Huxtables on the Brain: An fMRI Study of Race and Norm Violation

Political Psychology

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 313-330

  Schreiber, Darren ^a   Iacoboni, Marco ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Brain imaging; FMRI; Neuropolitics; Race; Social norms

Indexed keywords

EID: 84861572858     PISSN: 0162895X     EISSN: 14679221     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00879.x     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Amodio, D. M., & Frith, C. D. (2006). Meeting of minds: The medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(4), 268-277.
2. Beckmann, C. F., Jenkinson, M., & Smith, S. M. (2003). General multilevel linear modeling for group analysis in fMRI. Neuroimage, 20(2), 1052-1063.
3. Berman, M. G., Park, J., Gonzalez, R., Polk, T. A, Gehrke, A., Knaffla, S., & Jonides, J. (2010). Evaluating functional localizers: The case of the ffa. Neuroimage, 50(1), 56-71. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.024.
4. Berthoz, S., Armony, J. L., Blair, R. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2002). An fMRI study of intentional and unintentional (embarrassing) violations of social norms. Brain, 125, 1696-1708.
5. Bobo, L. (1983). Whites' opposition to busing: Symbolic racism or realistic group conflict? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1196-1210.
6. Borg, J. S., Hynes, C., Van Horn, J., Grafton, S., & Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2006). Consequences, action, and intention as factors in moral judgments: An fMRI investigation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 803-817.
7. Borg, J. S., Lieberman, D., & Kiehl, K. A. (2008). Infection, incest, and iniquity: Investigating the neural correlates of disgust and morality. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 1529-1546. doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20109.
8. Buchheim, A., Erk, S., George, C., Kachele, H., Kircher, T., Martius, P., & Walter, H. (2008). Neural correlates of attachment trauma in borderline personality disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Research, 163, 223-235. doi:S0925-4927(07) 00145-X [pii] 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.07.001.
9. Bush, G., & Shin, L. M. (2006). The multi-source interference task: An fMRI task that reliably activates the cingulo-frontal-parietal cognitive/attention network. Nature Protocols, 1, 308-313. doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.48.
10. Cant, J., & Goodale, M. (2007). Attention to form or surface properties modulates different regions of human occipitotemporal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 17(3), 713-731. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhk022.
11. Carver, C. S., Glass, D. C., & Katz, I. (1978). Favorable evaluations of blacks and the handicapped: Positive prejudice, unconscious denial, or social desirability? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 8(2), 97-106.
12. Corbetta, M., Miezin, F. M., Dobmeyer, S., Shulman, G. L., & Petersen, S. E. (1990). Attentional modulation of neural processing of shape, color, and velocity in humans. Science, 248(4962), 1556-1559.
13. Costafreda, S. G., Brammer, M. J., David, A. S., & Fu, C. H. (2008). Predictors of amygdala activation during the processing of emotional stimuli: A meta-analysis of 385 pet and fMRI studies. Brain Research Reviews, 58(1), 57-70. doi:S0165-0173(07) 00248-2 [pii] 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.10.012.
14. Cunningham, W. A., Johnson, M. K., Raye, C. L., Gatenby, J., Gore, J. C., & Banaji, M. R. (2004). Separable neural components in the processing of black and white faces. Psychological Science, 15, 806-813. doi:PSCI760 [pii] 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00760.x.
15. Darwin, C. (1996 1859). The origin of species. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16. Davis, D., & Silver, B. (2003). Stereotype threat and race of interviewer effects in a survey on political knowledge. American Journal of Political Science, 47, 33-45.
17. de Waal, F. B. M. (1998). Chimpanzee politics: Power and sex among apes (Rev. ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
18. Descartes, R. (1979). Meditations on first philosophy: In which the existence of God and the distinction of the soul from the body are demonstrated. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Co. (Original work published 1641).
19. Devlin, J. T., Rushworth, M. F., & Matthews, P. M. (2005). Category-related activation for written words in the posterior fusiform is task specific. Neuropsychologia, 43(1), 69-74. doi:S0028-3932(04) 00153-8 [pii] 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.06.013.
20. Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., Johnson, C., Johnson, B., & Howard, A. (1997). On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 510-540.
21. Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bogdahn, U., & May, A. (2004). Neuroplasticity: Changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature, 427(6972), 311-312. doi:10.1038/427311a 427311a.
22. Eberhardt, J. L. (2005). Imaging race. American Psychologist, 60, 181-190. doi:2005-01817-004 [pii] 10.1037/0003-066X.60.2.181.
23. Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290-292.
24. Forman, S. D., Cohen, J. D., Fitzgerald, M., Eddy, W. F., Mintun, M. A., & Noll, D. C. (1995). Improved assessment of significant activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): Use of a cluster-size threshold. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 33, 636-647.
25. Fowler, J. H., & Schreiber, D. (2008). Biology, politics, and the emerging science of human nature. Science, 322(5903), 912-914. doi:322/5903/912 [pii] 10.1126/science.1158188.
26. Freeman, J. B., Schiller, D., Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2010). The neural origins of superficial and individuated judgments about ingroup and outgroup members. Human Brain Mapping, 31, 150-159. doi:10.1002/hbm.20852.
27. Friston, K. J., Worsley, K. J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Mazziotta, J. C. (1994). Assessing the significance of focal activations using their spatial extent. Human Brain Mapping, 1, 214-220.
28. Gauthier, I., Skudlarski, P., Gore, J. C., & Anderson, A. W. (2000). Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition. Nature Neuroscience, 3(2), 191-197.
29. Gilens, M. (1999). Why Americans hate welfare: Race, media, and the politics of antipoverty policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
30. Golby, A. J., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Chiao, J. Y., & Eberhardt, J. L. (2001). Differntial responses in the fusiform region to same-race and other-race faces. Nature, 4(8), 845-850.
31. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the implicit association test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 17-41. doi:2009-08950-006 [pii] 10.1037/a0015575.
32. Grezes, J., Berthoz, S., & Passingham, R. E. (2006). Amygdala activation when one is the target of deceit: Did he lie to you or to someone else? Neuroimage, 30, 601-608. doi:S1053-8119(05) 00751-2 [pii] 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.038.
33. Guitart-Masip, M., Pascual, J. C., Carmona, S., Hoekzema, E., Berge, D., Perez, V., & Vilarroya, O. (2009). Neural correlates of impaired emotional discrimination in borderline personality disorder: An fMRI study. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 33, 1537-1545. doi:S0278-5846(09) 00293-0 [pii] 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.08.022.
34. Gusnard, D. A., & Raichle, M. E. (2001). Searching for a baseline: Functional imaging and the resting human brain. Nature Review Neuroscience, 2, 685-694.
35. Harris, L. T., & Fiske, S. T. (2006). Dehumanizing the lowest of the low: Neuroimaging responses to extreme out-groups. Psychological Science, 17, 847-853. doi:PSCI1793 [pii] 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01793.x.
36. Hart, A. J., Whalen, P. J., Shin, L. M., McInerney, S. C., Fischer, H., & Rauch, S. L. (2000). Differential response in the human amygdala to racial outgroup vs. ingroup face stimuli. Neuroreport, 11, 2351-2355.
37. Hatchett, S., & Schuman, H. (1975). White respondents and race-of-interviewer effects. Public Opinion Quarterly, 39, 523-528. doi:10.1086/268249.
38. Herpertz, S. C., Dietrich, T. M., Wenning, B., Krings, T., Erberich, S. G., Willmes, K., & Sass, H. (2001). Evidence of abnormal amygdala functioning in borderline personality disorder: A functional MRI study. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 292-298. doi:S0006-3223(01) 01075-7.
39. Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002). Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 575-604. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135109.
40. Huddy, L., & Feldman, S. (2009). On assessing the political effects of racial prejudice. Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 423-447.
41. Iacoboni, M. (2006). Failure to deactivate in autism: The co-constitution of self and other. Trends in Cognitive Science, 10, 431-433.
42. Iacoboni, M. O. (2008). Mirroring people: The new science of how we connect with others. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
43. Ito, T. A., & Bartholow, B. D. (2009). The neural correlates of race. Trends in Cognitive Science, 13, 524-531. doi:S1364-6613(09) 00216-2 [pii] 10.1016/j.tics.2009.10.002.
44. Izuma, K., Saito, D. N., & Sadato, N. (2010). The roles of the medial prefrontal cortex and striatum in reputation processing. Social Neuroscience, 5, 133-147. doi:914151038 [pii] 10.1080/17470910903202559.
45. Jenkinson, M., Bannister, P., Brady, M., & Smith, S. (2002). Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images. Neuroimage, 17, 825-841.
46. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47, 263-291.
47. Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 4302-4311.
48. Kastner, S., De Weerd, P., Desimone, R., & Ungerleider, L. G. (1998). Mechanisms of directed attention in the human extrastriate cortex as revealed by functional MRI. Science, 282(5386), 108-111.
49. Kawakami, K., Dunn, E., Karmali, F., & Dovidio, J. F. (2009). Mispredicting affective and behavioral responses to racism. Science, 323(5911), 276-278. doi:323/5911/276 [pii] 10.1126/science.1164951.
50. King-Casas, B., Sharp, C., Lomax-Bream, L., Lohrenz, T., Fonagy, P., & Montague, P. R. (2008). The rupture and repair of cooperation in borderline personality disorder. Science, 321(5890), 806-810. doi:321/5890/806 [pii] 10.1126/science.1156902.
51. Klucharev, V., Hytonen, K., Rijpkema, M., Smidts, A., & Fernandez, G. (2009). Reinforcement learning signal predicts social conformity. Neuron, 61(1), 140-151. doi:S0896-6273(08) 01020-9 [pii] 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.11.027.
52. Koenigsberg, H. W., Siever, L. J., Lee, H., Pizzarello, S., New, A. S., Goodman, M., & Prohovnik, I. (2009). Neural correlates of emotion processing in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 172(3), 192-199. doi:S0925-4927(08) 00096-6 [pii] 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.07.010.
53. Krill, A., & Platek, S. M. (2009). In-group and out-group membership mediates anterior cingulate activation to social exclusion. Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience, 1 [online unpaginated]. doi:10.3389/neuro.18.001.2009.
54. Kurzban, R., Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2001). Can race be erased? Coalitional computation and social categorization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 98(26), 15387-15392.
55. Li, J., Xiao, E., Houser, D., & Montague, P. R. (2009). Neural responses to sanction threats in two-party economic exchange. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 16835-16840. doi:0908855106 [pii] 10.1073/pnas.0908855106.
56. Lieb, K., Zanarini, M. C., Schmahl, C., Linehan, M. M., & Bohus, M. (2004). Borderline personality disorder. Lancet, 364(9432), 453-461. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04) 16770-6.
57. Lieberman, M. D., Hariri, A., Jarcho, J. M., Eisenberger, N. I., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (2005). An fMRI investigation of race-related amygdala activity in African-American and Caucasian-American individuals. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 720-722.
58. Lieberman, M., Schreiber, D., & Ochsner, K. (2003). Is political sophistication like learning to ride a bicycle? How cognitive neuroscience can inform research on political thinking. Political Psychology, 24, 681-704.
59. McCabe, K., Houser, D., Ryan, L., Smith, V., & Trouard, T. (2001). A functional imaging study of cooperation in two-person reciprocal exchange. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 11832-11835.
60. Minshew, N. J., & Keller, T. A. (2010). The nature of brain dysfunction in autism: Functional brain imaging studies. Current Opinions in Neurology, 23(2), 124-130. doi:10.1097/WCO.0b013e32833782d4.
61. Northoff, G., Qin, P., & Nakao, T. (2010). Rest-stimulus interaction in the brain: A review. Trends in Neurosciences, 33(6), 277-284. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2010.02.006.
62. Nummenmaa, L., Hirvonen, J., Parkkola, R., & Hietanen, J. K. (2008). Is emotional contagion special? An fMRI study on neural systems for affective and cognitive empathy. Neuroimage, 43, 571-580. doi:S1053-8119(08) 00929-4 [pii] 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.08.014.
63. Paluck, E. L., & Green, D. P. (2009). Prejudice reduction: What works? A review and assessment of research and practice. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 60, 339-367. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163607.
64. Pessoa, L., McKenna, M., Gutierrez, E., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2002). Neural processing of emotional faces requires attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 11458-11463. doi:10.1073/pnas.172403899 172403899.
65. Phelps, E. A., Cannistraci, C. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2003). Intact performance on an indirect measure of race bias following amygdala damage. Neuropsychologia, 41(2), 203-208. doi:S0028393202001501.
66. Phelps, E. A., O'Connor, K. J., Cunningham, W., Funayama, E. S., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., & Mahzarin, R. B. (2000). Performance on indirect measures of race evaluation predicts amygdala activation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 729-738.
67. Pujol, J., Harrison, B. J., Ortiz, H., Deus, J., Soriano-Mas, C., Lopez-Sola, M., & Cardoner, N. (2009). Influence of the fusiform gyrus on amygdala response to emotional faces in the non-clinical range of social anxiety. Psychological Medicine, 39, 1177-1187. doi:S003329170800500X [pii] 10.1017/S003329170800500x.
68. Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001). A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 676-682.
69. Rajimehr, R., Young, J. C., & Tootell, R. B. H. (2009). An anterior temporal face patch in human cortex, predicted by macaque maps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 1995-2000. doi:10.1073/pnas.0807304106.
70. Reddy, L., Moradi, F., & Koch, C. (2007). Top-down biases win against focal attention in the fusiform face area. Neuroimage, 38, 730-739. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.08.006.
71. Rilling, J. K., Dagenais, J. E., Goldsmith, D. R., Glenn, A. L., & Pagnoni, G. (2008). Social cognitive neural networks during in-group and out-group interactions. Neuroimage, 41, 1447-1461. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.044.
72. Scholz, J., Klein, M. C., Behrens, T. E., & Johansen-Berg, H. (2009). Training induces changes in white-matter architecture. Nature Neuroscience, 1370-1371. doi:nn.2412 [pii] 10.1038/nn.2412.
73. Schreiber, D. (2007). Political cognition as social cognition: Are we all political sophisticates? In W. R. Neuman, G. E. Marcus, A. N. Crigler, & M. MacKuen (Eds.), The affect effect: Dynamics of emotion in political thinking and behavior (pp. 48-70). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
74. Schreiber, D. (2011). From SCAN to neuropolitics. In P. K. Hatemi & R. McDermott (Eds.), Man is by nature a political animal. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
75. Sears, D., Van Laar, C., Carrillo, M., & Kosterman, R. (1997). Is it really racism? The origins of white Americans' opposition to race-targeted policies. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 16-53.
76. Sergerie, K., Chochol, C., & Armony, J. L. (2008). The role of the amygdala in emotional processing: A quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Review, 32, 811-830. doi:S0149-7634(08) 00007-9 [pii] 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.12.002.
77. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press.
78. Singer, T., Kiebel, S. J., Winston, J. S., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2004). Brain responses to the acquired moral status of faces. Neuron, 41, 653-662. doi:S0896627304000145.
79. Smith, C. D., Lori, N. F., Akbudak, E., Sorar, E., Gultepe, E., Shimony, J. S., & Conturo, T. E. (2009). MRI diffusion tensor tracking of a new amygdalo-fusiform and hippocampo-fusiform pathway system in humans. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 29, 1248-1261. doi:10.1002/jMRI.21692.
80. Smith, S. M. (2002). Fast robust automated brain extraction. Human Brain Mapping, 17, 143-155.
81. Sniderman, P. M., & Carmines, E. G. (1997). Reaching beyond race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
82. Spitzer, M., Fischbacher, U., Herrnberger, B., Gron, G., & Fehr, E. (2007). The neural signature of social norm compliance. Neuron, 56, 185-196. doi:S0896-6273(07) 00709-X [pii] 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.011.
83. Van Bavel, J. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2009). Self-categorization with a novel mixed-race group moderates automatic social and racial biases. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 321-335. doi:0146167208327743 [pii] 10.1177/0146167208327743.
84. Van Bavel, J. J., Packer, D. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2008). The neural substrates of in-group bias: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Psychological Science, 19, 1131-1139. doi:PSCI2214 [pii] 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02214.x.
85. Van Overwalle, F. (2009). Social cognition and the brain: A meta-analysis. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 829-858. doi:10.1002/hbm.20547.
86. Vuilleumier, P., Armony, J. L., Driver, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2001). Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: An event-related fMRI study. Neuron, 30, 829-841.
87. Wheeler, M. E., & Fiske, S. T. (2005). Controlling racial prejudice: Social-cognitive goals affect amygdala and stereotype activation. Psychological Science, 16, 56-63. doi:PSCI780 [pii] 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00780.x.
88. Winston, J. S., Strange, B. A., O'Doherty, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2002). Automatic and intentional brain responses during evaluation of trustworthiness of faces. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 277-283. doi:10.1038/nn816 nn816.
89. Wojciulik, E., Kanwisher, N., & Driver, J. (1998). Covert visual attention modulates face-specific activity in the human fusiform gyrus: fMRI study. Journal of Neurophysiology, 79, 1574-1578.
90. Woolrich, M. W., Ripley, B. D., Brady, M., & Smith, S. M. (2001). Temporal autocorrelation in univariate linear modeling of fMRI data. Neuroimage, 14, 1370-1386.
91. Worsley, K. J. (2001). Statistical analysis of activation images. In P. Jezzard, P. M. Matthews, & S. M. Smith (Eds.), Functional MRI: An introduction to methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
92. Worsley, K. J., Evans, A. C., Marret, S., & Neelin, P. (1992). A three-dimensional statistical analysis for cbf activation studies in human brain. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 12, 900-918.
93. Xu, X., Zuo, X., Wang, X., & Han, S. (2009). Do you feel my pain? Racial group membership modulates empathic neural responses. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 8525-8529. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2418-09.2009.