Cenozoic shortening budget for the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau: Is lower crustal flow necessary?

Tectonics

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2012, Pages

  Lease, Richard O ^a,b   Burbank, Douglas W ^a   Zhang, Huiping ^c   Liu, Jianhui ^c   Yuan, Daoyang ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^c INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY   (China)

^d INSTITUTE OF GEOPHYSICS   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUDGET CONTROL; SHEAR FLOW; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY;

BALANCED CROSS SECTIONS; CENOZOIC; CONTINENTAL COLLISIONS; CRUSTAL FLOW; CRUSTAL MATERIALS; CRUSTAL SHORTENING; CRUSTAL THICKENINGS; CRUSTAL THICKNESS; MIDDLE MIOCENE; PURE SHEAR; RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION; TIBETAN CRUST; TIBETAN PLATEAU; UPPER CRUST;

TECTONICS;

CENOZOIC; CONTINENTAL MARGIN; CRUSTAL SHORTENING; CRUSTAL THICKENING; CRUSTAL THICKNESS; FAULTING; FOLDING; LOWER CRUST; MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY; MIOCENE; THERMOCHRONOLOGY; UPPER CRUST;

CHINA; QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU;

EID: 84861752342     PISSN: 02787407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2011TC003066     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Amos, C. B., D. W. Burbank, D. C. Nobes, and S. A. L. Read (2007), Geomorphic constraints on listric thrust faulting: Implications for active deformation in the Mackenzie Basin, South Island, New Zealand, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B03S11, doi:10.1029/2006JB004291. (Pubitemid 47386371)
2. Beck, R. A., et al. (1995), Stratigraphic evidence for an early collision between northwest India and Asia, Nature, 373(6509), 55-58, doi:10.1038/ 373055a0.
3. Bird, P. (1991), Lateral extrusion of lower crust from under high topography, in the isostatic limit, J. Geophys. Res., 96(B6), 10,275-10,286.
4. Bovet, P.M., B.D. Ritts, G. Gehrels, A. O. Abbink, B.Darby, and J. Hourigan (2009), Evidence of Miocene crustal shortening in the north Qilian Shan from Cenozoic stratigraphy of the western Hexi corridor, Gansu Province, China, Am. J. Sci., 309(4), 290-329, doi:10.2475/00.4009.02.
5. Braitenberg, C., M. Zadro, J. Fang, Y. Wang, and H. T. Hsu (2000), The gravity and isostatic Moho undulations in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, J. Geodyn., 30(5), 489-505, doi:10.1016/S0264-3707(00)00004-1. (Pubitemid 30496453)
6. Burbank, D. W., J. K. McLean, M. Bullen, K. Y. Abdrakhmatov, and M. M. Miller (1999), Partitioning of intermontane basins by thrust-related folding, Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan, Basin Res., 11(1), 75-92, doi:10.1046/ j.1365-2117.1999.00086.x. (Pubitemid 29388544)
7. Burchfiel, B. C., C. Zhiliang, L. Yupinc, and L. H. Royden (1995), Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and adjacent regions, central China, Int. Geol. Rev., 37(8), 661-735, doi:10.1080/00206819509465424. (Pubitemid 27134489)
8. Chen, J. H., Q. Y. Liu, S. C. Li, B. Guo, and Y. G. Lai (2005), Crust and upper mantle S-wave velocity structure across northeastern Tibetan Plateau and Ordos block, Chin. J. Geophys., 48(2), 369-379.
9. Chen, Y. T., L. S. Xu, X. Li, and M. Zhao (1996), Source process of the 1990 Gonghe, China, earthquake and tectonic stress field in the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau, Pure Appl. Geophys., 146(3-4), 697-715, doi:10.1007/BF00874741. (Pubitemid 26481604)
10. Christensen, N. I., and W. D. Mooney (1995), Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust-A global view, J. Geophys. Res., 100(B6), 9761-9788.
11. Clark, M. K., and L. H. Royden (2000), Topographic ooze: Building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow, Geology, 28(8), 703-706. (Pubitemid 32849555)
12. Clark, M. K., J. W. M. Bush, and L. H. Royden (2005), Dynamic topography produced by lower crustal flow against rheological strength heterogeneities bordering the Tibetan Plateau, Geophys. J. Int., 162(2), 575-590, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02580.x. (Pubitemid 41632726)
13. Clark, M. K., K. A. Farley, D. Zheng, Z. C. Wang, and A. Duvall (2010), Early Cenozoic faulting on the northern Tibetan Plateau margin from apatite (U-Th)/He ages, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 296, 78-88, doi:10.1016/ j.epsl.2010.04.051.
14. Craddock, W. H., E. Kirby, N. W. Harkins, H. P. Zhang, X. H. Shi, and J. H. Liu (2010), Rapid fluvial incision along the Yellow River during headward basin integration, Nat. Geosci., 3(3), 209-213, doi:10.1038/ ngeo777.
15. Craddock, W. H., E. Kirby, D. Zheng, and J. Liu (2012), Tectonic setting of Cretaceous basins on the NE Tibetan Plateau: Insights from the Jungong basin, Basin Res., 24(1), 51-69, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2117.2011.00515.x.
16. Dahlstrom, C. D. A. (1969), Balanced cross-sections, Can. J. Earth Sci., 6, 743-757, doi:10.1139/e69-069.
17. Dai, S., X. M. Fang, G. Dupont-Nivet, C. H. Song, J. P. Gao, W. Krijgsman, C. Langereis, and W. L. Zhang (2006), Magnetostratigraphy of Cenozoic sediments from the Xining Basin: Tectonic implications for the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B11102, doi:10.1029/2005JB004187. (Pubitemid 47248761)
18. Dettman, D. L., X. M. Fang, C. N. Garzione, and J. J. Li (2003), Upliftdriven climate change at 12 Ma: A long dO18 record from the NE margin of the Tibetan Plateau, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 214(1-2), 267-277, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00383-2. (Pubitemid 37118600)
19. Dupont-Nivet, G., P. Andriessen, J. Juez-Larre, J. Foeken, and X. Jiang (2007), Middle Miocene exhumation of the Laji Shan, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, Eos Trans. AGU, 88(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T12D05.
20. Dupont-Nivet, G., S. Dai, X. Fang, W. Krijgsman, V. Erens, M. Reitsma, and C. Langereis (2008), Timing and distribution of tectonic rotations in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap., 444, 73-87.
21. Duvall, A. R., and M. K. Clark (2010), Dissipation of fast strike-slip faulting within and beyond northeastern Tibet, Geology, 38(3), 223-226, doi:10.1130/G30711.1.
22. Duvall, A. R., M. K. Clark, B. van der Pluijm, and C. Y. Li (2011), Direct dating of Eocene reverse faulting in northeastern Tibet using Ar-dating of fault clays and low-temperature thermochronometry, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 304(3-4), 520-526, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.028.
23. Ehlers, T. A. (2005), Crustal thermal processes and the interpretation of thermochronometer data, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 58(1), 315-350, doi:10.2138/rmg.2005.58.12. (Pubitemid 41742435)
24. Erslev, E. A. (1986), Basement balancing of Rocky Mountain foreland uplifts, Geology, 14(3), 259-262, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<259: BBORMF>2.0.CO;2.
25. Erslev, E. A. (1991), Trishear fault-propagation folding, Geology, 19(6), 617-620, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0617:TFPF>2.3.CO;2.
26. Fan, M. J., D. L. Dettman, C. H. Song, X. M. Fang, and C. N. Garzione (2007), Climatic variation in the Linxia basin, NE Tibetan Plateau, from 13.1 to 4.3 Ma: The stable isotope record, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 247(3-4), 313-328, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.001. (Pubitemid 46517606)
27. Fang, X. M., C. Garzione, R. Van der Voo, J. J. Li, and M. J. Fan (2003), Flexural subsidence by 29 Ma on the NE edge of Tibet from the magnetostratigraphy of Linxia Basin, China, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 210(3-4), 545-560, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00142-0. (Pubitemid 36745815)
28. Fang, X. M., M. D. Yan, R. Van der Voo, D. K. Rea, C. H. Song, J. M. Pares, J. P. Gao, J. S. Nie, and S. Dai (2005), Late Cenozoic deformation and uplift of the NE Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from high-resolution magneto stratigraphy of the Guide basin, Qinghai Province, China, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 117(9-10), 1208-1225, doi:10.1130/B25727.1. (Pubitemid 41269237)
29. Farley, K. A., R. A. Wolf, and L. T. Silver (1996), The effects of long alpha-stopping distances on (U-Th)/He ages, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60(21), 4223-4229, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00193-7. (Pubitemid 126379160)
30. Flowers, R. M., R. A. Ketcham, D. L. Shuster, and K. A. Farley (2009), Apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry using a radiation damage accumulation and annealing model, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 73(8), 2347-2365, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2009.01.015.
31. Galvé, A., A. Hirn, J. A. Mei, J. Gallart, B. de Voogd, J. C. Lepine, J. Diaz, Y. X. Wang, and Q. A. Hui (2002), Modes of raising northeastern Tibet probed by explosion seismology, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 203(1), 35-43, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00863-4.
32. Gan, W. J., P. Z. Zhang, Z. K. Shen, Z. J. Niu, M. Wang, Y. G. Wan, D. M. Zhou, and J. Cheng (2007), Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B08416, doi:10.1029/2005JB004120. (Pubitemid 47578284)
33. Garzanti, E., and T. Van Haver (1988), The Indus clastics: Fore-arc basin sedimentation in the Ladakh Himalaya (India), Sediment. Geol., 59(3-4), 237-249, doi:10.1016/0037-0738(88)90078-4.
34. Garzione, C. N., J. Quade, P. G. DeCelles, and N. B. English (2000), Predicting paleoelevation of Tibet and the Himalaya from dO18 vs. altitude gradients in meteoric water across the Nepal Himalaya, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 183(1-2), 215-229, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00252-1. (Pubitemid 32010676)
35. Gansu Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (1991), Regional Geology of the Gansu Province, Geol. Publ., Beijing.
36. Harkins, N., E. Kirby, A. Heimsath, R. Robinson, and U. Reiser (2007), Transient fluvial incision in the headwaters of the Yellow River, northeastern Tibet, China, J. Geophys. Res., 112, F03S04, doi:10.1029/ 2006JF000570.
37. Hilley, G. E., R. Burgmann, P. Z. Zhang, and P. Molnar (2005), Bayesian inference of plastosphere viscosities near the Kunlun fault, northern Tibet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L01302, doi:10.1029/2004GL021658. (Pubitemid 40472970)
38. Horton, B. K., G. Dupont-Nivet, J. Zhou, G. L. Waanders, R. F. Butler, and J. Wang (2004), Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution of the Xining-Minhe and Dangchang basins, northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic results, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B04402, doi:10.1029/ 2003JB002913.
39. Hough, B. G., C. N. Garzione, Z. C. Wang, R. O. Lease, D. W. Burbank, and D. Y. Yuan (2011), Stable isotope evidence for topographic growth and basin segmentation: Implications for the evolution of the NE Tibetan Plateau, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 123(1-2), 168-185, doi:10.1130/B30090.1.
40. Hu, S. B., L. J. He, and J. Y. Wang (2000), Heat flow in the continental area of China: A new data set, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 179(2), 407-419, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00126-6. (Pubitemid 30467352)
41. Hubbard, J., and J. H. Shaw (2009), Uplift of the Longmen Shan and Tibetan Plateau, and the 2008 Wenchuan (M = 7.9) earthquake, Nature, 458(7235), 194-197, doi:10.1038/nature07837.
42. Jiang, M., A. Galvé, A. Hirn, B. de Voogd, M. Laigle, H. P. Su, J. Diaz, J. C. Lepine, and Y. X. Wang (2006), Crustal thickening and variations in architecture from the Qaidam basin to the Qang Tang (north-central Tibetan Plateau) from wide-angle reflection seismology, Tectonophysics, 412(3-4), 121-140, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.09.011. (Pubitemid 43056241)
43. Kao, H., R. Gao, R. J. Rau, D. N. Shi, R. Y. Chen, Y. Guan, and F. T. Wu (2001), Seismic image of the Tarim basin and its collision with Tibet, Geology, 29(7), 575-578, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001) 029<0575:SIOTTB>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 35302243)
44. Kapp, P., A. Yin, T. M. Harrison, and L. Ding (2005), Cretaceous-Tertiary shortening, basin development, and volcanism in central Tibet, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 117(7-8), 865-878, doi:10.1130/B25595.1. (Pubitemid 40950048)
45. Kapp, P., P. G. DeCelles, G. E. Gehrels, M. Heizier, and L. Ding (2007), Geological records of the Lhasa-Qiangtang and Indo-Asian collisions in the Nima area of central Tibet, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 119(7-8), 917-933, doi:10.1130/B26033.1. (Pubitemid 47103460)
46. Karplus, M. S., W. Zhao, S. L. Klemperer, Z. Wu, J. Mechie, D. Shi, L. D. Brown, and C. Chen (2011), Injection of Tibetan crust beneath the south Qaidam basin: Evidence from INDEPTH IV wide-angle seismic data, J. Geophys. Res., 116, B07301, doi:10.1029/2010JB007911.
47. Kind, R., et al. (2002), Seismic images of crust and upper mantle beneath Tibet: Evidence for Eurasian plate subduction, Science, 298(5596), 1219-1221. (Pubitemid 35285485)
48. King, R. W., F. Shen, B. Clark Burchfiel, L. H. Royden, E. Wang, Z. Chen, Y. Liu, X.-Y. Zhang, J.-X. Zhao, and Y. Li (1997), Geodetic measurement of crustal motion in southwest China, Geology, 25(2), 179-182, doi:10.1130/0091- 7613(1997)025<0179:GMOCMI>2.3.CO;2.
49. Klemperer, S. L. (2006), Crustal flow in Tibet: Geophysical evidence for the physical state of Tibetan lithosphere, and inferred patterns of active flow, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 268, 39-70. (Pubitemid 46343932)
50. Lease, R. O., D. W. Burbank, G. E. Gehrels, Z. C. Wand, and D. Y. Yuan (2007), Signatures of mountain building: Detrital zircon U\Pb ages from northeastern Tibet, Geology, 35(3), 239-342, doi:10.1130/G23057A.1. (Pubitemid 46437830)
51. Lease, R. O., D. W. Burbank, M. K. Clark, K. A. Farley, D. Zheng, and H. Zhang (2011), Middle Miocene reorganization of deformation along the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, Geology, 39(4), 359-362, doi:10.1130/ G31356.1.
52. Lease, R. O., D. W. Burbank, B. G. Hough, Z. C. Wang, and D. Y. Yuan (2012), Pulsed Miocene range growth in northeastern Tibet: Insights from Xunhua basin magnetostratigraphy and provenance, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 124(5-6), 657-677, doi:10.1130/B30524.1.
53. Liu, M. J., W. D. Mooney, S. L. Li, N. Okaya, and S. Detweiler (2006), Crustal structure of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau from the Songpan-Ganzi terrane to the Ordos basin, Tectonophysics, 420(1-2), 253-266, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.01.025. (Pubitemid 43863007)
54. Liu-Zeng, J., P. Tapponnier, Y. Gaudemer, and L. Ding (2008), Quantifying landscape differences across the Tibetan Plateau: Implications for topographic relief evolution, J. Geophys. Res., 113, F04018, doi:10.1029/ 2007JF000897.
55. McClay, K. R., and P. G. Buchanan (1992), Thrust faults in inverted extensional basins, in Thrust Tectonics, 93-104, Chapman and Hall, London.
56. Molnar, P., and P. Tapponnier (1981), A possible dependence of tectonic strength on the age of the crust in Asia, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 52(1), 107-114.
57. Molnar, P., and J. M. Stock (2009), Slowing of India's convergence with Eurasia since 20 Ma and its implications for Tibetan mantle dynamics, Tectonics, 28, TC3001, doi:10.1029/2008TC002271.
58. Molnar, P., W. R. Boos, and D. S. Battisti (2010), Orographic controls on climate and paleoclimate of Asia: Thermal and mechanical roles for the Tibetan Plateau, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 38, 77-102, doi:10.1146/ annurev-earth-040809-152456.
59. Murphy, M. A., A. Yin, T. M. Harrison, S. B. Durr, Z. Chen, F. J. Ryerson, W. S. F. Kidd, X. Wang, and X. Zhou (1997), Did the Indo-Asian collision alone create the Tibetan Plateau?, Geology, 25(8), 719-722, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0719:DTIACA>2.3.CO;2.
60. Nabelek, J., G. Hetenyi, J. Vergne, S. Sapkota, B. Kafle, M. Jiang, H. P. Su, J. Chen, B. S. Huang, and H.-C. Team (2009), Underplating in the Himalaya-Tibet collision zone revealed by the Hi-CLIMB Experiment, Science, 325(5946), 1371-1374, doi:10.1126/science.1167719.
61. Najman, Y., et al. (2010), Timing of India-Asia collision: Geological, biostratigraphic, and palaeomagnetic constraints, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B12416, doi:10.1029/2010JB007673.
62. Oskin, M. E., and D. W. Burbank (2007), Transient landscape evolution of basement-cored uplifts: Example of the Kyrgyz Range, Tian Shan, J. Geophys. Res., 112, F03S03, doi:10.1029/2006JF000563. (Pubitemid 350120770)
63. Owens, T. J., and G. Zandt (1997), Implications of crustal property variations for models of Tibetan Plateau evolution, Nature, 387(6628), 37-43, doi:10.1038/387037a0.
64. Pan, S. Z., and F. L. Niu (2011), Large contrasts in crustal structure and composition between the Ordos Plateau and the NE Tibetan Plateau from receiver function analysis, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 303(3-4), 291-298, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.01.007.
65. Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (1991), Regional Geology of the Qinghai Province, 662 pp., Geol. Publ., Beijing.
66. Qiusheng, L., G. Rui, L. Deyuan, L. Jingwei, F. Jingyi, Z. Zhiying, L. Wen, L. Yingkang, Y. Quanren, and L. Dexing (2002), Tarim underthrust beneath western Kunlun: Evidence from wide-angle seismic sounding, J. Asian Earth Sci., 20(3), 247-253, doi:10.1016/S1367-9120(01)00057-8. (Pubitemid 33122558)
67. Reiners, P. W., and M. T. Brandon (2006), Using thermochronology to understand orogenic erosion, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 34, 419-466, doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125202. (Pubitemid 43853624)
68. Ritts, B. D., and U. Biffi (2001), Mesozoic northeast Qaidam basin: Response to contractional reactivation of the Qilian Shan, and implications for the extent of Mesozoic intracontinental deformation in central Asia, in Paleozoic and Mesozoic Tectonic Evolution of Central Asia: From Continental Assembly to Intracontinental Deformation, 293-316, Geol. Soc. of Am., Boulder, Colo.
69. Robert, A., J. Zhu, J. Vergne, R. Cattin, L. S. Chan, G. Wittlinger, G. Herquel, J. de Sigoyer, M. Pubellier, and L. D. Zhu (2010), Crustal structures in the area of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake from seismologic and gravimetric data, Tectonophysics, 491(1-4), 205-210, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.11.010.
70. Rowley, D. B., R. T. Pierrehumbert, and B. S. Currie (2001), A new approach to stable isotope-based paleoaltimetry: Implications for paleoaltimetry and paleohypsometry of the high Himalaya since the late Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 188(1-2), 253-268, doi:10.1016/ S0012-821X(01)00324-7. (Pubitemid 32516590)
71. Royden, L. H., B. C. Burchfiel, R. W. King, E. Wang, Z. L. Chen, F. Shen, and Y. P. Liu (1997), Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet, Science, 276(5313), 788-790, doi:10.1126/science.276.5313.788. (Pubitemid 27199857)
72. Royden, L. H., B. C. Burchfiel, and R. D. van der Hilst (2008), The geological evolution of the Tibetan Plateau, Science, 321(5892), 1054-1058, doi:10.1126/science.1155371.
73. Seeber, L., and C. C. Sorlien (2000), Listric thrusts in the western transverse ranges, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 112(7), 1067-1079, doi:10.1130/ 0016-7606(2000)112<1067:LTITWT>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 32832319)
74. Shi, D. N., Y. Shen, W. J. Zhao, and A. B. Li (2009), Seismic evidence for a Moho offset and south-directed thrust at the easternmost Qaidam-Kunlun boundary in the northeast Tibetan Plateau, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 288(1-2), 329-334, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.09.036.
75. Shuster, D. L., and K. A. Farley (2005), 4He/3He thermochronometry: Theory, practice, and potential complications, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 58(1), 181-203, doi:10.2138/rmg.2005.58.7. (Pubitemid 41742430)
76. Suppe, J. (1983), Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding, Am. J. Sci., 283(7), 684-721, doi:10.2475/ajs.283.7.684.
77. Vincent, S. J., and M. B. Allen (1999), Evolution of the Minle and Chaoshui basins, China: Implications for Mesozoic strike-slip basin formation in Central Asia, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 111(5), 725-742, doi:10.1130/0016- 7606(1999)111<0725:EOTMAC>2.3.CO;2.
78. Wang, C. Y., W. B. Han, J. P. Wu, H. Lou, and W. W. Chan (2007), Crustal structure beneath the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic implications, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B07307, doi:10.1029/ 2005JB003873.
79. Wang, C. Y., H. Lou, P. G. Silver, L. P. Zhu, and L. J. Chang (2010a), Crustal structure variation along 30-N in the eastern Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic implications, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 289(3-4), 367-376, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.026.
80. Wang, C. Y., L. P. Zhu, H. Lou, B. S. Huang, Z. X. Yao, and X. H. Luo (2010b), Crustal thicknesses and Poisson's ratios in the eastern Tibetan Plateau and their tectonic implications, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B11301, doi:10.1029/2010JB007527.
81. Wang, Z. C., et al. (2012), Magnetostratigraphy and depositional history of the Miocene Wushan basin on the NE Tibetan Plateau, China: Implications for middle Miocene tectonics of the west Qinling fault zone, J. Asian Earth Sci., 44, 189-202, doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.06.009.
82. Wittlinger, G., J. Vergne, P. Tapponnier, V. Farra, G. Poupinet, M. Jiang, H. Su, G. Herquel, and A. Paul (2004), Teleseismic imaging of subducting lithosphere and Moho offsets beneath western Tibet, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 221(1-4), 117-130, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00723-4. (Pubitemid 38554961)
83. Xu, L. L., S. Rondenay, and R. D. van der Hilst (2007), Structure of the crust beneath the southeastern Tibetan Plateau from teleseismic receiver functions, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 165(3-4), 176-193, doi:10.1016/j. pepi.2007.09.002. (Pubitemid 350177416)
84. Yin, A., and T. M. Harrison (2000), Geologic evolution of the Himalayan- Tibetan orogen, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 28, 211-280, doi:10.1146/ annurev.earth.28.1.211.
85. Yin, A., et al. (2002), Tectonic history of the Altyn Tagh fault system in northern Tibet inferred from Cenozoic sedimentation, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 114(10), 1257-1295, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1257:THOTAT> 2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 35369065)
86. Yin, A., Y. Dang, M. Zhang, M. W. McRivette, W. P. Burgess, and X. Chen (2007), Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Qaidam basin and its surrounding regions (part 2): Wedge tectonics in southern Qaidam basin and the Eastern Kunlun Range, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 433, 369-390, doi:10.1130/2007.2433(18).
87. Yin, A., Y. Q. Dang, L. C. Wang, W. M. Jiang, S. P. Zhou, X. H. Chen, G. E. Gehrels, and M. W. McRivette (2008a), Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Qaidam basin and its surrounding regions (Part 1): The southern Qilian Shan-Nan Shan thrust belt and northern Qaidam basin, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 120(7-8), 813-846, doi:10.1130/B26180.1.
88. Yin, A., Y. Q. Dang, M. Zhang, X. H. Chen, and M. W. McRivette (2008b), Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam basin and its surrounding regions (Part 3): Structural geology, sedimentation, and regional tectonic reconstruction, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 120(7-8), 847-876, doi:10.1130/ B26232.1.
89. Zhang, H., W. H. Craddock, R. O. Lease, W. Wang, D. Y. Yuan, P. Zhang, P. Molnar, D. Zheng, and W. Zheng (2012), Magnetostratigraphy of the Neogene Chaka basin and its implications for mountain building processes in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, Basin Res., 24(1), 31-50, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2117.2011.00512.x.
90. Zhang, P. Z., Z. Shen, M. Wang, W. J. Gan, R. Burgmann, and P. Molnar (2004), Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from Global Positioning System data, Geology, 32(9), 809-812, doi:10.1130/G20554.1. (Pubitemid 39316145)
91. Zhao, J. M., W. D. Mooney, X. K. Zhang, Z. C. Li, Z. J. Jin, and N. Okaya (2006), Crustal structure across the Altyn Tagh Range at the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and tectonic implications, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 241(3-4), 804-814, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.11.003. (Pubitemid 43092564)
92. Zhao, W., et al. (2001), Crustal structure of central Tibet as derived from project INDEPTH wide-angle seismic data, Geophys. J. Int., 145(2), 486-498, doi:10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01402.x. (Pubitemid 32399668)
93. Zheng, D. W., P. Z. Zhang, J. L. Wan, D. Y. Yuan, C. Y. Li, G. M. Yin, G. L. Zhang, Z. C. Wang, W. Min, and J. Chen (2006), Rapid exhumation at 8 Ma on the Liupan Shan thrust fault from apatite fission-track thermochronology: Implications for growth of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau margin, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 248(1-2), 198-208, doi:10.1016/ j.epsl.2006.05.023.
94. Zheng, D. W., M. K. Clark, P. Zhang, W. Zheng, and K. A. Farley (2010), Erosion, fault initiation and topographic growth of the north Qilian Shan (northern Tibetan Plateau), Geosphere, 6(6), 937-941, doi:10.1130/ GES00523.1.
95. Zheng, W. J., P. Z. Zhang, W. G. He, D. Y. Yuan, Y. X. Shao, D. W. Zheng, W. P. Ge, and W. Min (2012), Transformation of displacement between strike-slip and crustal shortening in the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from decadal GPS measurements and late Quaternary slip rates on faults, Tectonophysics, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.01.006, in press.
96. Zhu, B., W. S. F. Kidd, D. B. Rowley, B. S. Currie, and N. Shafique (2005), Age of initiation of the India-Asia collision in the east-central Himalaya, J. Geol., 113(3), 265-285, doi:10.1086/428805. (Pubitemid 40815644)