Evolution of eusociality in termites

Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics

Volumn 28, Issue , 1997, Pages 27-54

  Thorne, Barbara L ^a  

^a Bldg 142   (United States)

Author keywords

Dictyoptera; Eusocial evolution; Isoptera; Social insects; Termite

Indexed keywords

EUSOCIALITY; EVOLUTION; TERMITE;

HYMENOPTERA; ISOPTERA;

EID: 0031464242     PISSN: 00664162     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.27     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Abe T. 1990. Evolution of worker caste in termites. In Social Insects and the Environment, ed. GK Veeresh, B Mallik, CA Viraktamath, pp. 29-30. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH
2. Alexander RD, Noonan KM, Crespi BJ. 1991. The evolution of eusociality. In The Biology of the Naked Mole Rat, ed. PW Sherman, JUM Jarvis, RD Alexander, pp. 1-44. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
3. Andersson M. 1984. The evolution of eusociality. Annu. Rev. Ecol Syst. 15:165-89
4. Aoki S. 1977. Colophina clematis (Homoptera, Pemphigidae), an aphid species with soldiers. Kontyu 45:276-82
5. Aoki S. 1982. Soldiers and altruistic dispersal in aphids. In Biology of Social Insects, ed. MD Breed, CD Michener, HE Evans, pp. 154-58. Boulder: Westview
6. Aoki S. 1987. Evolution of sterile soldiers in aphids. In Animal Societies: Theories and Facts, ed. Y Ito, JL Brown, J Kikkawa, pp. 53-66. Tokyo: Jpn. Sci. Soc. Press
7. Bandi C, Sironi M, Damiani G, Magrassi L, Nalepa CA, et al. 1995. The establishment of intracellular symbiosis in an ancestor of cockroaches and termites. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 259:293-99
8. Bartz SH. 1979. Evolution of eusociality in termites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:5764-68
9. Bartz SH. 1980. Correction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:3070
10. Beck CB, Wight DC. 1988. Progymnosperms. In Origin and Evolution of Gymnosperms, ed. CB Beck, pp. 1-84. New York: Columbia Univ. Press
11. Bedo D. 1987. Undifferentiated sex chromosomes in Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt (Isoptera: Mastotermitidae) and the evolution of eusociality in termites. Genome 29:76-79
12. Bourke AFG, Franks NR. 1995. Social Evolution in Ants. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. 529 pp.
13. Breznak JA. 1982. Intestinal microbiota of termites and other xylophagous insects. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 36:323-43
14. Brown JL. 1987. Helping and Communal Breeding in Birds: Ecology and Evolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
15. Castle GB. 1934. The damp-wood termites of western United States, genus Zootermopsis (formerly. Termopsis) In Termites and Termite Control, ed. CA Kofoid. pp. 273-310. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
16. Charnov EL. 1978. Evolution of eusocial behavior: offspring choice or parental parasitism? J. Theoret. Biol. 75:451-65
17. Cleveland LR, Hall SR, Sanders EP, Collier J. 1934. The wood-feeding roach Cryptocercus, its protozoa, and the symbiosis between protozoa and roach. Mem. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 17:185-342
18. Costa J, Fitzgerald TD. 1996. Developments in social terminology: semantic battles in a conceptual war. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11:285-89
19. Crespi BJ. 1992. Eusociality in Australian gall thrips. Nature 359:724-26
20. Crespi BJ, Yanega D. 1995. The definition of eusociality. Behav. Ecol. 6:109-15
21. Grassland MWJ, Crozier RH. 1986. Myrmecia pilosula, an anl with only one pair of chromosomes. Science 231: 1278
22. Crozier RH. 1982. Of insects and insects: twists and turns in our understanding of the evolution of eusociality. In Biologv of Social Insects, ed. MD Breed, CD Michener, HE Evans, pp. 4-9. Boulder, CO: Westview
23. Crozier RH, Luykx P. 1985. The evolution of termite eusociality is unlikely to have been based on a male-haploid analogy. Am. Nat. 126:867-69
24. Crozier RH, Pamilo P. 1996. Evolution of Social Insect Colonies. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
25. Darwin C. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, of the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray
26. Dawkins R. 1982. The Extended Phenotype. Oxford: Freeman
27. Deligne J, Quennedy A, Blum MS. 1981. The enemies and defense mechanisms of termites. In Social Insects, ed. HR Hermann, pp. 2-76. New York: Academic
28. DeSalle R, Gatesy J, Wheeler W, Grimaldi D. 1992. DNA sequences from a fossil termite in Oligo-Miocene amber and their phylogenetic implications. Science 257:1933-36
29. Desneux J. 1906. The Kashmir termite, Termopsis wroughtoni. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 17:293-98
30. Duffy JE. 1996. Eusociality in a coralreef shrimp. Nature 381:512-14
31. Emerson AE. 1958. The evolution of behavior among social insects. In Behavior and Evolution, ed. A Roe, GG Simpson, pp. 311-35. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
32. Evans HE. 1977. Extrinsic versus intrinsic factors in the evolution of insect sociality. BioScience 27:613-17
33. Flesness NR. 1978. Kinship asymmetry in diploids. Nature 276:495-96
34. Fontana F. 1991. Multiple reciprocal translocations and their role in the evolution of eusociality in termites. Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 1:15-19
35. Grandcolas P. 1996. The phylogeny of cockroach families: a cladistic appraisal of morpho-anatomical data. Can. J. Zool. 74:508-27
36. Grandcolas P, Deleporte P. 1996. The origin of protistan symbionts in termites and cockroaches: a phylogenetic perspective. Cladistics 12:93-98
37. Grassé PP. 1986. Termitologia. Vol. III. Paris: Masson
38. Grassé PP, Noirot C. 1947. Le polymorphism social du termite à cou jaune (Calotermes flavicollis F). Les fauxouvriers ou pseudergates et les mues regressives. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 224:219-21
39. Greenberg SLW, Stuart AM. 1982. Precocious reproductive development (neoteny) by larvae of a primitive termite Zootermopsis angusticollis (Hagen). Insectes Soc. 29:535-47
40. Haack RA, Slansky F Jr. 1987. Nutritional ecology of wood-feeding Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera. In Nutritional Ecology of Insects, Mites, and Spiders, ed. F Slansky, JG Rodriguez, pp. 449-86. New York: Wiley & Sons
41. Hahn PD, Stuart AM. 1987. Sibling interactions in two species of termites: a test of the haplodiploid analogy (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae; Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 13:83-92
42. Hamilton WD. 1964. The genetical evolution of social behavior I. J. Theoret. Biol. 7:1-16
43. Hamilton WD. 1964. The genetical evolution of social behavior II. J. Theoret. Biol. 7:17-52
44. Hamilton WD. 1971. Geometry for the selfish herd. J. Theoret. Biol. 31:295-311
45. Hamilton WD. 1972. Altruism and related phenomena, mainly in social insects. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 3:193-232
46. Hamilton WD. 1978. Evolution and diversity under bark. In Diversity of Insect Faunas, ed. LA Mound, N Waloff. Symp. R. Entomol. Soc. London 9:154-75. New York: Halsted
47. Hamilton WD, May RM. 1977. Dispersal in stable habitats. Nature 269:578-81
48. Hare L. 1937. Termite phylogeny as evidenced by soldier mandible development. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 30:459-86
49. Heath H. 1927. Caste formation in the termite genus Termopsis. J. Morphol. Physiol. 43:387-425
50. Higashi M, Yamamura N, Abe T, Burns TP. 1991. Why don't all termite species have a sterile worker caste? Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 246:25-9
51. Imms AD. 1919. On the structure and biology of Archotermopsis, together with descriptions of new species of intestinal protozoa and general observations on the Isoptera. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London. 209:75-180
52. Ito Y. 1989. The evolutionary biology of sterile soldiers in aphids. Trends Ecol. Evol. 4:69-73
53. Kambhampati S. 1996. Phylogenetic relationship among cockroach families inferred from mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequence. Syst. Entomol. 21:89-98
54. Kambhampati S, Kjer KM, Thorne BL. 1996. Phylogenetic relationship among termite families based on DNA sequence of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Insect Mol. Biol. 5:229-38
55. Kennedy JS. 1947. Child labor of the termite society versus adult labor of the ant society. Sci. Monthly 65:309-24
56. Kennedy JS. 1966. Some outstanding questions in insect behavior Symp. R. Entomol. Soc. London 3:97-112
57. Kent DS, Simpson JA. 1992. Eusociality in the beetle Austroplatypus incompertus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Naturwissenschaften 79:86-87
58. Krishna K. 1969. Introduction. In The Biology of Termites, ed. K Krishna, FM Weesner. 1:1-18. New York: Academic
59. Kristensen NP. 1995. Forty years' insect phylogenetic systematics. Zool. Beitr. N.F. 36:83-124
60. Lacy RC. 1980. The evolution of eusociality in termites: a haplodiploid analogy? Am. Nat. 116:449-51
61. Lacy RC. 1984. The evolution of termite eusociality: reply to Leinaas. Am. Nat. 123:876-78
62. LaFage JP, Nutting WL. 1978. Nutrient dynamics of termites. In Production Ecology of Ants and Termites, ed. MV Brian, pp. 165-244. Cambridge, Engl. Cambridge Univ. Press
63. Lefeuve P, Thome BL. 1984. Nymphsoldier intercastes in Nasulitermes lujae and N. columbicus (Isoptera; Termitidae). Can. J. Zool. 62:959-64
64. Leinaas HP. 1983. A haplodiploid analogy in the evolution of termite eusociality? Reply to Lacy. Am. Nat. 121:302-04
65. Lenz M. 1985. Is inter- and intraspecific variability of lower termite neotenic numbers due to adaptive thresholds for neotenic elimination? Considerations from studies on Porotermes adamsoni (Froggatt) (Isoptera: Termopsidae). See Ref. 136a, pp. 125-46
66. Lenz M, Barrett RA, Williams ER. 1985. Reproductive strategies in Cryptotermes: Neotenic production in indigenous and "tramp" species in Australia (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). See Ref. 136a. pp. 147-62
67. Lenz M, Runko S. 1993. Long-term impact of orphaning on field colonies of Coplotermes lacteus (Froggatt) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Insectes Sociaux 40:439-56
68. Light SF. 1943. The determination of caste of social insects. Q. Rev. Biol. 18:46-63
69. Light SF. 1944. Experimental studies on ectohormonal control of the development of supplementary reproductives in the termite genus Zootermopsis [formerly Termopsis]. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 43:413-54
70. Lin N, Michener CD. 1972. Evolution of sociality in insects. Q. Rev. Biol. 47:131-59
71. Luscher M. 1952. Die Produktion und Elimination von Ersatz-Geschlechtstieren bei der Termite Kalolermes flavicollis (Fabr.) Z. Vergl. Physiol. 34:123-41
72. Luykx P, Michel J, Luykx J. 1986. The spatial distribution of the sexes in colonies of the termite Incisitermes schwarzi Banks (Isoptera. Kalotermitidae). Insectes Sociaux 33:406-21
73. Luykx P, Syren RM. 1979. The cytogenetics of Incisitermes schwarzi and other Florida termites. Sociobiology 4:191-209
74. Luykx P, Syren RM. 1981. Multiple sexlinked reciprocal translocations in a termite from Jamaica. Experientia 37:819-20
75. Michener CD. 1969. Comparative social behavior of bees. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 14:299-342
76. Michener CD. 1985. From solitary to eusocial: Need there be a series of intervening species? In Experimental Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, ed. B Hölldobler, M Lindauer. Fortschritte der Zoologie. 31:293-305. Stuttgart: Fischer
77. Michod RE. 1982. The theory of kin selection. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 13:23-55
78. Myles TG. 1986. Reproductive soldiers in the Termopsidae (Isoptera). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 62:293-99
79. Myles TG. 1988. Resource inheritance in social evolution from termites to man. In The Ecology of Social Behavior, ed. CN Slobodchikoff, pp. 379-423. New York: Academic
80. Myles TG. 1994. Causal factors in the origin of termite eusociality. Proc. Congr. Int. Union Stud. Soc. Insect, 12th, p. 50. Paris: Univ. Paris Nord
81. Myles TG, Chang F. 1984. The caste system and caste mechanisms of Neotermes connexus (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Sociobiology 9:163-321
82. Myles TG, Nutting WL. 1988. Termite eusocial evolution: a re-examination of Bartz's hypothesis and assumptions. Q. Rev. Biol. 63:1-23
83. Nagin R. 1972. Caste determination in Neotermes jouteli (Banks). Ins. Soc. 19:39-61
84. Nalepa CA. 1984. Colony composition, protozoan transfer and some life history characteristics of the woodroach Cryptoce rcus punctulatus Scudder (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 14:273-79
85. Nalepa CA. 1988a. Cost of parental care in the woodroach Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder (Dictypotera: Cryptocercidae). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 23:135-40
86. Nalepa, C.A. 1988b. Reproduction in the woodroach Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae): mating, oviposition, and hatch. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 81:637-41
87. Nalepa CA. 1991. Ancestral transfer of symbionts between cockroaches and termites: an unlikely scenario. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. B 246:185-89
88. Nalepa CA. 1994. Nourishment and the origin of termite eusociality. In Nourishment and Evolution in Insect Societies, ed. JH Hunt, CA Nalepa, pp. 57-104. Boulder, CO: Westview
89. Nalepa CA, Jones SC. 1991. Evolution of monogamy in termites. Biol. Rev. 66:83-97
90. Noirot C. 1955. Recherches sur le polymorphisme des termites supérieurs (Termitidae). Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. 17:399-595
91. Noirot, C. 1956. Les sexués de remplacement chez les termites supérieurs (Termitidae). Insectes Sociaux 3:145-58
92. Noirot C. 1969. Formation of castes in the higher termites. In The Biology of Termites, ed. K Krishna, FM Weesner, 1:311-50. New York: Academic
93. Noirot, C. 1970. The nests of termites. In The Biology of Termites, ed. K Krishna, FM Weesner, 2:73-125. New York: Academic
94. Noirot C. 1982. La caste des ouvriers, élément majeur du succès évolutif des termites. Rivista di Biologia 75:157-95
95. Noirot C. 1985. Pathways of caste development in the lower termites. See Ref. 136a. pp. 41-57
96. Noirot C. 1985. The caste system in higher termites. See Ref. 136a, pp. 75-86
97. Noirot C. 1985. Differentiation of reproductives in higher termites. See Ref. 136a, pp. 177-86
98. Noirot, C. 1989. Social structure in termite societies. Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 1:1-17
99. Noirot C, Pasteels JM. 1987. Ontogenetic development and evolution of the worker caste in termites. Experientia (Basel) 43:851-60
100. Noirot C, Pasteels JM. 1988. The worker caste is polyphyletic in termites. Sociobiology 14:15-20
101. Noirot C, Thorne BL. 1988. Ergatoid reproductives in Nasulitermes columbicus (Isoptera, Termitidae). J. Morphol. 195:83-93
102. Nutting WL 1969. Flight and colony foundation. In The Biology of Termites, ed. K Krishna, FM Weesner, 1:233-82. New York: Academic
103. O'Riain MJ, Jarvis JUM, Faulkes CG. 1996. A dispersive morph in the naked mole rat. Nature 380:619-21
104. Pamilo P. 1984. Genetic relatedness and evolution of insect sociality. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 15:241-48
105. Roisin Y. 1988. Morphology, development and evolutionary significance of the working stages in the caste system of Prorhinotermes (Insecta, Isoptera). Zoomorphology 107:339-47
106. Roisin Y 1994. Intragroup conflicts and the evolution of sterile castes in termites. Am. Nat. 143:751-65
107. Roisin Y, Pasteels JM. 1991. Polymorphism in the giant cocoa termite. Neotermes papua (Desneux). Insectes Sociaux 38:263-72
108. Roonwal ML, Bose G, Verma SC. 1984. The Himalayan termite, Archotermopsis wroughtom(synonyms radcliffei and deodarae). Identity, distribution and biology. Rec. Zool. Surv. India 81:315-38
109. Rosengaus RB, Traniello JFA. 1991. Biparental care in incipient colonies of the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis Hagen (Isoptera: Termopsidae). J. Insect Behav. 4:633-48
110. Ruppli E. 1969. Die elimination überzahliger ersatzgeschlichtstiere bei der termite Kalotermes flavicollis (Fabr.). Insectes Sociaux 16:235-48
111. Seelinger G, Seelinger U. 1983. On the social organization, alarm and fighting in the primitive cockroach Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychol. 61:315-33
112. Seger J. 1983. Conditional relatedness, recombination, and the chromosome number of insects. In Advances in Herpetology and Evolutionary Biology, ed. AGJ Rhodin, K Miyata, pp. 596-612. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
113. Seger J. 1991. Cooperation and conflict in social insects. In Behavioral Ecology An Evolutionary Approach, ed. JR Krebs, NB Davies, 2:338-73. Oxford: Blackwell
114. Seger J, Moran NA. 1996. Snappling social swimmers. Nature 381:473-74
115. Sewell JJ, Watson JAL. 1981. Developmental pathways in Australian species of Kalotermes Hagen (Isoptera). Sociobiology 6:243-324
116. Shellman-Reeve JS. 1990. Dynamics of biparental care in the dampwood termite, Zootermopsis nevadensis (Hagen): response to nitrogen availability. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 26:389-97
117. Shellman-Reeve JS. 1994. Limited nutrients in a dampwood termite: nest preference, competition and cooperative nest defence. J. Anim. Ecol. 63:921-32
118. Sherman PW. 1979. Insect chromosome number and eusociality. Am. Nat. 113:924-35
119. Sherman PW, Lacey EA, Reeve HK, Keller L. 1995. The eusociality continuum. Behav. Ecol. 6:102-8
120. Springhetti A. 1969. Il controllo sociale della differenziazione degli alati In Kalotermes flavicollis (Isoptera). Ann. dell' Univ. di Ferrara, (Sezione 3), 3:73-96
121. Starr CK. 1979. Origin and evolution of insect sociality: a review of modern theory In Social Insects, ed. HR Hermann, 1:35-79. New York: Academic
122. Syren RM, Luykx P. 1977. Permanent segmental interchange complex in the termite Incisitermes schwarzi. Nature 266:167-68
123. Syren RM, Luykx P. 1981. Geographic variation of sex-linked translocation heterozygosity in the termite Kalotermes approximatus Snyder (Insecta: Isoptera). Chromosoma 82:65-88
124. Taylor VA. 1978. A winged élite in a subcortical beetle as a model for a prototermite. Nature 276:73-75
125. Templeton A. 1979. Chromosome number, quantitative genetics and eusociality. Am. Nat. 113:937-54
126. Thompson CB. 1922. The castes of Termopsis. J. Morphol. 36:495-531
127. Thorne BL. 1990. A case for ancestral transfer of symbionts between cockroaches and termites. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. 8241:37-41
128. Thorne BL. 1991. Ancestral transfer of symbionts between cockroaches and termites: an alternative hypothesis. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. B 246:191-95
129. Thorne BL. 1996. Termite terminology, Sociobiology 28:253-63
130. Thorne BL, Carpenter JM. 1992. Phylogeny of the Dictyoptera. Syst. Entomol. 17:253-68
131. Thorne BL, Haverty MI. 1991. A review of intracolony, intraspecific, and interspecific agonism in termites. Sociobiology 19:115-45
132. Tyson JJ. 1984. Evolution of eusociality in diploid species. Theoret. Pop. Biol. 26:283-95
133. Vincke PP, Tilquin JP. 1978. A sexlinked ring quadrivalent in Termitidae (Isoptera). Chromosoma 67:151-56
134. Wade MJ, Breden F. 1981. Effect of inbreeding on the evolution of altruistic behavior by kin selection. Evolution 35:844-58
135. Waller DA, LaFage JP. 1987. Nutritional ecology of termites. In Nutritional Ecology of Insects, Miles, and Spiders, ed. F Slansky, JG Rodriguez, pp. 487-532. New York: Wiley
136. Watson JAL, Abbey HM. 1989. A 17-year old primary reproductive of Mastotermes darwiniensis (Isoptera). Sociobiology 15:279-84
137. 136a. Watson JAL, Okot-Kotber BM, Noirot C, eds. Caste Differentiation in Social Insects. Oxford: Oxford Pergamon
138. West-Eberhard MJ. 1987. Flexible strategy and social evolution. In Animal Societies: Theories and Facts, pp. 35-51. Jpn. Scientific Soc., Tokyo
139. Wheeler WM. 1930. Societal evolution. In Human Biology and Racial Welfare, ed. EV Cowdry, pp. 139-55. New York: Hoeber
140. Wilson EO. 1971. The Insect Societies. Cambridge, MA: Belknap
141. Wilson EO. 1992. The Diversity of Life. Cambridge: Belknap
142. Yin C-M, Gillot C. 1975. Endocrine control of caste differentiation In Zootermopsis angusticollis Hagen (Isoptera). Can. J. Zool. 53:1701-708
143. Zimmerman RB. 1983. Sibling manipulation and indirect fitness in termites. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 12:143-45