The Evolution of Inbred Social Systems in Spiders and Other Organisms. From Short-Term Gains to Long-Term Evolutionary Dead Ends?

Advances in the Study of Behavior

Volumn 44, Issue , 2012, Pages 99-133

  Avilés, Leticia ^a   Purcell, Jessica ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LAUSANNE   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Ambrosia beetles; Dispersal; Evolutionary dead end; Group living; Inbreeding; Inbreeding avoidance; Inbreeding depression; Inquiline ants; Naked mole rats; Philopatry; Psocids; Social spiders; Spider mites; Thrips

Indexed keywords

EID: 84861974791     PISSN: 00653454     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-394288-3.00003-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (143)

1. Agnarsson I. A revision of the New World eximius lineage of Anelosimus (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 2006, 141:447-626.
2. Agnarsson I., Avilés L., Coddington J., Maddison W.P. Sociality in Theridiid spiders: repeated origins of an evolutionary dead end. Evolution 2006, 60:2342-2351.
3. Agnarsson I., Maddison W.P., Avilés L. The phylogeny of the social Anelosimus spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) inferred from six molecular loci and morphology. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2007, 43:833-851.
4. Agnarsson I., Maddison W.P., Avilés L. Complete separation along matrilines in a social spider metapopulation inferred from hypervariable mitochondrial DNA region. Mol. Ecol. 2010, 19:3052-3063.
5. Avilés L. Interdemic selection and the sex ratio: a social spider perspective. Am. Nat. 1993, 142:320-345.
6. Avilés L. Newly-discovered sociality in the neotropical spider Aebutina binotata Simon (Araneae, Dictynidae). J. Arachnol. 1993, 21:184-193.
7. Avilés L. Social behavior in a web-building lynx spider, Tapinillus sp. (Araneae: Oxyopidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 1994, 51:163-176.
8. Avilés L. Causes and consequences of cooperation and permanent-sociality in spiders. The Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids 1997, 476-498. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. J.C. Choe, B.J. Crespi (Eds.).
9. Avilés L. Nomadic behavior and colony fission in a cooperative spider: life history evolution at the level of the colony?. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 2000, 70:325-339.
10. Avilés L., Bukowski T.C. Group living and inbreeding depression in a subsocial spider. Proc. R. Soc. B Lond. 2006, 270:157-163.
11. Avilés L., Gelsey G. Natal dispersal and demography of a subsocial Anelosimus species and its implications for the evolution of sociality in spiders. Can. J. Zool. 1998, 76:2137-2147.
12. Avilés L., Purcell J. Anelosimus oritoyacu, a cloud forest social spider with only slightly female-biased primary sex ratios. J. Arachnol. 2011, 39:178-182.
13. Avilés L., Tufiño P. Colony size and individual fitness in the social spider Anelosimus eximius. Am. Nat. 1998, 152:403-418.
14. Avilés L., Agnarsson I., Salazar P., Purcell J., Iturralde G., Yip E., et al. Altitudinal patterns of spider sociality and the biology of a new mid-elevation social Anelosimus species in Ecuador. Am. Nat. 2007, 170:783-792.
15. Bijlsma R., Bundgaard J., Van Putten W.F. Environmental dependence of inbreeding depression and purging in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Evol. Biol. 1999, 12:1125-1137.
16. Bilde T., Lubin Y., Smith D., Schneider J.M., Maklakov A.A. The transition to social inbred mating systems in spiders: role of inbreeding tolerance in a subsocial predecessor. Evolution 2005, 59:160-174.
17. Bilde T., Coates K.S., Birkhofer K., Bird T., Maklakov A.A., Lubin Y., et al. Survival benefits select for group living in a social spider despite reproductive costs. J. Evol. Biol. 2007, 20:2412-2426.
18. Brandt M., Foitzik S., Fischer-Blass B., Heinze J. The coevolutionary dynamics of obligate ant social parasite systems-between prudence and antagonism. Biol. Rev. 2005, 80:251-267.
19. Braude S. Dispersal and new colony formation in wild naked mole-rats: evidence against inbreeding as the system of mating. Behav. Ecol. 2000, 11:7-12.
20. Bukowski T., Avilés L. Asynchronous maturation of the sexes may limit close inbreeding in a subsocial spider. Can. J. Zool. 2002, 80:193-198.
21. Burland T.M., Bennett N.C., Jarvis J.U.M., Faulkes C.G. Eusociality in African mole-rats: new insights from patterns of genetic relatedness in the Damaraland mole-rat (Cryptomys damarensis). Proc. Biol. Sci. 2002, 269:1025-1030.
22. Buschinger A. Evolution, speciation, and inbreeding in the parasitic ant genus Epimyrma (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). J. Evol. Biol. 1989, 2:265-283.
23. Buschinger A. Social parasitism among ants: a review (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecol. News 2009, 12:219-235.
24. Buskirk R.E. Sociality in the Arachnida. Social Insects 1981, vol. 4:282-367. Academic Press, New York. H.R. Hermann (Ed.).
25. Calleri D.V., Reid E.M., Rosengaus R.B., Vargo E.L., Traniello J.F.A. Inbreeding and disease resistance in a social insect: effects of heterozygosity on immnnocompetence in the termite Zootermopsis angusticollis. Proc. R. Soc. B 2006, 273:2633-2640.
26. Chapman T.W., Crespi B.J., Kranz B.D., Schwarz M.P. High relatedness and inbreeding at the origin of eusociality in gall-inducing thrips. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97:1648-1650.
27. Chapman T.W., Crespi B.J., Perry S.P. The evolutionary ecology of eusociality in Australian gall thrips: a 'model clades' approach. Ecology of Social Evoluion 2008, 57-83. Chapman and Hall, New York. J. Korb, J. Heinze (Eds.).
28. Charlesworth D., Charlesworth B. Inbreeding and its evolutionary consequences. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1987, 18:237-268.
29. Charlesworth D., Morgan M.T., Charlesworth B. Inbreeding depression, genetic load, and the evolution of outcrossing rates in a multilocus system with no linkage. Evolution 1990, 44:1469-1489.
30. Charnov E.L. Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem. Theor. Popul. Biol. 1976, 9:129-136.
31. Ciszek D. New colony formation in the " highly inbred" eusocial naked mole-rat: outbreeding is preferred. Behav. Ecol. 2000, 11:1-6.
32. Clutton-Brock T.H. Female transfer and inbreeding avoidance in social mammals. Nature 1989, 337:70-72.
33. Corcobado-Marquez G., Rodríguez-Gironés M., Moya-Laraño J., Avilés L. Sociality level correlates with dispersal ability in spiders. Func. Ecol. in press. 2012.
34. Crespi B.J. Sex allocation ratio selection in Thysanoptera. Evolution and Diversity of Sex Ratio in Insects and Mites 1993, 214-234. Chapman and Hall, New York. D.L. Wrensch, M.A. Ebbert (Eds.).
35. Crnokrak P., Roff D.A. Inbreeding depression in the wild. Heredity 1999, 83:260-270.
36. DeHeer C.J., Vargo E.L. An indirect test of inbreeding depression in the termites Reticulitermes flavipes and Reticulitermes virginicus. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 2006, 59:753-761.
37. Dobson F.S. Competition for mates and predominant juvenile male dispersal in mammals. Anim. Behav. 1982, 30:1183-1192.
38. Domingue M.J., Teale S.A. Inbreeding depression and its effect on intrinsic population dynamics in engraver beetles. Ecol. Entomol. 2007, 32:201-210.
39. Faulkes C.G., Bennett N.C., Bruford M.W., Obrien H.P., Aguilar G.H., Jarvis J.U.M. Ecological constraints drive social evolution in the African mole-rats. Proc. Biol. Sci. 1997, 264:1619-1627.
40. Faulkes C.G., Abbott D.H., O'Brien H.P., Lau L., Roy M.R., Wayne R.K., et al. Micro- and macrogeographical genetic structure of colonies of naked mole-rats Heterocephalus glaber. Mol. Ecol. 2003, 6:615-628.
41. Felsenstein J. The evolutionary advantages of recombination. Genetics 1974, 78:737-756.
42. Foelix R.F. Biology of Spiders 1996, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
43. Furey R.E. Two cooperatively social populations of the theridiid spider Anelosimus studiosus in a temperate region. Anim. Behav. 1998, 55:727-735.
44. Greenwood P.J. Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals. Anim. Behav. 1980, 28:1140-1162.
45. Guevara J., Avilés L. Multiple sampling techniques confirm differences in insect size between low and high elevations that may influence levels of spider sociality. Ecology 2007, 88:2015-2033.
46. Hamilton W.D. Sex versus non-sex versus parasite. Oikos 1980, 35:282-290.
47. Heller J., Maynard Smith J. Does Muller's ratchet work with selfing?. Genet. Res. 1979, 8:269-294.
48. Henschel J.R. Is solitary life an alternative for the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola?. Namibia Sci. Soc. J. 1993, 43:71-79.
49. Henschel J.R. Predation on social and solitary individuals of the spider Stegodyphus dumicola (Araneae, Eresidae). J. Arachnol. 1998, 26:61-69.
50. Hölldobler B., Wilson E.O. The Ants 1990, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
51. Hoogland J.L. Levels of inbreeding among prairie dogs. Am. Nat. 1992, 139:591-602.
52. Howard R.S., Lively C.M. Parasitism, mutation accumulation and the maintenance of sex. Nature 1994, 367:554-557.
53. Husband B.C., Schemske D.W. Evolution of the magnitude and timing of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 1996, 50:54-70.
54. Husseneder C., Simms D.M., Ring D.R. Genetic diversity and genotypic differentiation between the sexes in swarm aggregations decrease inbreeding in the Formosan subterranean termite. Insect. Soc. 2006, 53:212-219.
55. Jansen G., Savolainen R., Vepsäläinen K. Phylogeny, divergence-time estimation, biogeography and social parasite-host relationships of the Holarctic ant genus Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2010, 56:294-304.
56. Jarvis J.U.M., Bennett N.C. Eusociality has evolved independently in two genera of bathyergid mole-rats-but occurs in no other subterranean mammal. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1993, 33:253-260.
57. Jarvis J.U.M., O'Riain M.J., Bennett N.C., Sherman P.W. Mammalian eusociality: a family affair. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1994, 9:47-51.
58. Johannesen J., Lubin Y. Group founding and breeding structure in the subsocial spider Stegodyphus lineatus (Eresidae). Heredity 1999, 82:677-686.
59. Johannesen J., Lubin Y. Evidence for kin-structured group founding and limited juvenile dispersal in the sub-social spider Stegodyphus lineatus (Araneae, Eresidae). J. Arachnol. 2001, 29:413-422.
60. Johannesen J., Johannesen B., Griebeler E.M., Baran I., Tunc M.R., Kiefer A., et al. Distortion of symmetrical introgression in a hybrid zone: evidence for locus-specific selection and uni-directional range expansion. J. Evol. Biol. 2006, 19:705-716.
61. Johannesen J., Lubin Y., Smith D.R., Bilde T., Schneider J.M. The age and evolution of sociality in Stegodyphus spiders: a molecular phylogenetic perspective. Proc. Biol. Sci. 2007, 274:231-237.
62. Johannesen J., Moritz R.F.A., Simunek H., Seibt U., Wickler W. Species cohesion despite extreme inbreeding in a social spider. J. Evol. Biol. 2009, 22:1137-1142.
63. Johannesen J., Wickler W., Seibt U., Moritz R.F.A. Population history in social spiders repeated: colony structure and lineage evolution in Stegodyphus mimosarum (Eresidae). Mol. Ecol. 2009, 18:2812-2818.
64. Jones T.C., Riechert S.E., Dalrymple S.E., Parker P.G. Fostering model explains variation in levels of sociality in a spider system. Anim. Behav. 2007, 73:195-204.
65. Jordal B.H., Normark B.B., Farrell B.D. Evolutionary radiation of an inbreeding haplodiploid beetle lineage (Curculionidae, Scolytinae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 2000, 71:483-499.
66. Kaliszewski M., Wrensch D.L. Evolution of sex determination and sex ratio within the mite cohort Tarsonemina (Acari: Heterostigmata). Evolution and Diversity of Sex Ratio in Insects and Mites 1993, 192-213. Chapman and Hall, New York. D.L. Wrensch, M.A. Ebbert (Eds.).
67. Kirkendall L.R. The evolution of mating systems in bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 1983, 77:293-352.
68. Kirkendall L.R. Ecology and evolution of biased sex ratios in bark and ambrosia beetles. Evolution and Diversity of Sex Ratio in Insects and Mites 1993, 235-345. Chapman and Hall, New York. D.L. Wrensch, M.A. Ebbert (Eds.).
69. Kirkendall L.R., Kent D.S., Raffa K.A. Interactions among males, females and offspring in bark and ambrosia beetles: the significance of living in tunnels for the evolution of social behavior. The Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids 1997, 181-215. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. J.C. Choe, B.J. Crespi (Eds.).
70. Klein B., Bukowski T., Avilés L. Male residency and mating patterns in a subsocial spider. J. Arachnol. 2005, 33:703-710.
71. Korb J. The ecology of social evolution in termites. Ecology of Social Evolution 2008, 151-174. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. J. Korb, J. Heinze (Eds.).
72. Lande R., Schemske D.W. The evolution of self-fertilization and inbreeding depression in plants. I. Genetic models. Evolution 1985, 39:24-40.
73. Lawson Handley L.J., Perrin N. Advances in our understanding of mammalian sex biased dispersal. Mol. Ecol. 2007, 16:1559-1578.
74. Lubin Y., Bilde T. The evolution of sociality in spiders. Adv. Stud. Behav. 2007, 37:83-145.
75. Lubin Y., Crozier R.H. Electrophoretic evidence for population differentiation in a social spider Achaearanea wau (Theridiidae). Insect. Soc. 1985, 32:297-304.
76. Lubin Y., Robinson M.H. Dispersal by swarming in a social spider. Science 1982, 216:319-321.
77. Lubin Y., Hennicke J., Schneider J. Settling decisions of dispersing Stegodyphus lineatus (Eresidae) young. Israel J. Zool. 1998, 44:217-226.
78. Lubin Y., Birkhofer K., Berger-Tal R., Bilde T. Limited male dispersal in a social spider with extreme inbreeding. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 2009, 97:227-234.
79. Lynch M., Burger R., Butcher D., Gabriel W. The mutational meltdown in asexual populations. J. Hered. 1993, 84:339-344.
80. Lynch M., Conery J., Burger R. Mutational meltdown in sexual populations. Evolution 1995, 49:1067-1080.
81. Matsuura K., Vargo E.L., Kawatsu K., Labadie P.E., Nakano H., Yashiro T., et al. Queen succession through asexual reproduction in termites. Science 2009, 323:1687.
82. Maynard Smith J. The Evolution of Sex 1978, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
83. McLeish M.J., Chapman T.W., Crespi B.J. Inbreeding ancestors: the role of sibmating in the social evolution of gall thrips. J. Hered. 2006, 97:31-38.
84. Meirmans S., Neiman M. Methodologies for testing a pluralist idea for the maintenance of sex. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 2006, 89:605-613.
85. Mitchell R. Growth and population dynamics of a spider mite (Tetranychus urticae K., Acarina: Tetranychidae). Ecology 1973, 54:1349-1355.
86. Mockford E.L. Life history studies on some Florida insects of the genus Archipsocus (Psocoptera). Bull. Fl. St. Museum Biol. Sci. 1957, 1:253-274.
87. Mori K., Saito Y. Variation in social behavior within a spider mite genus, Stigmaeopsis (Acari: Tetranychidae). Behav. Ecol. 2005, 16:232-238.
88. Mori H., Saito Y., Tho Y.P. Cooperative group predation in a sit-and-wait Cheyletid mite. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 1999, 23:643-651.
89. Mori K., Saito Y., Sakagami T., Sahara K. Inbreeding depression of female fecundity by genetic factors retained in natural populations of a male-haploid social mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 2005, 36:15-23.
90. Motro U. Avoiding inbreeding and sibling competition: the evolution of sexual dimorphism for dispersal. Am. Nat. 1991, 137:108-115.
91. Neiman M., Meirmans S., Meirmans P. What can we learn from estimating asexual lineage age distributions?. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2009, 1168:185-200.
92. New T.R. The Archipsocidae of South America (Psocoptera). Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1973, 125:57-105.
93. Norton R.A., Kethley J.B., Johnston D.E., O'Connor B.M. Phylogenetic perspectives on genetic systems and reproductive modes of mites. Evolution and Diversity of Sex Ratio in Insects and Mites 1993, 8-99. Chapman and Hall, New York. D.L. Wrensch, M.A. Ebbert (Eds.).
94. O'Riain M.J., Faulkes C.G. African mole-rats: eusociality, relatedness and ecological constraints. Ecology of Social Evoluion 2008, 207-223. Chapman and Hall, New York. J. Korb, J. Heinze (Eds.).
95. O'Riain M.J., Jarvis J.U.M., Faulkes C.G. A dispersive morph in the naked mole-rat. Nature 1996, 380:619-621.
96. Otto S.P. The evolutionary enigma of sex. Am. Nat. 2009, 174:S1-S14.
97. Pamilo P., Gertsch P., Thoren P., Seppä P. Molecular population genetics of social insects. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1997, 28:1-25.
98. Peer K., Taborsky M. Outbreeding depression, but no inbreeding depression in haplodiploid ambrosia beetles with regular sibling mating. Evolution 2005, 59:317-323.
99. Perrin N., Mazalov V. Local competition, inbreeding, and the evolution of sex-biased dispersal. Am. Nat. 2000, 155:116-127.
100. Powers K.S., Avilés L. Natal dispersal patterns of a subsocial spider Anelosimus cf. jucundus (Theridiidae). Ethology 2003, 109:725-737.
101. Powers K.S., Avilés L. The role of prey size and abundance in the geographic distribution of spider sociality. J. Anim. Ecol. 2007, 76:995-1003.
102. Purcell J., Avilés L. Smaller colonies and more solitary living mark higher elevation populations of a social spider. J. Anim. Ecol. 2007, 76:590-597.
103. Purcell J., Avilés L. Gradients of precipitation and ant abundance may contribute to the altitudinal range limit of subsocial spiders: insights from a transplant experiment. Proc. Biol. Sci. 2008, 275:2617-2625.
104. Pusey A., Wolf M. Inbreeding avoidance in animals. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1996, 11:201-206.
105. Reeve H.K., Westneat D.F., Noon W.A., Sherman P.W., Aquadro C.F. DNA " fingerprinting" reveals high levels of inbreeding in colonies of the eusocial naked mole-rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990, 87:2496-2500.
106. Riechert S.E., Roeloffs R.M. Evidence for and consequences of inbreeding in the cooperative spiders. The Natural History of Inbreeding and Outbreeding 1993, 283-303. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. N.W. Thornhill (Ed.).
107. Riechert S.E., Roeloffs R., Echternacht A.C. The ecology of the cooperative spider Agelena consociata in Equatorial Africa (Araneae, Agelenidae). J. Arachnol. 1986, 14:175-191.
108. Roeloffs R., Riechert S.E. Dispersal and population genetic structure of the cooperative spider, Agenlena consociata in West African rainforest. Evolution 1988, 42:173-183.
109. Ross-Gillespie A., O'Riain M.J., Keller L.F. Viral epizootic reveals inbreeding depression in a habitually inbreeding mammal. Evolution 2007, 61:2268-2273.
110. Ruch J., Heinrich L., Bilde T., Schneider J.M. The evolution of social inbreeding mating systems in spiders: limited male mating dispersal and lack of pre-copulatory inbreeding avoidance in a subsocial predecessor. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 2009, 98:851-859.
111. Sabelis M.W., Nagelkerke K. Sex allocation and pseudoarrhenotoky in Phytoseiid mites. Evolution and Diversity of Sex Ratio in Insects and Mites 1993, 512-541. Chapman and Hall, New York. D.L. Wrensch, M.A. Ebbert (Eds.).
112. Saito Y. Sociality and kin selection in Acari. Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids 1997, 443-457. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. J.C. Choe, B.J. Crespi (Eds.).
113. Saito Y. Plant Mites and Sociality: Diversity and Evolution 2010, Springer-Verlag, Tokyo.
114. Saito Y., Mori K. Where does male-to-male " aggression" compromise " cooperation" ?. Popul. Ecol. 2005, 46:221-241.
115. Saito Y., Sahara K., Mori K. Inbreeding depression by recessive deleterious genes affecting female fecundity in a haplo-diploid mite. J. Evol. Biol. 2000, 13:668-678.
116. Sakagami T., Saito Y., Kongchuensin M., Sahara K. Molecular phylogeny of Stigmaeopsis, with special reference to speciation through host plant shift. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 2009, 102:360-366.
117. Schneider J.M., Lubin Y. Infanticidal male eresid spiders. Nature 1996, 381:655-656.
118. Schneider J.M., Lubin Y. Intersexual conflict in spiders. Oikos 1998, 83:496-506.
119. Schrempf A., Aron S., Heinze J. Sex determination and inbreeding depression in an ant with regular sib-mating. Heredity 2006, 97:75-80.
120. Schwander T., Crespi B.J. Twigs on the tree of life? Neutral and selective models for interacting macroevolutionary patterns with microevolutionary processes in the analysis of asexuality. Mol. Ecol. 2009, 18:28-42.
121. Seibt U., Wickler W. Why do " family spiders" , Stegodyphus (Eresidae), live in colonies?. J. Arachnol. 1988, 16:193-198.
122. Shellman-Reeve J.S. The spectrum of eusociality in termites. The Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids 1997, 52-93. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. J.C. Choe, B.J. Crespi (Eds.).
123. Shykoff J.A., Schmid-Hempel P. Parasites and the advantage of genetic variability within social insect colonies. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 1991, 243:55-58.
124. Smith D.R. Population genetics of Anelosimus eximius (Araneae, Theridiidae). J. Arachnol. 1986, 14:201-217.
125. Smith D.R. Genetic variation in solitary and cooperative spiders of the genus Anelosimus (Araneae: Theridiidae). Chemistry and Biology of Social Insects 1987, 347-348. Verlag J. Peperny, Munich. J. Eder, H. Rembold (Eds.).
126. Smith D.R., Engel M.S. Population structure in an Indian cooperative spider, Stegodyphus sarasinorum Karsch (Eresidae). J. Arachnol. 1994, 22:108-113.
127. Smith D.R., Hagen R.H. Population structure and interdemic selection in the cooperative spider Anelosimus eximius. J. Evol. Biol. 1996, 9:589-608.
128. Stebbins G.L. Self fertilization and population variability in higher plants. Am. Nat. 1957, 91:337-354.
129. Stebbins G.L. Flowering Plants: Evolution Above the Species Level 1974, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
130. Stockley P., Macdonald D.W. Why do female common shrews produce so many offspring?. Oikos 1998, 83:560-566.
131. Takebayashi N., Morrell P.L. Is self-fertilization an evolutionary dead end? Revisiting an old hypothesis with genetic theories and a macroevolutionary approach. Am. J. Bot. 2001, 88:1143-1150.
132. Thorne B.L. Evolution of eusociality in termites. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1997, 28:27-54.
133. Thorne B.L., Adams E.S., Traniello J.F.A., Bulmer M. Reproductive dynamics and colony structure of subterranean termites of the genus Reticulitermes (Isoptera Rhinotermitidae): a review of the evidence from behavioral, ecological, and genetic studies. Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 1999, 11:149-169.
134. Thurin N., Aron S. No reversion to single mating in a socially parasitic ant. J. Evol. Biol. 2011, 24:1128-1134.
135. Trontti K., Aron S., Sundstrom L. The genetic population structure of the ant Plagiolepis xene-implications for genetic vulnerability of obligate social parasites. Cons. Genet. 2006, 7:241-250.
136. Uetz G.W., Hieber C.S. Colonial web-building spiders: balancing the costs and benefits of group living. Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids 1997, 458-475. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. J.C. Choe, B.J. Crespi (Eds.).
137. Vargo E.L., Husseneder C. Genetic structure of termite colonies and populations. Biology of Termites: A Modern Synthesis 2010, 321-347. Springer. E.L. Bignell (Ed.).
138. Vargo E.L., Labadie P.E., Matsuura K. Asexual queen succession in the subterranean termite Reticulitermes virginicus. Proc. R. Soc. B 2012, 279:813-819.
139. Waser P.M., Austad S.N., Keane B. When should animals tolerate inbreeding?. Am. Nat. 1986, 128:529-537.
140. West S.A., Lively C.M., Read A.F. A pluralist approach to sex and recombination. J. Evol. Biol. 1999, 12:1003-1012.
141. Williams G.C. Sex and Evolution 1975, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
142. Wilson E.O. The Insect Societies 1971, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
143. Yip E., Powers K.S., Avilés L. Cooperative capture of large prey solves scaling challenge faced by large spider societies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:11818-11822.