004, 15:273-282.
    • (2004) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , vol.15 , pp. 273-282
    • Hanson, S.1    Hoelzle, M.2
  • 33
    • 0034173779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of the stability of thawing slopes, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada
    • Harris C., Lewkowicz A.G. An analysis of the stability of thawing slopes, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2000, 37:449-462.
    • (2000) Canadian Geotechnical Journal , vol.37 , pp. 449-462
    • Harris, C.1    Lewkowicz, A.G.2
  • 35
  • 36
    • 0028554578 scopus 로고
    • Boulder depressions in central Sweden - remnants of a pre-late Weichselian landscape?
    • Hättestrand C. Boulder depressions in central Sweden - remnants of a pre-late Weichselian landscape?. Geografiska Annaler 1994, A76:153-160.
    • (1994) Geografiska Annaler , vol.A76 , pp. 153-160
    • Hättestrand, C.1
  • 38
    • 41849118041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying periglacial erosion in the Nepal high Himalaya
    • Heimsath A.M., McGlynn R. Quantifying periglacial erosion in the Nepal high Himalaya. Geomorphology 2008, 97:5-23.
    • (2008) Geomorphology , vol.97 , pp. 5-23
    • Heimsath, A.M.1    McGlynn, R.2
  • 41
    • 34250774498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a TTOP ground temperature model for mountainous terrain in central-eastern Norway
    • Juliussen H., Humlum O. Towards a TTOP ground temperature model for mountainous terrain in central-eastern Norway. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2007, 18:161-184.
    • (2007) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , vol.18 , pp. 161-184
    • Juliussen, H.1    Humlum, O.2
  • 42
    • 40749144493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preservation of block fields beneath Pleistocene ice sheets on Sølen og Elgåhogna, south-eastern Norway
    • Juliussen H., Humlum O. Preservation of block fields beneath Pleistocene ice sheets on Sølen og Elgåhogna, south-eastern Norway. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 2007, (Suppl. Bd. 51):113-138.
    • (2007) Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie , Issue.SUPPL. BD 51 , pp. 113-138
    • Juliussen, H.1    Humlum, O.2
  • 43
    • 40749142837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermal regime of openwork block fields on the mountains Elgåhogna and Sølen, central-eastern Norway
    • Juliussen H., Humlum O. Thermal regime of openwork block fields on the mountains Elgåhogna and Sølen, central-eastern Norway. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2008, 19:1-18.
    • (2008) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , vol.19 , pp. 1-18
    • Juliussen, H.1    Humlum, O.2
  • 44
    • 41949109508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glacier-bed characteristics of midtre Lovenbreen, Svalbard, from high-resolution seismic and radar surveying
    • King E.C., Smith A.M., Murray T., Stuart G.W. Glacier-bed characteristics of midtre Lovenbreen, Svalbard, from high-resolution seismic and radar surveying. Journal of Glaciology 2008, 54:145-156.
    • (2008) Journal of Glaciology , vol.54 , pp. 145-156
    • King, E.C.1    Smith, A.M.2    Murray, T.3    Stuart, G.W.4
  • 45
    • 33947527570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The subglacial thermal organisation (STO) of ice sheets
    • Kleman J., Glasser N.F. The subglacial thermal organisation (STO) of ice sheets. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26:585-597.
    • (2007) Quaternary Science Reviews , vol.26 , pp. 585-597
    • Kleman, J.1    Glasser, N.F.2
  • 46
    • 0031438370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preglacial surface remnants and Quaternery glacial regimes in northwestern Sweden
    • Kleman J., Stroeven A.P. Preglacial surface remnants and Quaternery glacial regimes in northwestern Sweden. Geomorphology 1997, 19:35-54.
    • (1997) Geomorphology , vol.19 , pp. 35-54
    • Kleman, J.1    Stroeven, A.P.2
  • 47
    • 0020399488 scopus 로고
    • Geomorphological effects on the slopes of Longyear Valley, Spitsbergen, after a heavy rainstorm in July 1972
    • Larsson S. Geomorphological effects on the slopes of Longyear Valley, Spitsbergen, after a heavy rainstorm in July 1972. Geografiska Annaler 1982, A64:105-125.
    • (1982) Geografiska Annaler , vol.A64 , pp. 105-125
    • Larsson, S.1
  • 48
    • 21444453741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphology and geotechnique of active-layer detachment failures in discontinuous and continuous permafrost, northern Canada
    • Lewkowicz A.G., Harris C. Morphology and geotechnique of active-layer detachment failures in discontinuous and continuous permafrost, northern Canada. Geomorphology 2005, 69:275-297.
    • (2005) Geomorphology , vol.69 , pp. 275-297
    • Lewkowicz, A.G.1    Harris, C.2
  • 50
    • 11144253591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generalized linear modelling in periglacial studies: terrain parameters and patterned ground
    • Luoto M., Hjort J. Generalized linear modelling in periglacial studies: terrain parameters and patterned ground. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2004, 15:327-338.
    • (2004) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , vol.15 , pp. 327-338
    • Luoto, M.1    Hjort, J.2
  • 51
    • 44749091341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frost weathering and rockwall erosion in the southeastern Swiss Alps: long-term (1994-2006) observations
    • Matsuoka N. Frost weathering and rockwall erosion in the southeastern Swiss Alps: long-term (1994-2006) observations. Geomorphology 2008, 99:353-368.
    • (2008) Geomorphology , vol.99 , pp. 353-368
    • Matsuoka, N.1
  • 52
    • 0028194102 scopus 로고
    • Erosion of Sognefjord, Norway
    • Nesje A., Whillans I.M. Erosion of Sognefjord, Norway. Geomorphology 1994, 9:33-45.
    • (1994) Geomorphology , vol.9 , pp. 33-45
    • Nesje, A.1    Whillans, I.M.2
  • 53
    • 0002760412 scopus 로고
    • Near-surface spring temperatures in an Arctic coastal rock cliff: possible implications for rock breakdown
    • John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, O. Slaymaker (Ed.)
    • Ødegård R., Etzelmüller B., Vatne G., Sollid J.L. Near-surface spring temperatures in an Arctic coastal rock cliff: possible implications for rock breakdown. Steepland Geomorphology 1995, 89-102. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. O. Slaymaker (Ed.).
    • (1995) Steepland Geomorphology , pp. 89-102
    • Ødegård, R.1    Etzelmüller, B.2    Vatne, G.3    Sollid, J.L.4
  • 54
    • 0027048022 scopus 로고
    • Ground temperature measurements in mountain permafrost, Jotunheimen, southern Norway
    • Ødegård R.S., Sollid J.L., Liestøl O. Ground temperature measurements in mountain permafrost, Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 1992, 3:231-234.
    • (1992) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , vol.3 , pp. 231-234
    • Ødegård, R.S.1    Sollid, J.L.2    Liestøl, O.3
  • 55
    • 0000890430 scopus 로고
    • Ice-cored moraines in Scandinavia
    • Østrem G Ice-cored moraines in Scandinavia. Geografiska Annaler A 1964, 46:282-337.
    • (1964) Geografiska Annaler A , vol.46 , pp. 282-337
    • Østrem, G.1
  • 56
    • 33749639067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary geomorphology: thresholds and nonlinearity in landform response to environmental change
    • Phillips J.D. Evolutionary geomorphology: thresholds and nonlinearity in landform response to environmental change. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2006, 10:731-742.
    • (2006) Hydrology and Earth System Sciences , vol.10 , pp. 731-742
    • Phillips, J.D.1
  • 57
    • 79952359739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Book Review: Geomorphology. Critical concepts in geography. Series editor: David J. A. Evans Volume V: Periglacial Geomorphology. Edited by Hugh M. French. Rouledge, Taylor and Francis Group, London and New York, 2005, 641 pp. Volume V (ISBN 0-415-27613-6). Permafrost and Periglacial Processes.
    • Pissart, A., 2005. Book Review: Geomorphology. Critical concepts in geography. Series editor: David J. A. Evans Volume V: Periglacial Geomorphology. Edited by Hugh M. French. Rouledge, Taylor and Francis Group, London and New York, 2005, 641 pp. Volume V (ISBN 0-415-27613-6). Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 16, 223-226.
    • (2005) , vol.16 , pp. 223-226
    • Pissart, A.1
  • 58
    • 34748921622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cold regions hydrological model: a platform for basing process representation and model structure on physical evidence
    • Pomeroy J.W., Gray D.M., Brown T., Hedstrom N.R., Quinton W.L., Granger R.J., Carey S.K. The cold regions hydrological model: a platform for basing process representation and model structure on physical evidence. Hydrological Processes 2007, 21:2650-2667.
    • (2007) Hydrological Processes , vol.21 , pp. 2650-2667
    • Pomeroy, J.W.1    Gray, D.M.2    Brown, T.3    Hedstrom, N.R.4    Quinton, W.L.5    Granger, R.J.6    Carey, S.K.7
  • 59
    • 0029729766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blockfields, old or new? Evidence and implications from some plateaus in northern Norway
    • Rea B.R., Whalley W.B., Rainey M.M., Gordon J.E. Blockfields, old or new? Evidence and implications from some plateaus in northern Norway. Geomorphology 1996, 15:109-121.
    • (1996) Geomorphology , vol.15 , pp. 109-121
    • Rea, B.R.1    Whalley, W.B.2    Rainey, M.M.3    Gordon, J.E.4
  • 62
    • 0004118730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a philosophy of geomorphology
    • John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, B.L. Rhoads, C.E. Thorn (Eds.)
    • Rhoads B.L., Thorn C.E. Toward a philosophy of geomorphology. The Scientific Nature of Geomorphology 1996, 115-143. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. B.L. Rhoads, C.E. Thorn (Eds.).
    • (1996) The Scientific Nature of Geomorphology , pp. 115-143
    • Rhoads, B.L.1    Thorn, C.E.2
  • 65
    • 55549097092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What controls dead-ice melting under different climate conditions? A discussion
    • Schomacker A. What controls dead-ice melting under different climate conditions? A discussion. Earth-Science Reviews 2008, 90:103-113.
    • (2008) Earth-Science Reviews , vol.90 , pp. 103-113
    • Schomacker, A.1
  • 66
    • 55549126516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of dead-ice melting in ice-cored moraines at the high-Arctic glacier Holmströmbreen, Svalbard
    • Schomacker A., Kjær K.H. Quantification of dead-ice melting in ice-cored moraines at the high-Arctic glacier Holmströmbreen, Svalbard. Boreas 2008, 37:211-225.
    • (2008) Boreas , vol.37 , pp. 211-225
    • Schomacker, A.1    Kjær, K.H.2
  • 67
    • 15844403032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transient layer: implications for geocryology and climate-change science
    • Shur Y., Hinkel K.M., Nelson F.E. The transient layer: implications for geocryology and climate-change science. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2005, 16:5-17.
    • (2005) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , vol.16 , pp. 5-17
    • Shur, Y.1    Hinkel, K.M.2    Nelson, F.E.3
  • 68
    • 48249100151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate-induced changes in surface runoff on the North-Eurasian plains during the late glacial and Holocene
    • Sidorchuk A.Y., Panin A.V., Borisova O.K. Climate-induced changes in surface runoff on the North-Eurasian plains during the late glacial and Holocene. Water Resources 2008, 35:386-396.
    • (2008) Water Resources , vol.35 , pp. 386-396
    • Sidorchuk, A.Y.1    Panin, A.V.2    Borisova, O.K.3
  • 69
    • 0036232132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A relict landscape in the centre of Fennoscandian glaciation: cosmogenic radionuclide evidence of tors preserved through multiple glacial cycles
    • Stroeven A.P., Fabel D., Hattestrand C., Harbor J. A relict landscape in the centre of Fennoscandian glaciation: cosmogenic radionuclide evidence of tors preserved through multiple glacial cycles. Geomorphology 2002, 44:145-154.
    • (2002) Geomorphology , vol.44 , pp. 145-154
    • Stroeven, A.P.1    Fabel, D.2    Hattestrand, C.3    Harbor, J.4
  • 70
    • 0027060078 scopus 로고
    • Periglacial geomorphology: what, where, when
    • John Wiley and Sons, New York, J.C. Dixon, A.D. Abrahams (Eds.)
    • Thorn C.E. Periglacial geomorphology: what, where, when. Periglacial Geomorphology 1992, 1-30. John Wiley and Sons, New York. J.C. Dixon, A.D. Abrahams (Eds.).
    • (1992) Periglacial Geomorphology , pp. 1-30
    • Thorn, C.E.1
  • 73
    • 33845621023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Riverbank freeze-thaw erosion along a small mountain stream, Nikko volcanic area, central Japan
    • Yumoto M., Ogata T., Matsuoka N., Matsumoto E. Riverbank freeze-thaw erosion along a small mountain stream, Nikko volcanic area, central Japan. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2006, 17:325-339.
    • (2006) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , vol.17 , pp. 325-339
    • Yumoto, M.1    Ogata, T.2    Matsuoka, N.3    Matsumoto, E.4
  • 74
    • 0035912175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased sedimentation rates and grain sizes 2-4Myr ago due to the influence of climate change on erosion rates
    • Zhang P.Z., Molnar P., Downs W.R. Increased sedimentation rates and grain sizes 2-4Myr ago due to the influence of climate change on erosion rates. Nature 2001, 410:891-897.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.410 , pp. 891-897
    • Zhang, P.Z.1    Molnar, P.2    Downs, W.R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.