Trust in the world of cybercrime

Global Crime

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 71-94

  Lusthaus, Jonathan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Anonymity; Cybercrime; Trust; United Kingdom

Indexed keywords

EID: 84861590743     PISSN: 17440572     EISSN: 17440580     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.674183     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Author, interview with Police Central e-crime Unit member, August 12, 2011.
2. and Reuters, 'Cybercrime Is Getting Organized', Wired, http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2006/09/71793 (accessed August 11, 2011).
3. The archive can be found at http://www.cybercrime.gov/ccnews.html. Cases were classified according to whether they involved (1) 'loners' or (2) dealings between cybercriminal collaborators in the planning or commission of a crime or in the distribution of the proceeds of that crime. Press releases that did not provide enough information to make a determination or were ambiguous were discarded from the sample, leaving a total of 52 cases.
4. Samuel McQuade, Understanding and Managing Cybercrime (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2006), 16.
5. See, for instance, Susan Brenner, Cybercrime: Criminal Threats from Cyberspace (Westport: Praeger, 2010).
6. Joseph Menn, Fatal System Error (New York: Public Affairs, 2010).
7. McQuade, Understanding and Managing Cybercrime.
8. Douglas Thomas and Brian Loader, eds., Cybercrime: Law Enforcement, Security and Surveillance in the Information Age (London: Routledge, 2000).
9. David Wall, Cybercrime: The Transformation of Crime in the Information Age (Cambridge: Polity, 2007).
10. Misha Glenny, Darkmarket: Cyberthieves, Cybercops and You (London: Bodley Head, 2011).
11. Marjie Britz, 'A New Paradigm of Organised Crime in the United States: Criminal Syndicates, Cyber-Gangs, and the Worldwide Web', Sociology Compass 2, no. 6 (2008).
12. Thomas Holt, 'Lone Hacks or Group Cracks: Examining the Social Organization of Computer Hackers', in Crimes of the Internet, ed. Frank Schmalleger and Michael Pittaro (Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008), 336-55.
13. Nir Kshetri, The Global Cybercrime Industry (Heidelberg: Springer, 2010).
14. Tim Jordan and Paul Taylor, 'A Sociology of Hackers', The Sociological Review 46, no. 4 (1998).
15. Siddhi Pittayachawan et al., 'A Multitheoretical Approach for Solving Trust Problems in B2c E-Commerce', International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organisations 5, no. 3-4 (2008).
16. Diego Gambetta, Codes of the Underworld: How Criminals Communicate (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009).
17. Diego Gambetta, Codes of the Underworld: How Criminals Communicate (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009) xv.
18. Diego Gambetta, Codes of the Underworld: How Criminals Communicate (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009) xvii-xviii.
19. for general studies on signalling theory.
20. see Diego Gambetta, 'Signaling', in The Oxford Handbook of Analytical Sociology, ed. Peter Bearman and Peter Hedstrom (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 168-94.
21. Michael Spence, Market Signaling: Informational Transfer in Hiring and Related Screening Processes (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974).
22. Amotz Zahavi, 'Mate Selection: A Selection for a Handicap', Journal of Theoretical Biology 53, no. 1 (1975).
23. Gambetta, Codes of the Underworld, xviii-xix.
24. see also Robert Frank, Passions within Reason (New York: Norton, 1988).
25. Amotz Zahavi and Avishag Zahavi, The Handicap Principle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
26. Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980).
27. Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980) 20.
28. Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980) 134-5.
29. Avinash Dixit, Lawlessness and Economics: Alternative Modes of Governance (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004).
30. Avinash Dixit, Lawlessness and Economics: Alternative Modes of Governance (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004)12.
31. Avinash Dixit, Lawlessness and Economics: Alternative Modes of Governance (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004) 13.
32. Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), chapter 1.
33. see also Federico Varese, The Russian Mafia: Private Protection in a New Market Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
34. Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia (Oxford: Blackwell, 1974), 3-25.
35. Author, interview with former member of the National Hi-Tech Crime Unit, August 1, 2011.
36. Author, interview with senior Internet security analyst, July 5, 2011.
37. Author, interview with senior Internet security firm officer, July 12, 2011.
38. Author, interview with senior Internet security firm officer; and Author, interview with senior Internet security analyst.
39. A penetration tester is hired by companies to ethically hack into their systems to test their security.
40. Botnets are networks of infected computers that can be exploited by 'Bot herders' for accessing information or using them in cyberattacks.
41. Author, interview with Police Central e-crime Unit member.
42. Elinor Mills, 'Q&A: FBI Agent Looks Back on Time Posing as a Cybercriminal', CNET News, http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-10234872-83.html (accessed August 17, 2011).
43. Author, interview with former cybercriminal, August 5, 2011.
44. Author, interview with former hacker, August 2, 2011.
45. Author, interview with senior Internet security firm officer.
46. Author, interview with senior Internet security firm officer.
47. Author, interview with former cybercriminal.
48. See Martin Sanchez-Jankowski, Islands in the Street (Berkley: University of California Press, 1991).
49. Mills, 'Q&A'.
50. Author, interview with former cybercriminal.
51. Author, interview with former cybercriminal.
52. Author, interview with former cybercriminal.
53. Author, interview with former cybercriminal.
54. Gambetta, Codes of the Underworld, chap. 6.
55. Gambetta, Codes of the Underworld., chap. 7.
56. Gambetta, Codes of the Underworld., 9-10.
57. Joseph Pistone, Donnie Brasco: My Undercover Life in the Mafia (London: Hodder, 1987), 46.
58. Author, interview with former member of the National Hi-Tech Crime Unit.
59. Author, interview with senior Internet security firm officer.
60. Author, interview with former cybercriminal.
61. Steven Chabinsky, 'Remarks to the Govsec/Fose Conference', Federal Bureau of Investigation, http://www.fbi.gov/news/speeches/the-cyber-threat-whos-doing-what-to-whom (accessed August 11, 2011).
62. Mills, 'Q&A'.
63. Robert McMillan, 'Three Years Undercover with the Identity Thieves', PCWorld, http://www.pcworld.com/article/158005/three_years_undercover_with_the_identity_thieves.html (accessed August 15, 2011).
64. Robert McMillan, 'Three Years Undercover with the Identity Thieves', PCWorld, http://www.pcworld.com/article/158005/three_years_undercover_with_the_identity_thieves.html (accessed August 15, 2011).
65. and Mills, 'Q&A'.
66. Mills, 'Q&A'.
67. Gambetta, Codes of the Underworld, 11-15.
68. Author, personal communication with former cybercriminal, August 23, 2011.
69. Author, personal communication with former cybercriminal, August 23, 2011.
70. Gambetta, Codes of the Underworld, 15-18.
71. Caroline Davies, 'Welcome to Darkmarket - Global One-Stop Shop for Cybercrime and Banking Fraud', The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/jan/14/darkmarket-online-fraud-trial-wembley (accessed August 1, 2011).
72. With thanks to an anonymous reviewer on this point.
73. Gambetta, Codes of the Underworld, 16-18.
74. Author, interview with former member of the National Hi-Tech Crime Unit.
75. Colin Camerer, Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), chap. 8.
76. Gambetta, Codes of the Underworld, 10-11.
77. Author, interview with former cybercriminal.
78. Author, interview with former member of the National Hi-Tech Crime Unit.
79. Author, interview with Police Central e-crime Unit member.
80. R v Kelly and Others [Case Summary], Southwark Crown Court, 2011, 35.
81. Author, interview with Police Central e-crime Unit member.
82. Author, interview with Police Central e-crime Unit member.
83. Dixit, Lawlessness and Economics, 12.
84. Author, interview with Police Central e-crime Unit member.
85. Author, interview with Police Central e-crime Unit member.
86. Davies, 'Welcome to Darkmarket'.
87. Federico Varese, Mafias on the Move (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011), 114-20.
88. This was observed in an offline copy of elements of the Carder Planet site.
89. Federico Varese, 'What Is Organized Crime?', in Organized Crime: Critical Concepts in Criminology, ed. Federico Varese (New York: Routledge, 2010), 17.
90. Kevin Poulsen, Kingpin (New York: Crown Publishers, 2011).
91. Author, interview with former hacker.
92. Author, interview with former hacker.
93. and Author, interview with pioneer of UK Cyber Policing, July 26, 2011.
94. MafiaBoy was an infamous hacker who launched DDoS attacks on Yahoo!, eBay and CNN among other large corporations.
95. Author, interview with senior Internet security firm officer.