Epithermal deposits in North Xinjiang, NW China

International Journal of Earth Sciences

Volumn 101, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 889-917

  Chen, Y J ^a,b   Pirajno, F ^c,d   Wu, G ^b   Qi, J P ^a   Xiong, X L ^b  

^a PEKING UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b GUANGZHOU INSTITUTE OF GEOCHEMISTRY   (China)

^c GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Epithermal deposits; Intercontinental collision regime; North Xinjiang; Subduction related arc basin system; Tectonic model for epithermal deposits

Indexed keywords

ARC-ARC COLLISION; BASE METAL; CALC ALKALINE ROCK; COLLISION ZONE; EPITHERMAL DEPOSIT; GEOCHEMISTRY; HOST ROCK; METALLOGENESIS; PHANEROZOIC; PRECIOUS METAL; SUBDUCTION; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; VOLCANIC ROCK;

CHINA; XINJIANG UYGUR;

EID: 84861763923     PISSN: 14373254     EISSN: 14373262     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00531-011-0689-4     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Avdeyev AV (1984) Ophiolite zones and the geologic history of Kazakhstan from the mobilist standpoint. Int Geol Rev 26: 995-1005.
2. Bao JX (2001) Metallogenesis of the Axi and Aiken epithermal Au/Cu deposits. PhD dissertation, Peking University, p 108 (in Chinese with English abstract).
3. Bao JX, Chen YJ, Zhang ZJ, Chen HY, Liu YL (2002) The preliminary study of laumontitization of Axi gold deposit and paleogeothermal minerogenetic fluid system in West Tianshan. Acta Sci Nat Univ Pek 38: 252-259 (in Chinese with English abstract).
4. Blundell D, Arndt N, Cobbold PR, Heinrich C (2005) Geodynamics and ore deposit evolution in Europe. Ore Geol Rev 27: 5-12.
5. Bonham HFJ (1986) Models for volcanic-hosted epithermal precious metal deposits: a review. Proceedings of international volcanological congress, Hamilton, New Zealand, pp 13-17.
6. Cai ZJ (1997) Geological characteristics of Shiyingtan gold deposit and its ore-controlling factors in Shanshan County, Xinjiang. Xinjiang Geol 15: 305-320 (in Chinese with English abstract).
7. Cai H, Li HQ, Chen FW (2000) Study on chronology and origin of the Kurzhenkula gold deposit in northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin. Geol Miner Resour S China 4: 19-22 (in Chinese with English abstract).
8. Chen YJ (1997) Mineralization during collisional orogenesis and its control of the distribution of gold deposits in Junggar Mountains, Xinjiang, China. Acta Geol Sin (Eng Ed) 71: 69-79.
9. Chen YJ (2000) Progress in the study of Central Asia-type orogenesis-metallogenesis in Northwest China. Geol J China Univ 6: 17-22 (in Chinese with English abstract).
10. Chen B, Arakawa Y (2005) Elemental and Nd-Sr isotopic geochemistry of granitoids from the West Junggar fold belt (NW China), with implications for Phanerozoic continental growth. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 69: 1307-1320.
11. Chen BW, Chen TY (2007) Trans-Asian tectonic belt: Its principal characteristics and metallogeny. Acta Petrol Sin 23: 865-876 (in Chinese with English abstract).
12. Chen B, Jahn BM (2004) Genesis of post-collisional granitoids and basement nature of the Junggar Terrane, NW China: Nd-Sr isotopic and trace element evidence. J Asian Earth Sci 23: 691-703.
13. Chen YJ, Fu SG, Wu DH, Wu XD, Jing J (1995) The coupling of the gold mineralization with the collisional orogenesis and the distribution of gold deposits, northern Xinjiang. Gold Geol 3: 8-16 (in Chinese with English abstract).
14. Chen HY, Bao JX, Zhang ZJ, Liu YL, Ni P, Ling HF (2000a) Isotope indication to source of ore materials and fluids of the Wangfeng gold deposit in Tianshan: a case study of metallogenesis during collisional orogenesis. Sci China Ser D 43(supplement): 156-166.
15. Chen SZ, Zhou JY, Gu LX, Cui BF, Xiao HL (2000b) Genesis of ore-forming fluids and precipitation mechanism of gold in the Mazhuangshan gold deposit, Hami, Xinjiang. Mineral Dep 19: 193-200 (in Chinese with English abstract).
16. Chen HY, Chen YJ, Liu YL (2001) Metallogenesis of the Ertix gold belt, Xinjiang and its relationship to Central Asia-type orogenesis. Sci China Ser D 44: 245-255.
17. Chen YJ, Bao JX, Zhang ZJ, Chen HY, Liu YL (2003) Laumontitization as exploration indicator of epithermal gld deposits: a case study of the Axi and other epithermal systems in West Tianshan, China. Chin J Geochem 22: 289-303.
18. Chen YJ, Pirajno F, Qi JP (2005) Origin of gold metallogeny and sources of ore-forming fluids, in the Jiaodong province, eastern China. Int Geol Rev 47: 530-549.
19. Chen HY, Chen YJ, Ni P, Zhang ZJ (2007a) Chemical composition of fluid inclusions of the Sawayardun gold deposit, Xinjiang and its implications for metallogeny and exploration. Acta Petrol Sin 23: 2189-2197 (in Chinese with English abstract).
20. Chen YJ, Chen HY, Zaw K, Pirajno F, Zhang ZJ (2007b) Geodynamic settings and tectonic model of skarn gold deposits in China: an overview. Ore Geol Rev 31: 139-169.
21. Chen YJ, Pirajno F, Qi JP (2008) The Shanggong gold deposit, eastern Qinling Orogen, China: isotope geochemistry and implications for ore genesis. J Asian Earth Sci 33: 252-266.
22. Chen YJ, Zhai MG, Jiang SY (2009) Significant achievements and open issues in study of orogenesis and metallogenesis surrounding the North China continent. Acta Petrol Sin 25: 2695-2726 (in Chinese with English abstract).
23. Chiaradia M, Konopelko D, Seltmann R, Cliff RA (2006) Lead isotope variations across terrane boundaries of the Tien Shan and Chinese Altay. Miner Deposita 41: 411-428.
24. Dong LH (2001) The main alteration type of Axi gold deposit and its relationship to gold mineralization. Geol Resour 10: 129-132 (in Chinese with English abstract).
25. Dong LH, Sha DM (2005) Late paleozoic epithermal gold deposits in West Tian Shan. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, p 154 (in Chinese).
26. Faccenda M, Gerya TV, Chakraborty S (2008) Styles of post-subduction collisional orogeny: influence of convergence velocity, crustal rheology and radiogenic heat production. Lithos 103: 257-287.
27. Feng CY, Ji JS, Xue CJ, Zhang LC (1999) Geological characteristics and genetic analysis of Xitan epithermal gold deposit, eastern Tianshan. Xinjiang Geol 17: 1-7 (in Chinese with English abstract).
28. Feng CY, Xue CJ, Ji JS, Zhang LC, Li HQ (2000) Geochemistry of the Xitan epithermal gold-silver deposit, East Tianshan Mountains. Mineral Dep 19: 322-329 (in Chinese with English abstract).
29. Fu SG, Jing J, Yin L, Chen YJ (1996) The mineralization regularity of gold in the Mazhuangshan orefield, Xinjiang. Unpublished research report, Nanjing University, Nanjing, p 94 (in Chinese).
30. Goldfarb RJ, Groves DI, Cardoll S (2001) Orogenic Au and geologic time: a global synthesis. Ore Geol Rev 18: 1-75.
31. Gradstein FM, Ogg JG, Smith AG, Bleeker W, Lourens LJ (2004) A new Geologic Time Scale, with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene. Episodes 27: 83-100.
32. Groves DI, Goldfarb RJ, Robert F, Hart CJR (2003) Gold deposits in metamorphic belts: overview of current understanding, outstanding problems, future research and exploration significance. Econ Geol 98: 1-29.
33. Gu LX, Hu SX, Yu CS, Wu CZ, Yan ZF (2001) Initiation and evolution of the Bogda subduction-tear-type rift. Acta Petrol Sin 17: 585-597 (in Chinese with English abstract).
34. Gu LX, Zhang ZZ, Wu CZ, Wang YX, Tang JH, Wang CS, Xi AH, Zheng YC (2006) Some problems on the vertical growth of the continental crust in the eastern Tianshan, NW China. Acta Petrol Sin 22: 1103-1120 (in Chinese with English Abstract).
35. Han CM, Mao JW, Yang JM, Wang ZL, Cui B (2002) Types of Late Palaeozoic endogenetic metal deposits and related geodynamical evolution in the East Tianshan. Acta Geol Sin 76: 222-234 (in Chinese with English abstract).
36. Han CM, Xiao WJ, Cui B, Mao QG, Zhang JE, Ao SJ (2006) Major types and characteristics of Late Paleozoic copper deposits in North Xinjiang, Northwest China. Acta Geol Sin 80: 74-89 (in Chinese with English abstract).
37. Hart CJR, Wang Y, Goldfarb RJ, Begg G, Mao JW, Dong LH (2003) Axi and associated epithermal gold deposits in western Tianshan, Xinjiang. Tectonic evolution and metallogeny of the Chinese Altay and Tianshan. In: Mao JW, Goldfarb RJ, Seltman R, Wang DH, Xiao WJ, Hart CJR (eds) Tectonic evolution and metallogeny of the Chinese Altay and Tianshan, IAGOD guidebook series 10. CERCAM/NHM, London, pp 209-226.
38. Hayba DO, Bethke PM, Heald P, Foley NK (1985) The geological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of volcanic-hosted epithermal deposits. In: Berger BR, Bethke PM (eds) Geology and geochemistry of epithermal systems. Rev Econ Geol 2: 129-168.
39. He BC, Tan KR, Wu QH (1994) Ages and Sr, Nd isotopic evidences of mantle source magmatite in the Burkesidai gold deposit, Jimunai County, northern Xinjiang. Geotect Metallog 18: 219-228 (in Chinese with English abstract).
40. Heald P, Foley NK, Hayba DO (1987) Comparative anatomy of volcanic hosted epithermal deposits: acid-sulphate and adularia-sericite types. Econ Geol 82: 1-26.
41. Hedenquist JW, Lowenstern JB (1994) The role of magmas in the formation of hydrothermal ore deposits. Nature 370: 519-527.
42. Hedenquist JW, Aoki M, Shinohara H (1994) Flux of volatiles and ore-forming metals from the magmatic-hydrothermal systems of Satauma Iwojima volcano. Geology 22: 585-588.
43. Hedenquist JW, Arribas AJ, Reynolds TJ (1998) Evolution of an intrusion-centered hydrothermal system: far Southeast-Lepanto porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au deposits, Philippines. Econ Geol 93: 373-404.
44. Hedenquist JW, Arribas AR, Gonzalez-Urien E (2000) Exploration for epithermal deposits. SEG Rev 13: 245-277.
45. Henley RW (1985) The geothermal framework of epithermal deposits. Rev Econ Geol 2: 1-24.
46. Hsu KJ, Guitang P, Sengor AMC, Ueli B, Chen H, Chen C, Harris N, Hsu P, Li J, Luo J, Lee T, Li ZX, Lu C, Powell C, Wang Q, Winterer EL (1995) Tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau: a working hypothesis based on the archipelago model of orogenesis. Int Geol Rev 37: 473-508.
47. Hui WD, Xiao YM (2002) Geological characteristics and genesis of 1583 gold deposit in Balikun County, Xinjiang. Xinjiang Nonferr Metal 1: 10-13 (in Chinese).
48. Ji JS, Zhang LC, Zeng ZR, Lu DR, Yang XK, Yang ZG (1996) Chronology of Kanggultage gold metallogenic belt, East Tianshan. Sci Geol Sin 31: 80-89 (in Chinese with Englsh abstract).
49. Ji JS, Xue CJ, Feng CY (1999) Xitan gold deposit of epithermal type in Xinjiang. J Xi'an Engineering Univ 21: 1-5 (in Chinese with English abstract).
50. Jia B, Mu RS, Tian CL, Sha DM (2001a) The characters of the mineralization fluid of Axi gold deposit in Xinjiang. Gold Geol 7: 39-46 (in Chinese with English abstract).
51. Jia B, Mu RS, Tian CL, Sha DM, Yang S (2001b) The characteristics of the Tawuerbieke-Abiyindi porphyry gold deposits. Geol Resour 10: 139-145 (in Chinese with English abstract).
52. Jia B, Mu RS, Tian CL, Sha DM (2003) Mineralizing environment and ore-forming fluid characters of Yiermande type of gold deposits in western Tianshan. Geol Resour 12: 146-153 (in Chinese with English abstract).
53. Jing J, Xu B (1997) Mazhuangshan gold deposit and its metallogenic geochemical conditions. Xinjiang Geol 15: 327-341 (in Chinese with English abstract).
54. Kerrich R, Goldfarb RJ, Groves DI, Garwin S, Jia YF (2000) The characteristics, origins and geodynamic settings of supergiant gold metallogenic provinces. Sci China Ser D 43(suppl): 1-68.
55. Li ZC (1999) Two tectono-metallogenic types of gold deposits and their metallogenic models in the southern Altay Mountain. Geotect Metallog 23: 16-28 (in Chinese with English abstract).
56. Li SH (2002) Geological characteristics and mineralization mechanism of Kurzhenkula gold deposit in Xinjiang. Xinjiang Nonferr Metal 1: 1-4 (in Chinese).
57. Li HQ, Chen FW (2004) Isotopic geochronology of regional mineralization in Xinjiang, NW China. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, p 391 (in Chinese with English abstract).
58. Li XJ, Liu W (2002) Fluid inclusion and stable isotope constraints on the genesis of the Mazhuangshan gold deposit, eastern Tianshan Mountains of China. Acta Petrol Sin 18: 551-558 (in Chinese with English abstract).
59. Li JY, Xiao XC (1999) Brief reviews on some issues of framework and tectonic evolution of Xijiang crust, Northwest China. Sci Geol Sin 34: 405-419 (in Chinese with English abstract).
60. Li JY, Xu X (2004) Major problems on geological structures and metallogenesis of northern Xinjiang, Northwest China. Xinjiang Geol 22: 119-124 (in Chinese with English abstract).
61. Li HQ, Xie CF, Chang HL, Cai H, Zhu JP, Zhou S (1998) Study on metallogenetic chronology of nonferrous and precious metallic ore deposits in North Xinjiang, China. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, p 264 (in Chinese with English abstract).
62. Li HQ, Chen FW, Cai H, Liu HQ (1999) Study on isotopic chronology of the Mazhuangshan gold mineralization, eastern Xinjiang. Sci Geol Sin 34: 215-256 (in Chinese with English abstract).
63. Li JA, Mo JP, Peng XM (2001) Metallogenic and geological conditions of gold deposits in the north of eastern Tianshan. Xinjiang Geol 19: 268-275 (in Chinese with English abstract).
64. Li JY, Xiao WJ, Wang KZ, Sun GH, Gao LG (2003) Neoproterozoic-Paleozoictec tonostratigraphy, magmatic activities and tectonic evolution of eastern Xinjiang, NW China. In: Mao JW, Goldfarb RJ, Seltman R, Wang DH, Xiao WJ, Hart CJR (eds) Tectonic evolution and metallogeny of the Chinese Altay and Tianshan, IAGOD guidebook series 10. CERCAM/NHM, London, pp 31-74.
65. Li HQ, Chen FW, Lu YF, Yang HM, Guo J, Mei YP (2005) New chronological evidence for Indosinian diagenetic mineralization in Eastern Xinjiang, NW China. Acta Geol Sin (Eng Ed) 79: 264-275.
66. Li JY, He GQ, Xu X, Li HQ, Sun GH, Yang TN, Gao LM, Zhu ZX (2006) Crustal tectonic framework of northern Xinjiang and adjacent regions and its formation. Acta Geol Sin 80: 148-168 (in Chinese with English abstract).
67. Liao QL, Dai TG (2000) A preliminary analysis on metallogeno-geochemical characteristics of epithermal gold deposits in northern Xinjiang. Geol Geochem 28: 19-25 (in Chinese with English abstract).
68. Liao QL, Dai TG, Liu WH (2000) A preliminary study on mineralization and mineralizing model for the Kuoerzhenkuola epithermal gold deposit. Geotect Metallog 24: 57-64 (in Chinese with English abstract).
69. Liao QL, Wang JB, Lai JQ (2001) Basic metallogenetic characters of the large and medium-scale gold and copper deposits in northern Xinjiang. Geol Rev 47: 625-636 (in Chinese with English abstract).
70. Lin JF, Xie QL, Xi XP, Hu CQ, Liu JY (1999) Geological features of the volcanic-hosted Shuangfengshan gold deposit in Xingjiang. Geol Rev 45: 1099-1104 (in Chinese with English abstract).
71. Lindgren W (1933) Mineral deposits, 4th edn. McGraw Hill, New York, p 930.
72. Liu JY (2001a) Continental volcanism and gold-copper metallogenesis in East Junggar, Xinjiang. Geotect Metallog 25: 434-438 (in Chinese with English abstract).
73. Liu JY (2001b) Features of continental volcanic rock-type gold deposits, northern Xinjiang. Gold Geol 7: 1-8 (in Chinese with English abstract).
74. Liu JY (2003) Main characters of the gold ore deposits and prospect in Beishan gold mine area, Yiwu County, Xinjiang, China. J Guilin Inst Tech 23: 252-257 (in Chinese with English abstract).
75. Liu JY, Qian JP, Cheng ZP, Shan NL (2002) Continental volcanic action and metallogenesis for gold and copper deposit of East Junggar, Xinjiang. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, p 218 (in Chinese with English abstract).
76. Liu GR, Long ZN, Chen QZ, Zhou G (2003) The formation age and geochemical characteristics of the volcanic rock of Kuoerzhenkuola gold mine in Xinjiang. Xinjiang Geol 21: 177-180 (in Chinese with English abstract).
77. Long X, Hayward N, Begg G, Fu ML, Wang FZ, Pirajno F (2005) The Jinxi-Yelmand high-sufidation epithermal gold deposit, Western Tianshan, Xinjiang Province, P. R. China. Ore Geol Rev 26: 17-37.
78. Ma RS, Shu LS, Sun JQ (1997) Tectonic framework and crust evolution of eastern Tianshan Mountains. Geo1ogical Publishing House, Beijing, p 202 (in Chinese).
79. Mao JW, Yang JM, Han CM, Wang ZL (2002) Metallogenic systems of polymetallic copper and gold deposits and related metallogenic geodynamic model in East Tianshan, Xinjiang. Earth Sci 27: 413-424 (in Chinese with English abstract).
80. Mao JW, Goldfarb RJ, Wang YT, Hart CJ, Wang ZL, Yang JM (2005) Late Paleozoic base and precious metal deposits, East Tianshan, Xinjiang, China: characteristics and geodynamic setting. Episodes 28: 23-36.
81. Moritz R, Chambefort I, Georgieva S, Jacquat S, Petrunov R (2005) The Chelopech high-sulphidation epithermal Cu-Au deposit. Ore Geol Rev 27: 130-131.
82. Muller D, Kaminski K, Uhlig S, Graupner T, Herzig PM, Hunt S (2002) The transition from porphyry- to epithermal-style gold mineralization at Ladolam, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea: a reconnaissance study. Miner Deposita 37: 61-74.
83. Peng XM, Mo JP, Li JA, Xi XP, San JZ (2004) Geological characteristics and metallogenic model of Shuangfengshan epithermal gold deposit in eastern Junggar, Xinjiang. Mineral Dep 23: 101-106 (in Chinese with English abstract).
84. Pirajno F (2009) Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems. Springer, Berlin, p 1250.
85. Pirajno F, Bagas L (2002) Gold and silver metallogeny of the South China fold belt: a consequence of multiple mineralizing events? Ore Geol Rev 20: 109-126.
86. Pirajno F, Luo ZQ, Liu SF, Dong L (1997) Gold deposits of the Eastern Tianshan, Northwestern China. Int Geol Rev 39: 891-904.
87. Pirajno F, Mao JW, Zhang ZC, Zhang ZH, Chai FM (2008) The association of mafic-ultramafic intrusions and A-type magmatism in the Tianshan and Altay orogens, NW China. Implications for geodynamic evolution and potential for the discovery of new ore deposits. J Asian Earth Sci 32: 165-183.
88. Pirajno F, Ernst RE, Borisenko AS, Fedoseev G, Naumov EA (2009) Intraplate magmatism in Central Asia and China and associated metallogeny. Ore Geol Rev 35: 114-136.
89. Pirajno F, Seltmann R, Yang YQ (2011) A review of mineral systems and associated tectonic settings of northern Xinjiang, NW China. Geosci Front 2(2): 157-185.
90. Qi SJ, Zhang GL (2000) The characteristics and genesis of silicified-rock type gold deposits in Tulasu, Yining. Xinjiang Geol 18: 42-50 (in Chinese with English abstract).
91. Qi JP, Chen YJ, Pirajno F (2005a) Geological characteristics and tectonic setting of the epithermal deposits in the northeast China. J Mineral Petrol 25(2): 47-59 (in Chinese with English abstract).
92. Qi JP, Chen YJ, Pirajno F (2005b) Tectonic setting of epithermal deposits in mainland China. In: Mao JW, Bierlein FP (eds) Mineral deposit research: meeting the global challenge. Springer, Berlin, pp 577-580.
93. Qin KZ, Sun S, Li JL, Fang TH, Wang SL, Liu W (2002) Paleozoic epithermal Au and porphyry Cu deposits in North Xinjiang, China: epochs, features, tectonic linkage and exploration significance. Resour Geol 52: 291-300.
94. Richards JP (2009) Postsubduction porphyry Cu-Au and epithermal Au deposits: products of remelting of subduction-modified lithosphere. Geology 37: 247-250.
95. Rui XJ (1993) Primary gold deposits in Altay, Xinjiang. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, p 274 (in Chinese with English abstract).
96. Rui ZY, Goldfarb RJ, Qiu YM, Zhou TH, Chen RY, Pirajno F, Yun G (2002) Paleozoic-early Mesozoic gold deposits of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, northwestern China. Miner Deposita 37: 393-418.
97. Sengor AMC, Natal'in BA (1996) Paleotectonics of Asia: fragments of synthesis. In: Yin A, Harrison TM (eds) The tectonic evolution of Asia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 486-640.
98. Sha DM (1998) The fluid inclusion of Axi gold deposit in West Tianshan Mountains. J Precious Metal Geol 7: 180-188 (in Chinese with English abstract).
99. Sha DM, Dong LH, Bao QZ, Wang H, Hu XJ, Zhang JD, Sun JP (2003) The genetic types of gold deposits and their prospecting in West Tianshan Mountains. Xinjiang Geol 21: 419-425 (in Chinese with English abstract).
100. Sha DM, Jing CZ, Dong LH, Mu RS, Tian CL, Jia B (2005) Study on the metallogenic geochemistry of Axi gold deposit in western Tianshan Mountains. Geol Resour 14: 118-125 (in Chinese with English abstract).
101. Shen P, Shen YC, Li GM, Liu TB, Zeng QD (2004) Ore-forming fluid inclusions of Kuoerzhenkuola gold deposit, Xinjiang. Acta Petrol Sin 20: 969-976 (in Chinese with English abstract).
102. 39Ar age and geological significance of the Sawur gold belt in Northern Xinjiang, China. Acta Geol Sin (Eng Ed) 79: 276-285.
103. Shen P, Shen YC, Liu TB, Li GM, Zeng QD (2007) Genesis of volcanic-hosted gold deposits in the Sawur gold belt, northern Xinjiang, China: evidence from REE, stable isotopes and noble gas isotopes. Ore Geol Rev 32: 207-226.
104. Shen P, Shen YC, Liu TB, Li GM, Zeng QD (2008a) Geology and geochemistry of the Early Carboniferous eastern Sawur caldera complex and associated gold epithermal mineralization, Sawur mountains, Xinjiang, China. J Asian Earth Sci 32: 259-279.
105. Shen P, Shen YC, Liu TB, Li GM, Zeng QD (2008b) Prediction of hidden Au and Cu-Ni ores from depleted mines in northwestern China: four case studies of integrated geological and geophysical investigations. Miner Deposita 43: 499-517.
106. Shu LS, Lu HF, Yin DH, Ma RS, Jacques C, Sebastie LC (2001) Late Paleozoic continental accretionary tectonics in northern Xinjiang. Xinjiang Geol 19: 59-63 (in Chinese with English abstract).
107. Sillitoe RH (1997) Characteristics and controls of the largest porphyry copper-gold and epithermal gold deposits in the circum-Pacific region. Aust J Earth Sci 44: 373-388.
108. Simmons SF, Brown KL (2006) Gold in magmatic hydrothermal solutions and the rapid formation of a giant ore deposit. Science 314: 288-291.
109. Simmons SF, Brown KL (2007) The flux of gold and related metals through a volcanic arc, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Geology 35: 1099-1102.
110. Simmons SF, White NC, John DA (2005) Geological characteristics of epithermal precious and bases metal deposits. Econ Geol 100: 485-522.
111. Tang JH, Gu LX, Zheng YC, Fang TH, Zhang ZZ, Gao JH, Wang FR, Wang CS, Zhang GH (2006) Petrology, geochemistry and genesis of the Na-rich volcanic rocks of the Kalatag area, eastern Tianshan. Acta Petrol Sin 22: 1150-1166 (in Chinese with English Abstract).
112. Tu GZ, Ding K (1986) The Qinling-Central Asia Sb-Hg belt-the third Sb-Hg belt of global significance. In: Geochemical collections, Science Press, Beijing, pp 8-13 (in Chinese with English abstract).
113. Wang JL (1997) Geological characteristics of epithermal gold deposits in the northern Xinjiang. Geol Expl Nonferr Metal 6: 321-325 (in Chinese with English abstract).
114. Wang YB, Zhao DJ (2006) Gold deposits in Xinjiang, China. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, pp 11-36 (in Chinese with English abstract).
115. Wang JB, Wang JS, Li BQ, Zhang JB, Hu QW (1997) Metallogenic series of gold deposits associated with volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks in the Junggar area of Xinjiang. Geol Expl Nonferr Metal 6: 25-37 (in Chinese with English abstract).
116. Wang SL, Qin KZ, Fang TH, Peng XM (2002) Types and characteristics of gold deposits in eastern Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, and their prospecting targets. Xinjiang Geol 20: 375-378 (in Chinese with English abstract).
117. Wang ZL, Mao JW, Wu GG, Yang JM, Ma TL, Han CM (2003) Geochemistry of fluid inclusions from the Shiyingtan gold deposit in eastern Tianshan, Xinjiang. Geol Prospect 39: 6-10 (in Chinese with English abstract).
118. Wang ZL, Mao JW, Zhang ZH, Zuo GC, Wang LS (2004) Types, characteristics and metallogenic geodynamic evolution of the Paleozoic polymetallic copper-gold deposits in the West Tianshan Mountains. Acta Geol Sin 78: 836-847 (in Chinese with English abstract).
119. Wang LJ, Wang JB, Wang YW, Zhu HP, Qu LL (2005) The study of ore-fluid and C-S-Pb isotope of S-rich and S-poor types epithermal gold deposits, Junggar area, Xinjiang. Acta Petrol Sin 21: 1382-1388 (in Chinese with English abstract).
120. White NC (2003) Epithermal gold deposits. Society of Economic Geologists Beijing Gold Workshop, 25-26 Oct, p 118 (confidential document distributed in China University of Geosciences).
121. White NC, Hedenquist JW (1995) Epithermal gold deposits: styles, characteristics and exploration. Soc Econ Geol Newsl 23(1): 9-13.
122. Windley BF, Alexeiev D, Xiao WJ, Kröner A, Badarch G (2007) Tectonic models for accretion of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. J Geol Soc Lond 64: 31-47.
123. Wu RS, Tian CL, Huang MY, Cai HY, Zhi QH, Qi SJ, Cao LH, Wang RS (1998) Geological characteristics of the gold-copper deposits in western Tianshan. J Precious Metal Geol 7: 1-19 (in Chinese with English abstract).
124. Wu CZ, Zhang ZZ, Zaw K, Della-Pasque F, Tang JH, Zheng YC, Wang CS, San JZ (2006) Geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic significances of the Hongyuntan granitoids in the Qoltag area, Eastern Tianshan. Acta Petrol Sin 22: 1121-1134 (in Chinese with English Abstract).
125. Xi XP (1999) Geological features and genetic study of Shuangfengshan gold deposit. Mineral Resour Geol 13: 28-33 (in Chinese with English abstract).
126. Xiao WJ, Kusky T (2009) Geodynamic processes and metallogenesis of the Central Asia and related orogenic belts. Gondwana Resh 16: 167-169.
127. Xiao L, Wang FZ, Fu ML, Begg G, Hayward N (2001) Hydrothermal alteration and ore-forming fluids evolution of the Jingxi-Yelmend gold deposit, Xinjiang, China. Acta Geol Sin 75: 518-526 (in Chinese with English abstract).
128. Xiao WJ, Windley BF, Badarch G, Sun S, Li JL, Qin KZ, Wang ZH (2004) Palaeozoic accretionary and convergent tectonics of the southern Altaids: implications for the lateral growth of Central Asia. J Geol Soc Lond 161: 339-342.
129. Xiao L, Hayward N, Begg G, Fu ML, Wang FZ, Pirajno F (2005) The Jinxi-Yelmand high-sulfidation epithermal gold deposit, Western Tianshan, Xinjiang Province, P. R. China. Ore Geol Rev 26: 17-37.
130. Xiao WJ, Han CM, Yuan C, Sun M, Lin SF, Chen HL, Li ZL, Li JL, Sun S (2008) Middle Cambrian to Permian subduction-related accretionary orogenesis of Northern Xinjiang, NW China: implications for the tectonic evolution of central Asia. J Asian Earth Sci 32: 102-117.
131. Xiao WJ, Windley BF, Huang BC, Han CM, Yuan C, Chen HL, Sun M, Sun S, Li JL (2009) End-Permian to mid-Triassic termination of the accretionarey processes of the southern Altaids: implications for the geodynamic evolution, Phanerozoic continental growth and metallogeny of Central Asia. Int J Earth Sci 98: 1189-1217.
132. Xie CH, Zeng XJ (2001) The types and geological characters of gold deposits in Yishijilike ore belt, Xinjiang. Mineral Resour Geol 15: 464-468 (in Chinese with English abstract).
133. Xu GD (1998) Geology and geochemistry of Xiaoyuzan epithermal gold deposit in Yeliemodun area, Xinjiang. Mineral Resour Geol 12: 14-19 (in Chinese with English abstract).
134. Xu XY, Xia LQ, Ma ZP, Xia ZC, Li XM, Wang LS (2006a) SHRIMP zircon U-Pb geochronology of the plagiogranites from Bayingou ophiolite in North Tianshan Mountains and the petrogenesis of the ophiolite. Acta Petrol Sin 22: 83-94 (in Chinese with English abstract).
135. Xu YX, Ding KS, Qin KZ, Miao Y, Fang TH, Xu XW, Sun H (2006b) Krausite, rhomboclase and parabutlerite found for the first time in the Hongshan high-S epithermal Cu-Au deposit, Xinjiang, and their significance. Geol China 33: 598-605 (in Chinese with English abstract).
136. Yakubchuk AS, Shatov VV, Kirwin D, Edwards A, Tomurtogoo O, Badarch G, Buryak VA (2005) Gold and base metal metallogeny of the Central Asian Orogenic supercollage. Econ Geol 100: 1035-1068.
137. Yang XK, Ji JS, Luo GC, Tao HX (1997) Plate tectonics and forming law of the metallic ore deposits in eastern Tianshan. J Xi'an College Geol 19: 34-42 (in Chinese with English abstract).
138. Yang FQ, Wu H, Zhang YR (1999a) Geological characteristics and genesis of the Jinshangou gold deposit, Xinjiang. J Precious Metal Geol 8: 76-80 (in Chinese with English abstract).
139. Yang ZJ, Li PH, Yang SH (1999b) Geological characteristics and ore-control factors of gold deposits related to volcanic rocks in Xinjiang. Gold Geo1 5: 21-26 (in Chinese with English abstract).
140. Yang FQ, Mao JW, Xia HD, Zhao CS, Li MW, Ye HS (2005) Geological characteristics and tectonic settings of Paleozoic epithermal gold deposits in northern Xinjiang. Miner Deposita 24: 242-263 (in Chinese with English abstract).
141. Yang FQ, Mao JW, Bierlein FP, Pirajno F, Zhao CS, Ye HH, Liu F (2009) A review of the geological characteristics and geodynamic mechanisms of Late Palaeozoic epithermal gold deposits in North Xinjiang, China. Ore Geol Rev 35: 217-234.
142. Yin YQ, Chen DJ, Yang JR, You ZF, Li JX (1995) Geological characteristics and metallogenic models of the Variscan epithermal gold deposits in volcanic rocks, northern Junggar, Xinjiang. Mineral Resour Geol 9: 267-270 (in Chinese).
143. Yin YQ, Chen DJ, An YC, Li JX, Fan Y, You ZF, Yang JR (1996) Characteristics of the Kuoerzhenkuola epithermal gold deposit in Sawuershan, Xinjiang. Geol Expl Nonferr Metal 5: 278-283 (in Chinese with English abstract).
144. 39Ar isotope chronology of the Buersidai gold deposit, Xinjiang. J Jilin Univ (Earth Sci Ed) 35: 12-16 (in Chinese with English abstract).
145. Zeng QD, Liu JM, Liu TB, Shen YC, Shen P, Li GM (2007) Geology and geochemistry of the Buerkesidai and Kuoerzhenkuola gold deposits in the Sawuershan Region, Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region, Northwest China. Resour Geol 57: 313-324.
146. Zhai W, Sun XM, Gao J, He XP, Liang JL, Mao LC, Wu YL (2006) SHRIMP dating of zircons from volcanic host rocks of Dahalajunshan Formation in Axi gold deposit, Xinjiang, China, and its geological implication. Acta Petrol Sin 22: 1399-1404 (in Chinese with English abstract).
147. Zhai W, Sun XM, He XP, Su LW, Wu YL, Dong YX (2007) Geochemistry of ore forming fluid and metallogenic mechanism of Axi low-sulfidation gold deposit in Xinjiang, China. Acta Geol Sin 81: 659-670 (in Chinese with English abstract).
148. Zhai W, Sun XM, Sun WD, Su LW, He XP, Wu YL (2009) Geology, geochemistry and genesis of Axi: a Palaeozoic low-sulfidation type epithermal gold deposit in Xinjiang, China. Ore Geol Rev 36: 265-281.
149. Zhang JB (1998) Geological and geochemical features of the Kuoerzhenkuola gold deposit, Xingjiang. Mineral Resour Geol 12: 7-13 (in Chinese with English abstract).
150. Zhang YR, Zhu MY, Tian XH, Liu XQ, Shen XY, Ma WY (1992) Geology, and gold and tin deposits of East Junggar. Seismological Press, Beijing, p 266 (in Chinese with English abstract).
151. Zhang LC, Ji JS, Zhao LS (1999) Geological-geochemical dynamics of ore-formation for the Xitan epithermal gold deposit in eastern Tianshan. J Xi'an Eng Univ 21: 13-18 (in Chinese with English abstract).
152. Zhang ZJ, Chen YJ, Chen HY, Bao JX, Liu YL (2003) The petrochemical characteristics of the Hercynian granitoids in Tianshan and its geodynamic implications. J Miner Petrol 23: 15-24 (in Chinese with English abstract).
153. Zhang LF, Ai YL, Li XP, Rubatto D, Song B, Williams S, Song SG, Ellis D, Liou JG (2007) Triassic collision of western Tianshan orogenic belt, China: evidence from SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircon from HP/UHP eclogitic rocks. Lithos 96: 266-280.
154. Zhou TF, Yuan F, Yue SC, Yuan XY (2000) Magmatism and mineralization in Nurte area, Xinjiang. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, p 127 (in Chinese).