Comparison of the prevalence and changing resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin of Shigella between Europe-America and Asia-Africa from 1998 to 2009

International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 9-17

  Gu, Bing ^a,b   Cao, Yan ^a,b   Pan, Shiyang ^a,b   Zhuang, Ling ^c   Yu, Rongbin ^a   Peng, Zhihang ^a   Qian, Huimin ^c   Wei, Yongyue ^a   Zhao, Lianying ^a   Liu, Genyan ^a,b   Tong, Mingqing ^a,b  

^a NANJING MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine   (China)

^c JIANGSU PROVINCIAL CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (China)

Author keywords

Ciprofloxacin; Meta analysis; Nalidixic acid; Resistance; Shigella flexneri; Shigella sonnei

Indexed keywords

CIPROFLOXACIN; NALIDIXIC ACID;

ADULT; AFRICA; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ASIA; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; CHILD; COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG EFFICACY; EUROPE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SHIGELLA BOYDII; SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE; SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; SHIGELLA SONNEI; SHIGELLOSIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREND STUDY; WESTERN HEMISPHERE;

EID: 84861903267     PISSN: 09248579     EISSN: 18727913     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.02.005     Document Type: Short Survey

References (131)

1. Ashkenazi S. Shigella infections in children: new insights. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 2004;15:246-52. (Pubitemid 39371105)
2. Christopher PR, David KV, John SM, Sankarapandian V. Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010:CD06784.
3. Sendzik J, Lode H, Stahlmann R. Quinolone-induced arthropathy: an update focusing on new mechanistic and clinical data. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009;33:194-200.
4. Jick S. Ciprofloxacin safety in a pediatric population. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:130-3.
5. Bhattacharya K, Bhattacharya MK, Dutta D, Dutta S, Deb M, Deb A, et al. Double-blind, randomized clinical trial for safety and efficacy of norfloxacin for shigellosis in children. Acta Paediatr 1997;86:319-20. (Pubitemid 27135282)
6. Green S, Tillotson G. Use of ciprofloxacin in developing countries. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:150-9.
7. Vinh H, Wain J, Chinh MT, Tam CT, Trang PT, Nga D, et al. Treatment of bacillary dysentery in Vietnamese children: two doses of ofloxacin versus 5 days of nalidixic acid. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000;94:323-6. (Pubitemid 30406571)
8. Bhattacharya SK, Sur D. An evaluation of current shigellosis treatment. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2003;4:1315-20. (Pubitemid 36949678)
9. Bennish ML, Salam MA, Khan WA, Khan AM. Treatment of shigellosis: III. Comparison of one- or two-dose ciprofloxacin with standard 5-day therapy. A randomized blinded trial. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:727-34.
10. Freeman MF, Tukey JW. Transformations related to the angular and square root. Ann Math Stat 1950;21:607-11.
11. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System annual report 2008. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/narms/ [accessed 9 January 2011].
12. Sire JM, Macondo EA, Perrier-Gros-Claude JD, Siby T, Bahsoun I, Seck A, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Shigella species isolated in Dakar, Senegal (2004-2006). Jpn J Infect Dis 2008;61:307-9.
13. Oyofo BA, Lesmana M, Subekti D, Tjaniadi P, Larasati W, Putri M, et al. Surveillance of bacterial pathogens of diarrhea disease in Indonesia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2002;44:227-34. (Pubitemid 35454097)
14. Tjaniadi P, Lesmana M, Subekti D, Machpud N, Komalarini S, Santoso W, et al. Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial pathogens associated with diarrheal patients in Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003;68:666-70. (Pubitemid 38235094)
15. Mamishi S, Mashoori N, Mahboobi N, Pour Akbari B. Increasing resistance to nalidixic acid in Shigella subgroups in a comparative study between 2001-2003 and 2004-2006. Singapore Med J 2009;50:791-3.
16. Nguyen TV, Le PV, Le CH, Weintraub A. Antibiotic resistance in diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Shigella strains isolated from children in Hanoi, Vietnam. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:816-19. (Pubitemid 40175706)
17. Ahmed AM, Furuta K, Shimomura K, Kasama Y, Shimamoto T. Genetic characterization of multidrug resistance in Shigella spp. from Japan. J Med Microbiol 2006;55:1685-91. (Pubitemid 44902032)
18. Ashkenazi S, Levy I, Kazaronovski V, Samra Z. Growing antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51:427-9. (Pubitemid 36231170)
19. Niyogi SK, Mitra U, Dutta P. Changing patterns of serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Shigella species isolated from children in Calcutta, India. Jpn J Infect Dis 2001;54:121-2. (Pubitemid 32899075)
20. Farshad S, Sheikhi R, Japoni A, Basiri E, Alborzi A. Characterization of Shigella strains in Iran by plasmid profile analysis and PCR amplification of ipa genes. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:2879-83. (Pubitemid 44228584)
21. Pazhani GP, Niyogi SK, Singh AK, Sen B, Taneja N, Kundu M, et al. Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Shigella species isolated from epidemic and endemic cases of shigellosis in India. J Med Microbiol 2008;57:856-63.
22. Karacan C, Tavil B, Topal Y, Zorlu P, Tayman C. Evaluation of shigellosis in a Turkish children's hospital. Pediatr Int 2007;49:589-92. (Pubitemid 47414905)
23. Vinh H, Nhu NT, Nga TV, Duy PT, Campbell JI, Hoang NV, et al. A changing picture of shigellosis in southern Vietnam: shifting species dominance, antimicrobial susceptibility and clinical presentation. BMC Infect Dis 2009;9:204.
24. Niyogi SK, Pazhani GP. Multiresistant Shigella species isolated from childhood diarrhea cases in Kolkata, India. Jpn J Infect Dis 2003;56:33-4. (Pubitemid 36626521)
25. Haukka K, Siitonen A. Emerging resistance to newer antimicrobial agents among Shigella isolated from Finnish foreign travellers. Epidemiol Infect 2008;136:476-82. (Pubitemid 351344518)
26. Wang XY, Du L, Von Seidlein L, Xu ZY, Zhang YL, Hao ZY, et al. Occurrence of shigellosis in the young and elderly in rural China: results of a 12-month population-based surveillance study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005;73:416-22. (Pubitemid 41278722)
27. Navaneeth BV, Suganthi N, Belwadi MR. Antibiotic resistance among common bacterial enteric pathogens isolated from stool. Indian J Pediatr 2001;68:687-8. (Pubitemid 32758317)
28. Rahman M, Shoma S, Rashid H, El Arifeen S, Baqui AH, Siddique AK, et al. Increasing spectrum in antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates in Bangladesh: resistance to azithromycin and ceftriaxone and decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. J Health Popul Nutr 2007;25:158-67. (Pubitemid 47604194)
29. Zhu DA, Sun JY, Fan HQ. Antimicrobial resistance and extended-spectrum β- lactamases genotypes of Shigella isolates in Shanghai. Chin J Infect Chemother 2009;9:126-8.
30. Iwalokun BA, Gbenle GO, Smith SI, Ogunledun A, Akinsinde KA, Omonigbehin EA. Epidemiology of shigellosis in Lagos, Nigeria: trends in antimicrobial resistance. J Health Popul Nutr 2001;19:183-90. (Pubitemid 33094577)
31. Temu MM, Kaatano GM, Miyaye ND, Buhalata SN, Shushu ML, Kishamawe C, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella flexneri and S. dysenteriae isolated from stool specimens of patients with bloody diarrhoea in Mwanza, Tanzania. Tanzan Health Res Bull 2007;9:186-9.
32. MoezArdalan K, Zali MR, Dallal MM, Hemami MR, Salmanzadeh-Ahrabi S. Prevalence and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of Shigella species among patients with acute diarrhoea in Karaj, Tehran, Iran. J Health Popul Nutr 2003;21:96-102.
33. Putnam SD, Riddle MS, Wierzba TF, Pittner BT, Elyazeed RA, El-Gendy A, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility trends among Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. isolated from rural Egyptian paediatric populations with diarrhoea between 1995 and 2000. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004;10:804-10. (Pubitemid 39276314)
34. Pazhani GP, Ramamurthy T, Mitra U, Bhattacharya SK, Niyogi SK. Species diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Shigella spp. isolated between 2001 and 2004 from hospitalized children with diarrhoea in Kolkata (Calcutta), India. Epidemiol Infect 2005;133:1089-95. (Pubitemid 41699944)
35. Streit JM, Jones RN, Toleman MA, Stratchounski LS, Fritsche TR. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among gastroenteritis- causing pathogens recovered in Europe and Latin America and Salmonella isolates recovered from bloodstream infections in North America and Latin America: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2003). Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006;27:367-75.
36. Jones FR, Sanchez JL, Meza R, Batsel TM, Burga R, Canal E, et al. Short report: high incidence of shigellosis among Peruvian soldiers deployed in the Amazon River basin. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004;70:663-5. (Pubitemid 38802398)
37. Djie-Maletz A, Reither K, Danour S, Anyidoho L, Saad E, Danikuu F, et al. High rate of resistance to locally used antibiotics among enteric bacteria from children in Northern Ghana. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;61:1315-18. (Pubitemid 351753600)
38. Cheasty T, Day M, Threlfall EJ. Increasing incidence of resistance to nalidixic acid in shigellas from humans in England and Wales: implications for therapy. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004;10:1033-5. (Pubitemid 39562479)
39. Opintan J, Newman MJ. Distribution of serogroups and serotypes of multiple drug resistant Shigella isolates. Ghana Med J 2007;41:8-29.
40. Dutta S, Rajendran K, Roy S, Chatterjee A, Dutta P, Nair GB, et al. Shifting serotypes, plasmid profile analysis and antimicrobial resistance pattern of shigellae strains isolated from Kolkata, India during 1995-2000. Epidemiol Infect 2002;129:235-43. (Pubitemid 35243751)
41. Nandy S, Mitra U, Rajendran K, Dutta P, Dutta S. Subtype prevalence, plasmid profiles and growing fluoroquinolone resistance in Shigella from Kolkata, India (2001-2007): a hospital-based study. Trop Med Int Health 2010;15:1499-507.
42. Zafar A, Sabir N, Bhutta ZA. Frequency of isolation of Shigella serogroups/serotypes and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in children from slum areas in Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc 2005;55:184-8. (Pubitemid 41323223)
43. Bercion R, Njuimo SP, Boudjeka PM, Manirakiza A. Distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of Shigella isolates in Bangui, Central African Republic. Trop Med Int Health 2008;13:468-71. (Pubitemid 351533596)
44. Uppal B, Arora VM. Changing resistance pattern of Shigella isolates in a Delhi hospital: an alarming trend. Indian J Med Microbiol 2004;22:199-200. (Pubitemid 39206751)
45. Al-Moyed KA, Harmal NS, Al-Harasy AH, Al-Shamahy HA. Increasing single and multi-antibiotic resistance in Shigella species isolated from shigellosis patients in Sana'a, Yemen. Saudi Med J 2006;27:1157-60. (Pubitemid 47045005)
46. Roy S, Bhattacharya D, Thanasekaran K, Ghosh AR, Manimunda SP, Bharadwaj AP, et al. Emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in Shigella isolated from Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. Indian J Med Res 2010;131:720-2.
47. Mache A. Antibiotic resistance and sero-groups of Shigella among paediatric out-patients in southwest Ethiopia. East Afr Med J 2001;78:296-9. (Pubitemid 33395554)
48. Khan E, Jabeen K, Ejaz M, Siddiqui J, Shezad MF, Zafar A. Trends in antimicrobial resistance in Shigella species in Karachi, Pakistan. J Infect Dev Ctries 2009;15(3):798-802.
49. Jamsheer AE, Bindayna KM, Al-Balooshi NA, Botta GA. Trend of antibiotic resistance in 1316 Shigella strains isolated in Bahrain. Saudi Med J 2003;24:424-6. (Pubitemid 36626102)
50. Ismaeel AY, Jamsheer AE, Yousif AQ, Al-Otaibi MA, Botta GA. Causative pathogens of severe diarrhea in children. Saudi Med J 2002;23:1064-9. (Pubitemid 35331304)
51. Diniz-Santos DR, Santana JS, Barretto JR, Andrade MG, Silva LR. Epidemiological and microbiological aspects of acute bacterial diarrhea in children from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2005;9:77-83. (Pubitemid 41686168)
52. Liu LM, Qu F, Cui EB, Guo TS, Li XH, Liao HF. Distribution and resistance of enteric pathogenic bacteria in Beijing area from 2005 to 2006. Chin J Antibiot 2007;32, 745-7, 767.
53. Yu HL, Chang ZR, Zhang LS, Zhang J, Li ZJ, Xu JG, et al. Analysis on the status of Shigella spp. antimicrobial resistance through data from the National Shigellosis Surveillance System in China, in 2005. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2007;28:370-3 [in Chinese].
54. Mamatha B, Pusapati BR, Rituparna C. Changing patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella serotypes isolated from children with acute diarrhea in Manipal, South India, a 5 year study. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2007;38:863-6.
55. Samie A, Guerrant RL, Barrett L, Bessong PO, Igumbor EO, Obi CL. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic and bacterial pathogens in diarrhoeal and non-diarroeal human stools from Vhembe district, South Africa. J Health Popul Nutr 2009;27:739-45.
56. Khan AI, Huq S, Malek MA, Hossain MI, Talukder KA, Faruque AS, et al. Shigella serotypes among hospitalized patients in urban Bangladesh and their antimicrobial resistance. Epidemiol Infect 2004;132:773-7. (Pubitemid 39140112)
57. Banajeh SM, Ba-Oum NH, Al-Sanabani RM. Bacterial aetiology and antimicrobial resistance of childhood diarrhoea in Yemen. J Trop Pediatr 2001;47:301-3. (Pubitemid 32994500)
58. Rowe JS, Shah SS, Motlhagodi S, Bafana M, Tawanana E, Truong HT, et al. An epidemiologic review of enteropathogens in Gaborone, Botswana: shifting patterns of resistance in an HIV endemic region. PLoS One 2010;5:e10924.
59. Jamal W, Rotimi VO, Pal T, Sonnevend A, Dimitrov TS. Comparative in vitro activity of tigecycline and other antimicrobial agents against Shigella species from Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates. J Infect Public Health 2010;3:35-42.
60. Mota MI, Gadea MP, González S, González G, Pardo L, Sirok A, et al. Bacterial pathogens associated with bloody diarrhea in Uruguayan children. Rev Argent Microbiol 2010;42:114-17.
61. Abu Elamreen FH, Abed AA, Sharif FA. Detection and identification of bacterial enteropathogens by polymerase chain reaction and conventional techniques in childhood acute gastroenteritis in Gaza, Palestine. Int J Infect Dis 2007;11:501-7. (Pubitemid 47626038)
62. Abu Elamreen FH, Sharif FA, Deeb JE. Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella and Shigella strains isolated from children in Gaza, Palestine from 1999 to 2006. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;23:e330-3.
63. von Seidlein L, Kim DR, Ali M, Lee H, Wang X, Thiem VD, et al. A multicentre study of Shigella diarrhoea in six Asian countries: disease burden, clinical manifestations, and microbiology. PLoS Med 2006;3:e353.
64. Taneja N, Mohan B, Khurana S, Sharma M. Antimicrobial resistance in selected bacterial enteropathogens in north India. Indian J Med Res 2004;120:39-43. (Pubitemid 39172817)
65. Rosewell A, Ropa B, Posanai E, Dutta SR, Mola G, Zwi A, et al. Shigella spp. antimicrobial drug resistance, Papua New Guinea, 2000-2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2010;16:1797-9.
66. Kuo CY, Su LH, Perera J, Carlos C, Tan BH, Kumarasinghe G, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella isolates in eight Asian countries, 2001-2004. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2008;41:107-11.
67. Hamedi A. Antibiotic resistance in children with bloody diarrhea. Acta Medica Iranica 2009;47:121-4.
68. Drews SJ, Lau C, Andersen M, Ferrato C, Simmonds K, Stafford L, et al. Laboratory based surveillance of travel-related Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri in Alberta from 2002 to 2007. Global Health 2010;1:20.
69. Peirano G, Souza FS, Rodrigues DP; Shigella Study Group. Frequency of serovars and antimicrobial resistance in Shigella spp. from Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006;101:245-50. (Pubitemid 43962008)
70. Tiruneh M. Serodiversity and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Shigella isolates at Gondar University teaching hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Jpn J Infect Dis 2009;62:93-7.
71. Qureishi MI, Borji A, Bokaeian M, Roudbari M, Shahraki S, Niazi A, et al. Antimicrobial resistance of Shigella spp. isolated from diarrheal patients in Zahedan. Acta Medica Iranica 2008;5:413-16.
72. Ashtiani MT, Monajemzadeh M, Kashi L. Trends in antimicrobial resistance of fecal Shigella and Salmonella isolates in Tehran, Iran. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2009;52:52-5.
73. Bhattacharya S, Khanal B, Bhattarai NR, Das ML. Prevalence of Shigella species and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in Eastern Nepal. J Health Popul Nutr 2005;23:339-42.
74. Wilson G, Easow JM, Mukhopadhyay C, Shivananda PG. Isolation & antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella from patients with acute gastroenteritis in Western Nepal. Indian J Med Res 2006;123:145-50.
75. Zafar A, Hasan R, Nizami SQ, von Seidlein L, Soofi S, Ahsan T, et al. Frequency of isolation of various subtypes and antimicrobial resistance of Shigella from urban slums of Karachi, Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis 2009;13:668-72.
76. Chompook P, Samosornsuk S, von Seidlein L, Jitsanguansuk S, Sirima N, Sudjai S, et al. Estimating the burden of shigellosis in Thailand: 36-month population-based surveillance study. Bull World Health Organ 2005;83:739-46. (Pubitemid 41474692)
77. Kosek M, Yori PP, Pan WK, Olortegui MP, Gilman RH, Perez J, et al. Epidemiology of highly endemic multiply antibiotic-resistant shigellosis in children in the Peruvian Amazon. Pediatrics 2008;122:e541-9.
78. Ahmed SF, Riddle MS, Wierzba TF, Messih IA, Monteville MR, Sanders JW, et al. Epidemiology and genetic characterization of Shigella flexneri strains isolated from three paediatric populations in Egypt (2000-2004). Epidemiol Infect 2006;134:1237-48. (Pubitemid 44614946)
79. Naik DG. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Shigella species in Asmara, Eritrea, northeast Africa. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2006;39:392-5. (Pubitemid 46050709)
80. Mandomando I, Jaintilal D, Pons MJ, Vallès X, Espasa M, Mensa L, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility and mechanisms of resistance in Shigella and Salmonella isolates from children under five years of age with diarrhea in rural Mozambique. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:2450-4.
81. Pourakbari B, Mamishi S, Mashoori N, Mahboobi N, Ashtiani MH, Afsharpaiman S, et al. Frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella species isolated in Children Medical Center Hospital, Tehran, Iran, 2001-2006. Braz J Infect Dis 2010;14:153-7.
82. Yismaw G, Negeri C, Kassu A. A five-year antimicrobial resistance pattern of Shigella isolated from stools in the Gondar University hospital, northwest Ethiopia. Trop Doct 2008;38:43-5.
83. Davies NE, Karstaedt AS. Shigella bacteraemia over a decade in Soweto, South Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008;102:1269-73.
84. Ranjbar R, Soltan-Dallal MM, Pourshafie MR, Mammina C. Antibiotic resistance among Shigella serogroups isolated in Tehran, Iran (2002-2004). J Infect Dev Ctries 2009;3:647-8.
85. Ding JX, Guo ZZ, Chen L. Six-year bacterial species distribution and drug sensitivity in childhood acute bacillary dysentery: an investigation of 290 cases. Chin J Contemp Pediatr 2005;7:54-6. (Pubitemid 40347725)
86. Xie YQ, Deng QL, Guo Y, Wan GP. Distribution and antibiotic resistance of pathogens isolated from children with infectious diarrhea in Guangzhou. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2009;11:107-9 [in Chinese].
87. Srinivasa H, Baijayanti M, Raksha Y. Magnitude of drug resistant shigellosis: a report from Bangalore. Indian J Med Microbiol 2009;27:358-60.
88. Udo SM, Eja ME. Prevalence and antibiotic resistant shigellae among primary school children in urban Calabar, Nigeria. Asia Pac J Public Health 2004;16:41-4. (Pubitemid 39077729)
89. Zhang W, Luo Y, Li J, Lin L, Ma Y, Hu C, et al. Wide dissemination of multidrug-resistant Shigella isolates in China. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66:2527-35.
90. Ghosh AR, Sugunan AP, Sehgal SC, Bharadwaj AP. Emergence of nalidixic acid-resistant Shigella sonnei in acute-diarrhea patients on Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1483. (Pubitemid 36368628)
91. Ji WJ, Xu XW, Dong F. Detection and drug resistance analysis of extended-spectrum β-lactamases-producing Shigella in pediatric patients. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2010;8:617-20 [in Chinese].
92. Kansakar P, Baral P, Malla S, Ghimire GR. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of enteric bacterial pathogens isolated in Kathmandu, Nepal, during 2002-2004. J Infect Dev Ctries 2011;5:163-8.
93. Ghosh S, Pazhani GP, Chowdhury G, Guin S, Dutta S, Rajendran K, et al. Genetic characteristics and changing antimicrobial resistance among Shigella spp. isolated from hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata, India. J Med Microbiol 2011;60:1460-6.
94. Moyo SJ, Gro N, Matee MI, Kitundu J, Myrmel H, Mylvaganam H, et al. Age specific aetiological agents of diarrhoea in hospitalized children aged less than five years in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Pediatr 2011;11:19.
95. Rahman M, Shoma S, Rashid H, Siddique AK, Nair GB, Sack DA. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-mediated third-generation cephalosporin resistance in Shigella isolates in Bangladesh. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;54:846-7. (Pubitemid 39386746)
96. Ranjbar R, Soltan Dallal MM, Talebi M, Pourshafie MR. Increased isolation and characterization of Shigella sonnei obtained from hospitalized children in Tehran, Iran. J Health Popul Nutr 2008;26:426-30.
97. Zhang R, Zhou HW, Cai JC, Zhang J, Chen GX, Nasu M, et al. Serotypes and extended-spectrum β-lactamase types of clinical isolates of Shigella spp. from the Zhejiang province of China. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011;69:98-104.
98. Bernal M, Cepeda D, Canal E, Gregory MJ, Meza R, Ocaña VR, et al. Changing patterns of shigellosis in an antimicrobial resistance surveillance program in Peru, 2005-2008. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009;81:5.
99. Patel PK, Mercy J, Shenoy J, Ashwini B. Factors associated with acute diarrhoea in children in Dhahira, Oman: a hospital-based study. East Mediterr Health J 2008;14:571-8.
100. Wong MR, Reddy V, Hanson H, Johnson KM, Tsoi B, Cokes C, et al. Antimicrobial resistance trends of Shigella serotypes in New York City, 2006-2009. Microb Drug Resist 2010;16:155-61.
101. Jafari F, Hamidian M, Rezadehbashi M, Doyle M, Salmanzadeh-Ahrabi S, Derakhshan F, et al. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Shigella species associated with acute diarrhea in Tehran, Iran. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2009;20:e56-62.
102. Taneja N. Changing epidemiology of shigellosis and emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Shigella in India. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:678-9.
103. Panhotra BR, Saxena AK, Al-Mulhim K. Emergence of nalidixic acid resistance in Shigella sonnei isolated from patients having acute diarrheal disease: report from Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Jpn J Infect Dis 2004;57:116-18. (Pubitemid 39089657)
104. Urvashi Saxena S, Dutta R. Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Shigella species over five years at a tertiary-care teaching hospital in North India. J Health Popul Nutr 2011;29:292-5.
105. Al Jarousha AM, El Jarou MA, El Qouqa IA. Bacterial enteropathogens and risk factors associated with childhood diarrhea. Indian J Pediatr 2011;78:165-70.
106. Herwana E, Surjawidjaja JE, Salim OCh, Indriani N, Bukitwetan P, Lesmana M. Shigella-associated diarrhea in children in South Jakarta, Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2010;41:418-25.
107. Ozmert EN, Ince OT, Orün E, Yalçin S, Yurdakök K, Gür D. Clinical characteristics and antibiotic resistance of Shigella gastroenteritis in Ankara, Turkey between 2003 and 2009, and comparison with previous reports. Int J Infect Dis 2011;7:e1-5.
108. Salmanzdeh-Ahrabi S, Jafari F, Habibi E, Irajian GR, Aslani MM, Baghbani-Arani F, et al. Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance rates of Shigella spp. isolates in Tehran, Iran. Mikrobiyol Bul 2007;3:453-7 [in Turkish].
109. Alici O, Açikgöz ZC, Gamberzade S, Göcer S, Karahocagil MK. Antibiotic resistance rates of Shigella species isolated from stool cultures in the years 1999-2003. Mikrobiyol Bul 2006;40:9-14 [in Turkish].
110. Akçali A, Levent B, Akbaş E, Esen B. Typing of Shigella sonnei strains isolated in some provinces of Turkey using antimicrobial resistance and pulsed field gel electrophoresis methods. Mikrobiyol Bul 2008;4:563-72 [in Turkish].
111. Hamilton-West MC, Prado JV, Hormazábal OJC. Shigella spp infections in children living in the Metropolitan Region, Chile, during summer of 2004-2005. Rev Med Chil 2007;11:1388-96 [in Spanish].
112. Miljkovíc-Selimovíc B, Babíc T, Stojanovíc P. Bacterial etiology of diarrheal syndrome. Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis 2010;27:55-62.
113. Barman S, Chatterjee S, Chowdhury G, Ramamurthy T, Niyogi SK, Kumar R, et al. Plasmid-mediated streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole resistance in Shigella flexneri 3a. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010;36:348-51.
114. Reller LB, Gangarosa EJ, Brachman PS. Shigellosis in the United States: five-year review of nationwide surveillance, 1964-1968. Am J Epidemiol 1970;91:161-9.
115. Vlieghe E, Phoba MF, Tamfun JJ, Jacobs J. Antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens in Central Africa: a review of the published literature between 1955 and 2008. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009;34:295-303.
116. Gu B, Pan S, Wang T, Zhao W, Mei Y, Huang P, et al. Novel cassette arrays of integrons in clinical strains of Enterobacteriaceae in China. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008;32:529-33.
117. Ke X, Gu B, Pan S, Tong M. Epidemiology and molecular mechanism of integron-mediated antibiotic resistance in Shigella. Arch Microbiol 2011;193:767-74.
118. Jean SS, Hsueh PR. High burden of antimicrobial resistance in Asia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011;37:291-5.
119. Mache A, Mengistu Y, Cowly S. Shigella serogroups identified from adult diarrhoeal out-patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: antibiotic resistance and plasmid profile analysis. East Afr Med 1997;74:179-82.
120. Fullá N, Prado V, Durán C, Lagos R, Levine MM. Surveillance for antimicrobial resistance profiles among Shigella species isolated from a semirural community in the northern administrative area of Santiago, Chile. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005;72:851-4. (Pubitemid 41278811)
121. Dutta S, Kawamura Y, Ezaki T, Nair GB, Iida K, Yoshida S. Alteration in the GyrA subunit of DNA gyrase and the ParC subunit of topoisomerase IV in quinolone-resistant Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 clinical isolates from Kolkata, India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:1660-1. (Pubitemid 40463416)
122. Talukder KA, Khajanchi BK, Islam MA, Dutta DK, Islam Z, Safa A, et al. Genetic relatedness of ciprofloxacin-resistant Shigella dysenteriae type 1 strains isolated in south Asia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;54:730-4. (Pubitemid 39386724)
123. Hirose K, Terajima J, Izumiya H, Tamura K, Arakawa E, Takai N, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella sonnei isolates in Japan and molecular analysis of S. sonnei isolates with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:1203-5. (Pubitemid 40327749)
124. Hu LF, Li JB, Ye Y, Li X. Mutations in the GyrA subunit of DNA gyrase and the ParC subunit of topoisomerase IV in clinical strains of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella in Anhui, China. J Microbiol 2007;45:168-70. (Pubitemid 46709013)
125. Kim JY, Kim SH, Jeon SM, Park MS, Rhie HG, Lee BK. Resistance to fluoroquinolones by the combination of target site mutations and enhanced expression of genes for efflux pumps in Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei strains isolated in Korea. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008;14:760-5.
126. Aarestrup F, Wiuff C, Mølbak K, Threlfall EJ. Is it time to change fluoroquinolone breakpoints for Salmonella spp.? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:827-9. (Pubitemid 36158126)
127. Kim DM, Neupane GP, Jang SJ, Kim SH, Lee BK. In vitro efficacy of the combination of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime against nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010;36:155-8.
128. Public Health Agency of Canada. Emergence of quinolone-resistant Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in Canada. Can Commun Dis Rep 2005;31:193-7.
129. Kim S, Hu J, Gautom R, Kim J, Lee B, Boyle DS. CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamases, Washington State. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13: 513-14. (Pubitemid 46348155)
130. Prashar UD, Hummelman EG, Bresee J, Miller MA, Glass RI. Global illness and deaths caused by rotavirus disease in children. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:565-72. (Pubitemid 36529515)
131. Kosek M, Bern C, Guerrant RL. The global burden of diarrhoeal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000. Bull World Health 2003;81:197-204. (Pubitemid 36372958)