The evolutionary enigma of sex

American Naturalist

Volumn 174, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2009, Pages

  Otto, Sarah P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPLEXITY; ECOLOGICAL MODELING; EVOLUTION; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION;

EUKARYOTA;

ALLELE; ANIMAL; CROSS BREEDING; EVOLUTION; FEMALE; GENETICS; HUMAN; MALE; PHYSIOLOGY; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR;

ALLELES; ANIMALS; CROSSES, GENETIC; EVOLUTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; REPRODUCTION; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL;

EID: 68549133539     PISSN: 00030147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/599084     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Agrawal, A. F. 2006. Similarity selection and the evolution of sex: revisiting the Red Queen. PLoS Biology 4:e265.
2. -. 2009. Spatial heterogeneity and the evolution of sex in diploids. American Naturalist 174(suppl.):S54-S70.
3. Agrawal, A. F., and S. P. Otto. 2006. Host-parasite coevolution and selection on sex through the effects of segregation. American Naturalist 168:617-629.
4. Agrawal, A. F., L. Hadany, and S. P. Otto. 2005. The evolution of plastic recombination. Genetics 171:803-812.
5. Asker, S. E., and L. Jerling. 1992. Apomixis in plants. CRC, Boca Raton, FL.
6. Barbour, A. G., and B. I. Restrepo. 2000. Antigenic variation in vectorborne pathogens. Emerging Infectious Diseases 6:449-457.
7. Barton, N. H. 1995a. A general model for the evolution of recombination. Genetical Research 65:123-144.
8. -. 1995b. Linkage and the limits to natural selection. Genetics 140:821-841.
9. Barton, N. H., and S. P. Otto. 2005. Evolution of recombination due to random drift. Genetics 169:2353-2370.
10. Bell, G. 1982. The masterpiece of nature: the evolution and genetics of sexuality. University of California Press, Berkeley.
11. Brooks, L. 1988. The evolution of recombination rates. Pages 87-105 in R. E. Michod and B. R. Levin, eds. The evolution of sex: an examination of current ideas. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
12. Burdon, J. J. 1997. The evolution of gene-for-gene interactions in natural pathosystems. Pages 245-262 in I. R. Crute, E. B. Holub, and J. J. Burdon, eds. The gene-for-gene relationship in plantparasite interactions. CAB International, Wallingford.
13. Charlesworth, B. 1990. Mutation-selection balance and the evolutionary advantage of sex and recombination. Genetical Research 55:199-221. (Pubitemid 20252066)
14. - 1993. Directional selection and the evolution of sex and recombination. Genetical Research 61:205-224. (Pubitemid 23221804)
15. Chasnov, J. R. 2000. Mutation-selection balance, dominance and the maintenance of sex. Genetics 156:1419-1425.
16. Colegrave, N. 2002. Sex releases the speed limit on evolution. Nature 420:664-666. (Pubitemid 36764496)
17. Colegrave, N., O. Kaltz, and G. Bell. 2002. The ecology and genetics of fitness in Chlamydomonas. VIII. The dynamics of adaptation to novel environments after a single episode of sex. Evolution 56: 14-21.
18. Cooper, T. R 2007. Recombination speeds adaptation by reducing competition between beneficial mutations in populations of Escherichia coli. PLoS Biology 5:e225, doi:10.1371/journal.pbio .0050225.
19. Crute, I. R., E. B. Holub, and J. J. Burdon, eds. 1997. The gene-forgene relationship in plant-parasite interactions. CAB International, Wallingford.
20. de Visser, J. A. G. M., and S. F. Elena. 2007. The evolution of sex: empirical insights into the roles of epistasis and drift. Nature Review Genetics 8:139-149.
21. de Visser, J. A. G. M., C. Zeyl, P. Gerrish, J. Blanchard, and R. E. Lenski. 1999. Diminishing returns from mutation supply rate in asexual populations. Science 283:404-406.
22. de Visser, J. A. G. M., S.-C. Park, and J. Krug. 2009. Exploring the effect of sex on empirical fitness landscapes. American Naturalist 174(suppl.):S15-S30.
23. Dolgin, E. S., and S. P. Otto. 2003. Segregation and the evolution of sex under overdominant selection. Genetics 164:1119-1128. (Pubitemid 36935685)
24. Donelson, J. E. 1995. Mechanisms of antigenic variation in Borrelia hermsii and African trypanosomes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270:7783-7786.
25. Eshel, L, and M. W. Feldman. 1970. On the evolutionary effect of recombination. Theoretical Population Biology 1:88-100.
26. Feldman, M. W. 1972. Selection for linkage modification. I. Random mating populations. Theoretical Population Biology 3:324-346.
27. Feldman, M. W., R B. Christiansen, and L. D. Brooks. 1980. Evolution of recombination in a constant environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 77:4838-4841.
28. Feldman, M. W., F. B. Christiansen, and U. Liberman. 1983. On some models of fertility selection. Genetics 105:1003-1010.
29. Feldman, M. W., S. P. Otto, and F. B. Christiansen. 1997. Population genetic perspectives on the evolution of recombination. Annual Review of Genetics 30:261-295.
30. Felsenstein, J. 1974. The evolutionary advantage of recombination. Genetics 78:737-756.
31. Felsenstein, J., and S. Yokoyama. 1976. The evolutionary advantage of recombination. II. Individual selection for recombination. Genetics 83:845-859.
32. Fisher, R. A. 1930. The genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
33. Flor, H. H. 1956. The complementary genie systems in flax and flax rust. Advances in Genetics 8:29-54.
34. Gandon, S., and S. P. Otto. 2007. The evolution of sex and recombination in response to abiotic or coevolutionary fluctuations in epistasis. Genetics 175:1835-1853. (Pubitemid 46789967)
35. Gerke, J. P., C. T. L. Chen, and B. A. Cohen. 2006. Natural isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae display complex genetic variation in sporulation efficiency. Genetics 174:985-997.
36. Gessler, D. D. G., and S. Z. Xu. 2000. Meiosis and the evolution of recombination at low mutation rates. Genetics 156:449-456.
37. Goddard, M. R., H. C. J. Godfray, and A. Burt. 2005. Sex increases the efficacy of natural selection in experimental yeast populations. Nature 434:636-640. (Pubitemid 40488554)
38. Hadany, L., and T. Beker. 2003. On the evolutionary advantage of fitness-associated recombination. Genetics 165:2167-2179.
39. Hadany, L., and S. P. Otto. 2007. The evolution of conditiondependent sex in the face of high costs. Genetics 176:1713-1727.
40. --------. 2009. Condition-dependent sex and the rate of adaptation.
41. American Naturalist 174(suppl.):S71-S78.
42. Hamilton, W. D. 1980. Sex vs. non-sex vs. parasite. Oikos 35:282-290.
43. Hamilton, W. D., R. Axelrod, and R. Tanese. 1990. Sexual reproduction as an adaptation to resist parasites: a review. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 87:3566-3573. (Pubitemid 20173678)
44. Hill, J. A., and S. P. Otto. 2007. The role of pleiotropy in the maintenance of sex in yeast. Genetics 175:1419-1427. (Pubitemid 46798241)
45. Hill, W. G., and A. Robertson. 1966. The effect of linkage on the limits to artificial selection. Genetical Research 8:269-294.
46. Howard, R. S., and C. M. Lively. 1994. Parasitism, mutation accumulation and the maintenance of sex. Nature 367:554-557. (Pubitemid 24055512)
47. Iles, M. M., K. Walters, and C. Cannings. 2003. Recombination can evolve in large finite populations given selection on sufficient loci. Genetics 165:333-337.
48. Jaenike, J. 1978. An hypothesis to account for the maintenance of sex in populations. Evolutionary Theory 3:191-194.
49. Ji, Y. F., D. M. Stelly, M. De Donato, M. M. Goodman, and C. G. Williams. 1999. A candidate recombination modifier gene for Zea mays L. Genetics 151:821-830.
50. Johnson, S. G., and R. S. Howard. 2007. Contrasting patterns of synonymous and nonsynonymous sequence evolution in asexual and sexual freshwater snail lineages. Evolution 61:2728-2735.
51. Jokela, J., M. F. Dybdahl, and C. M. Lively. 2009. The maintenance of sex, clonal dynamics, and host-parasite coevolution in a mixed population of sexual and asexual snails. American Naturalist 174(suppl.):S43-S53.
52. Kaltz, O., and G. Bell. 2002. The ecology and genetics of fitness in Chlamydomonas. XII. Repeated sexual episodes increase rates of adaptation to novel environments. Evolution 56:1743-1753.
53. Keightley, P. D., and S. P. Otto. 2006. Interference among deleterious mutations favours sex and recombination in finite populations. Nature 443:89-92.
54. Kelley, S. E., J. Antonovics, and J. Schmitt. 1988. A test of the shortterm advantage of sexual reproduction. Nature 331:714-716.
55. Kimura, M. 1956. A model of a genetic system which leads to closer linkage by natural selection. Evolution 10:278-287.
56. Kondrashov, A. S. 1984. Deleterious mutations as an evolutionary factor. I. The advantage of recombination. Genetical Research 44: 199-217.
57. Kong, A., D. F. Gudbjartsson, J. Sainz, G. M. Jonsdottir, S. A. Gudjonsson, B. Richardsson, S. Sigurdardottir, et al. 2002. A highresolution recombination map of the human genome. Nature Genetics 31:241-247. (Pubitemid 34887588)
58. Kong, A., G. Thorleifsson, H. Stefansson, G. Masson, A. Helgason, D. R Gudbjartsson, G. M. Jonsdottir, et al. 2008. Sequence variants in the RNF212 gene associate with genome-wide recombination rate. Science 319:1398-1401.
59. Kouyos, R. D., O. K. Silander, and S. Bonhoeffer. 2007a. Epistasis between deleterious mutations and the evolution of recombination. Trends in Ecology 8c Evolution 22:308-315. (Pubitemid 46734517)
60. Kouyos, R. D., M. Salathé, and S. Bonhoeffer. 2007b. The Red Queen and the persistence of linkage-disequilibrium oscillations in finite and infinite populations. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7:211-220.
61. Kusch, J., and H. J. Schmidt. 2001. Genetically controlled expression of surface variant antigens in free-living protozoa. Journal of Membrane Biology 180:101-109. (Pubitemid 32241004)
62. Lenormand, T., and S. P. Otto. 2000. The evolution of recombination in a heterogeneous environment. Genetics 156:423-438.
63. Li, C.-X., and W A. Cowling. 2003. Identification of a single dominant allele for resistance to blackleg in Brassica napus "Surpass 400." Plant Breeding 122:485-488.
64. Lloyd, D. G. 1980. Benefits and handicaps of sexual reproduction. Evolutionary Biology 13:69-111.
65. Malmberg, R. L. 1977. The evolution of epistasis and the advantage of recombination in populations of bacteriophage T4. Genetics 86: 607-623.
66. Martin, G., S. P. Otto, and T. Lenormand. 2006. Selection for recombination in structured populations. Genetics 172:593-609.
67. May, R. M., and R. M. Anderson. 1983. Epidemiology and genetics in the coevolution of parasites and hosts. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 219:281-313.
68. Morgan, T. H. 1913. Heredity and sex. Columbia University Press, New York.
69. Muller, H. J. 1932. Some genetic aspects of sex. American Naturalist 66:118-138.
70. - 1964. The relation of recombination to mutational advance. Mutation Research 1:2-9.
71. Nei, M. 1967. Modification of linkage intensity by natural selection. Genetics 57:625-641.
72. Neiman, M., and B. Koskella. 2009. Sex and the Red Queen. Forthcoming. In I. Schön, K. Martens, and P. Van Dijk, eds. Lost sex. Springer, Berlin.
73. Otto, S. P. 2003. The advantages of segregation and the evolution of sex. Genetics 164:1099-1118.
74. Otto, S. P., and N. H. Barton. 1997. The evolution of recombination: removing the limits to natural selection. Genetics 147:879-906. (Pubitemid 27418594)
75. -. 2001. Selection for recombination in small populations. Evolution 55:1921-1931.
76. Otto, S. P., and M. W. Feldman. 1997. Deleterious mutations, variable epistatic interactions, and the evolution of recombination. Theoretical Population Biology 51:134-147.
77. Otto, S. P., and A. C. Gerstein. 2006. Why have sex? the population genetics of sex and recombination. Biochemical Society Transactions 34:519-522.
78. Otto, S. P., and S. L. Nuismer. 2004. Species interactions and the evolution of sex. Science 304:1018-1020.
79. Paland, S., and M. Lynch. 2006. Transitions to asexuality result in excess amino acid substitutions. Science 311:990-992. (Pubitemid 43271723)
80. Peck, J. R. 1993. Frequency-dependent selection, beneficial mutations, and the evolution of sex. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 125:87-92. (Pubitemid 24016978)
81. - 1994. A ruby in the rubbish: beneficial mutations, deleterious mutations and the evolution of sex. Genetics 137:597-606.
82. Peters, A. D., and C. M. Lively. 1999. The Red Queen and fluctuating epistasis: a population genetic analysis of antagonistic coevolution. American Naturalist 154:393-405.
83. Poon, A., and L. Chao. 2004. Drift increases the advantage of sex in RNA bacteriophage Phi6. Genetics 166:19-24. (Pubitemid 38364698)
84. Pylkov, K. V., L. A. Zhivotovsky, and M. W. Feldman. 1998. Migration versus mutation in the evolution of recombination under multilocus selection. Genetical Research 71:247-256.
85. Ravi, M., M. P. A. Marimuthu, and I. Siddiqi. 2008. Gamete formation without meiosis in Arabidopsis. Nature 451:1121-1125.
86. Redfield, R. J. 1988. Evolution of bacterial transformation: is sex with dead cells ever better than no sex at all? Genetics 119:213-221.
87. Rice, W. R. 1983. Parent-offspring pathogen transmission: a selective agent promoting sexual reproduction. American Naturalist 121: 187-203.
88. - 1999. Genetic polarization: unifying theories for the adaptive significance of recombination. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 12: 1047-1049.
89. - 2002. Experimental tests of the adaptive significance of sexual recombination. Nature Reviews Genetics 3:241-251.
90. Roze, D. 2009. Diploidy, population structure, and the evolution of recombination. American Naturalist 174(suppl.):S79-S94.
91. Roze, D., and N. H. Barton. 2006. The Hill-Robertson effect and the evolution of recombination. Genetics 173:1793-1811.
92. Salathé, M., R. D. Kouyos, R. R. Regoes, and S. Bonhoeffer. 2008. Rapid parasite adaptation drives selection for high recombination. Evolution 62:295-300. (Pubitemid 351294550)
93. Salathé, M.., R. D. Kouyos, and S. Bonhoeffer. 2009. On the causes of selection for recombination underlying the Red Queen hypothesis. American Naturalist 174(suppl.):S31-S42.
94. Vrijenhoek, R. C. 1998. Animal clones and diversity. BioScience 48: 617-628.
95. Weismann, A. 1889. The significance of sexual reproduction in the theory of natural selection. Pages 251-332 in E. B. Poulton, S. Schönland, and A. E. Shipley, eds. Essays upon heredity and kindred biological problems. Clarendon, Oxford.
96. Whitton, J., C. J. Sears, E. J. Baack, and S. P. Otto. 2008. The dynamic nature of apomixis in the angiosperms. International Journal of Plant Sciences 169:169-182.
97. Williams, C. G., M. M. Goodman, and C. W. Stuber. 1995. Comparative recombination distances among Zea mays L. inbreds, wide crosses and interspecific hybrids. Genetics 141:1573-1581.
98. Winckler, W, S. R. Myers, D. J. Richter, R. C. Onofrio, G. J. McDonald, R. E. Bontrop, G. A. McVean, et al. 2005. Comparison of fine-scale recombination rates in humans and chimpanzees. Science 308:107-111. (Pubitemid 40471008)
99. Xu, J. 2002. Estimating the spontaneous mutation rate of loss of sex in the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Genetics 162:1157-1167.
100. Zeyl, C., C. Curtin, K. Karnap, and E. Beauchamp. 2005. Antagonism between sexual and natural selection in experimental populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Evolution 59:2109-2115.