Elevation and cholera: An epidemiological spatial analysis of the cholera epidemic in Harare, Zimbabwe, 2008-2009

BMC Public Health

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2012, Pages

  Luque Fernandez, Miguel A ^a   Schomaker, Michael ^a   Mason, Peter R ^b   Fesselet, Jean F ^c   Baudot, Yves ^d   Boulle, Andrew ^a   Maes, Peter ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE   (Zimbabwe)

^c MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES   (Switzerland)

^d NADAR Sprl   (Belgium)

^e MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHOLERA; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; DEMOGRAPHY; EPIDEMIC; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; STANDARD; STATISTICS; SUBURBAN POPULATION; WATER SUPPLY; ZIMBABWE;

CHOLERA; DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS; HUMANS; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; SPACE-TIME CLUSTERING; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; SUBURBAN POPULATION; WATER SUPPLY; ZIMBABWE;

EID: 84862264767     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712458     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-442     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Cholera outbreak, Zimbabwe. WHO, Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 84 50 52 19219964
2. Cholera, Zimbabwe-update. WHO, Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 84 109 110 19343807
3. Outbreak news. Cholera, Zimbabwe. WHO, Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2008 83 449 450 19069293
4. Epidemiological features of epidemic cholera (El Tor) in Zimbabwe. Bradley M, Shakespeare R, Ruwende A, Woolhouse ME, Mason E, Munatsi A, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996 90 378 382 10.1016/S0035-9203(96)90512-X 8882180 (Pubitemid 26335959)
5. Hyperinfectivity: A critical element in the ability of V. cholerae to cause epidemics? Hartley DM, Morris JG, Smith DL, PLoS Med 2007 3 63 69 (Pubitemid 43200633)
6. Is cholera disease associated with poverty? Talavera A, Perez EM, J Infect Dev Ctries 2009 3 408 411 19762952
7. Cholera epidemic in Haiti is blamed on poor sanitation. Zarocostas J, BMJ 2011 342 2944 10.1136/bmj.d2944 21558352
8. Environmental reservoir of Vibrio cholerae: The causative agent of cholera. Colwell RR, Huq A, Ann N Acad Sci 1994 740 44 54 10.1111/j.1749-6632. 1994.tb19852.x
9. Critical factors influencing the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae in the environment of Bangladesh. Huq A, Sack RB, Nizam A, Longini IM, Nair GB, Ali A, Morris Jr JG, Khan MNH, Siddique AK, Yunus M, Albert MJ, Sack DA, Colwell RR, Appl Env Microbiol 2005 48 420 424
10. Effects of global climate on infectious disease: The cholera model. Lipp EK, Huq A, Colwell RR, Clin Microbiol Rev 2002 15 757 770 10.1128/CMR.15.4.757- 770.2002 12364378 (Pubitemid 41184086)
11. Influence of temperature and rainfall on the evolution of cholera epidemics in Lusaka, Zambia. Luque Fernandez MA, Bauernfeind A, Jimenez JD, Gil CL, El Omeiri N, Guibert DH, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009 103 137 143 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.07.017 18783808
12. Descriptive spatial analysis of the cholera epidemic 2008-2009 in Harare, Zimbabwe: a secondary data analysis. Luque Fernandez MA, Mason PR, Gray H, Bauernfeind A, Fesselet JF, Maes P, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2011 105 38 45 10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.10.001 21075411
13. Climate and cholera in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: The role of environmental factors and implications for epidemic preparedness. Mendelsohn J, Dawson T, Int J Hygiene Env Health 2008 211 156 162 10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.12.002
14. Cholera and climate: Revisiting the quantitative evidence. Pascual M, Bouma MJ, Dobson AP, Microbes Infect 2002 4 237 245 10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01533- 7 11880057 (Pubitemid 34183499)
15. Attachment of Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 to zooplankton and phytoplankton of Bangladesh waters. Tamplin ML, Gauzens AL, Huq A, Sack DA, Colwell RR, Appl Env Microbiol 1990 56 1977 1980 (Pubitemid 20202177)
16. John Snow, William Farr and the 1849 outbreak of cholera that affected London: a reworking of the data highlights the importance of the water supply. Bingham P, Verlander NQ, Cheal MJ, Public Health 2004 118 387 394 10.1016/j.puhe.2004.05.007 15313591 (Pubitemid 39157814)
17. Influence of elevation on the fatality of cholera. Farr W, J Stat Soc Lond 1852 15 155 183 10.2307/2338305
18. Identifying environmental risk factors for endemic cholera: a raster GIS approach. Ali M, Emch M, Donnay JP, Yunus M, Sack RB, Health Place 2002 8 201 210 10.1016/S1353-8292(01)00043-0 12135643 (Pubitemid 34828206)
19. Spatial and temporal distribution of cholera in Ecuador between 1991 and 1996. Chevallier E, Grand A, Azais JM, Eur J Public Health 2004 14 274 279 10.1093/eurpub/14.3.274 15369033 (Pubitemid 39093623)
20. Climatic, socio-economic, and health factors affecting human vulnerability to cholera in the Lake Victoria basin, East Africa. Olago D, Marshall M, Wandiga SO, Opondo M, Yanda PZ, Kanalawe R, Githeko AK, Downs T, Opere A, Kavumvuli R, Kirumira E, Ogallo L, Mugambi P, Apindi E, Githui F, Kathuri J, Olaka L, Sigalla R, Nanyunja R, Baguma T, Achola P, Ambio 2007 36 350 358 10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[350:CSAHFA]2.0.CO;2 17626474 (Pubitemid 47104746)
21. Local environmental predictors of cholera in Bangladesh and Vietnam. Emch M, Feldacker C, Yunus M, Streatfield PK, DinhThiem V, Canh do G, Ali M, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008 78 823 832 18458320 (Pubitemid 351845143)
22. World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. Population Division of the, Department of Economic & Social Affairs of the United Nations, Secretariat, Available at: [ http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/ wpp2008/wpp2008-highlights.pdf ].
23. Bauernfeind A, Fesselet JF, Van Hep M, Le Saout E, CJ M, Cholera Guidelines Medicins sans frontieres, Paris, France 2004
24. Dupont WD, Statistical modeling for biomedical researchers. A simple introduction to the analysis of complex data Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 2004
25. Fleiss JLL, Cho-Pai M, Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions Wiley, New York, USA 2003
26. Hardin JW, Hilbe JM, Generalized linear models and extensions Stata press, Texas, USA 2007
27. Spatial clustering in the spatio-temporal dynamics of endemic cholera. Ruiz-Moreno D, Pascual M, Emch M, Yunus M, BMC Infect Dis 2010 10 51 10.1186/1471-2334-10-51 20205935
28. Rabe-Hesketh S, A S, Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling Using Stata Stata press, Texas, USA 2008
29. Methodological problems in health-environment ecological studies. Richardson S, C R Acad Sci III 2000 323 611 616 10.1016/S0764-4469(00)00162-1 10983271 (Pubitemid 30621340)
30. Measures of the sensitivity of regression estimates to the choice of estimator. Severini TA, J Am Stat Assoc 1986 91 1651 1658
31. The Zimbabwe mayhem-how many people must die for the neighbours to act? Ncayiyana DJ, S Afr Med J 2009 99 7 19374075
32. Zimbabwe appeals for medical aid as it declares state of emergency over cholera epidemic. Truscott R, BMJ 2008 337 2942 10.1136/bmj.a2942 19073680
33. Zimbabwe faces a major health disaster, as hospitals close. Truscott R, BMJ 2008 337 2710 10.1136/bmj.a2710 19033345
34. Aid organisations warn Zimbabwes cholera crisis is far from over. Zarocostas J, BMJ 2009 338 693 10.1136/bmj.b693 19224961
35. Zimbabwe experiences: the worst epidemic of cholera in Africa. Mason PR, J Infect Dev Ctries 3 148 151
36. Update: outbreak of cholera-Haiti. CDC, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010 59 1586 1590 21150867
37. Outbreak news. Cholera, Haiti-update. WHO, Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2010 85 489 490 21140594
38. Review of reported cholera outbreaks worldwide, 1995-2005. Griffith DC, Kelly-Hope LA, A MM, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006 75 973 977 17123999 (Pubitemid 351627552)