Rethinking the history of modern agriculture: British pig production, c.1910-65

Twentieth Century British History

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 165-191

  Woods, Abigail ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; ARTICLE; HISTORY; SWINE; UNITED KINGDOM;

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; ANIMALS; GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; SUS SCROFA;

EID: 84861472824     PISSN: 09552359     EISSN: 14774674     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/tcbh/hwr010     Document Type: Article

References (231)

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15. While they engage closely with the nature, extent, and even the existence of post-productivism, authors do not subject productivism to a similarly critical analysis. G. A. Wilson, 'From Productivism to Post-productivism... and Back Again? Exploring the (un)changed Natural and Mental Landscapes of European Agriculture', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 26 (2001), 77-102
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31. Pigs rarely feature in histories of twentieth-century agriculture. The few dedicated accounts address earlier periods, or focus on the pig's cultural significance: J. Wiseman, A History of the British Pig (London, 1986)
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40. Farmer and Stockbreeder was the most popular weekly farming magazine. The specialist monthly, Pig Farmer, began publication in 1955.
41. There is no evidence of a hierarchy of expertise between scientists and progressive producers. This suggests that historians may have over-emphasized the innovations of the former, and neglected the latter's contribution to changes in twentieth-century farming practice.
42. Pig pregnancies lasted three months, three weeks and three days. Litters numbered up to 12 piglets, though pre-weaning losses were high. A target of fourteen weaned pigs per sow per year was suggested by R. Biffen, Fream's Elements of Agriculture (12th edn, London, 1932), 570.
43. H. R. Davidson, The Production and Marketing of Pigs (London, 1948), 14-23
44. D. B. Bellis, 'Pig farming in the United Kingdom - Its Development and Future Trends', Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, 129 (1968), 24-42.
45. J. R. Walton, 'Pedigree and the National Cattle Herd c.1750-1950', Agricultural History Review, 34 (1986), 149-70
46. H. Ritvo, The Animal Estate (Cambridge, 1987).
47. The British Pig Association, 'A History of the British Pig Association' ≤http://www.britishpigs.org.uk/history1.htm≥ accessed 7 April 2011.
48. T. E. Robinson, 'English Versus Danish Pigs for Bacon', in Outdoor Pigs: How to Make Them Pay, by the leading authorities on modern pig keeping (London, 1923), 107
49. E. B. Shaw, 'Swine Industry of Denmark', Economic Geography, 14 (1938), 23-37
50. Danish Agricultural Organisation, Danish Agriculture: Denmark as a Food Producer (Copenhagen, 1954)
51. Kristensen and Sabel, 'The Smallholder'.
52. T. Allen, Profitable Pig Breeding and Feeding (London, 1910)
53. R. D. Garrett, Practical Pig-Keeping: A Manual for Amateurs (3rd revised edn, London, 1911)
54. S. Edge, 'Pig Keeping that Pays', Farmer and Stockbreeder (hereafter F&S), 32 (1919), 94
55. Anon., 'Introduction', and F. Bonnett, 'The Outdoor Pig', in Outdoor Pigs by the leading authorities, 1-16, 17-28
56. H. P. Jacques, Modern Pig Keeping (London, 1924).
57. Jacques, Modern Pig Keeping, 11.
58. Allen, Profitable Pig Breeding
59. Edge, 'Pig keeping', 94
60. Bonnett, 'The Outdoor Pig', 8
61. There was a parallel inter-war movement to open-air dairy farming, promoted by Wiltshire producer, A. Hosier, who devised the movable bail milking machine. Brassley, 'British Farming'.
62. Anon., 'Open Air Pigs', F&S 34 (1921), 38
63. P. Dewey, 'British Farming Profits and Government Policy During the First World War', Economic History Review, 37 (1984), 373-90.
64. The uptake of open-air production contradicts Holderness's claim that 'no fundamental reorientation in the management of the pig was attempted before the 1920s'. E. Collins (ed.), The Agrarian History of England and Wales vol. 7, 1850-1914 (Cambridge, 2000), 490.
65. R. Morrison, The Individuality of the Pig: Its Breeding, Feeding and Management (London, 1926), 187.
66. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Pig Keeping: Bulletin No 32 (5th edn, London, 1938).
67. C. Crowther, 'Indoor v Outdoor Pig Feeding', F&S, 36 (1923), 313
68. Morrison, Individuality of the Pig.
69. H. E. Shand, 'Tests on Tethered Sows', F&S, 49 (1935), 89
70. H. R. Davidson, 'Clean Ground for Pigs', F&S, 49 (1935), 247
71. S. McGuckian, 'Housing for Health in Pig Production' (1948), reprinted in A. E. Muskett (ed.) A. A. McGuckian: A Memorial Volume (Belfast, 1956), 25-34.
72. W. Glossop, 'Planning the Pig Department', F&S, 47 (1933), 1383
73. R. Rae, 'Piggeries at the Agricultural Research Institute for Northern Ireland', Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture (hereafter J Min Ag) 41 (1934-5), 229-39
74. Bellis, 'Pig Farming'.
75. Special correspondent, 'Pigs on Factory Lines', F&S, 51 (1937), 789. The phrase 'farming along factory lines' dated from at least 1917, when Irish agricultural extension lecturer, Thomas Wibberley, applied it to his system of continuous cropping. As in factory production, Wibberley aimed for an even distribution of labour throughout the year, and for the use of labour saving machinery. T. Wibberley, Farming Along Factory Lines: Continuous Cropping for the Large Farmer (London, 1917).
76. E. Whetham, Agricultural Economists in Britain, 1900-56 (Oxford, 1981).
77. 'Dorset', 'Weaning Pigs and Their Food', F&S, 38 (1925), 786
78. Anon., 'Linking up Commercial Pig Interests', F&S, 40 (1927), 759
79. Biffen, Fream's Elements
80. G. H. Garrad, 'Pig Recording Means Efficiency', F&S, 47 (1933), 299
81. Davidson, Production and Marketing, 338
82. Bellis, 'Pig Farming'.
83. Editorial, 'The Pig Industry', Veterinary Record (hereafter VR), 49 (1937), 1114-15
84. Davidson, Production and Marketing
85. Bellis, 'Pig Farming'.
86. Garrad, 'Pig Recording'
87. H. R. Davidson, 'Raising Fecundity in Pigs', F&S 47 (1933), 351
88. Glossop, 'Planning'.
89. Nevertheless, the scheme was not a success. Many farmers preferred to sell pigs on the open market. Supplies to bacon factories via the scheme were too low for them to work at capacity. Consequently, they were forced to buy more pigs on the open market, often at higher prices, which encouraged more producers to opt out of the scheme. Editorial, 'The Pig Industry'.
90. D. J. Anthony, 'Some Notes on Swine Practice', VR, 47 (1935), 75-84
91. V. C. Fishwick, 'The Management of Growing Pigs: Outdoor v Indoor Systems', J Min Ag, 42 (1935-6), 345-52
92. H. G. Lamont, 'The Problems of the Practitioner in Connection with the Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases in Young Pigs', VR, 50 (1938), 1379-400.
93. The National Archives: Public Record Office, Kew (hereafter TNA: PRO), Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (hereafter MAF]) 33/71, W. T. Price and A. W. Ling, 'Pig Husbandry: An Investigation Conducted in the SW of England' (1935-6).
94. TNA: PRO, MAF 33/710, W. H. Andrews, 'Minute' (20 April 1934).
95. ARC Pig Diseases Committee, First Interim Report (1933), NA MAF 33/720. The ARC was founded in 1931 to allocate state funds for agricultural research. T. DeJager, 'Pure Science and Practical Interests: The Origins of the ARC, 1930-37', Minerva 13 (1993),129-51.
96. P. Shanks, 'The Housing of Pigs', VR, 54 (1942), 233-35
97. Fishwick, 'Management of Growing Pigs'.
98. McGuckian, 'Housing'.
99. K. Murray, The History of the Second World War: Agriculture (London, 1955)
100. Martin, The Development of Modern Agriculture.
101. J. O. Powley, 'Diseases of the Pig with Reference to War-time Conditions', VR, 54 (1942), 236-8
102. J. Blair, 'The Problems of Pig Clubs in War-time', VR, 55 (1943), 445-8.
103. W. A. Stewart. and V. C. Fishwick, 'Pig Keeping in War Time', J Min Ag, 46 (1939-40), 627-33
104. Murray, The History
105. Bellis, 'Pig Farming'.
106. N. Tinley, Good Pig Keeping (London, 1947).
107. H. R. Davidson, 'Future of Bacon Production', F&S, 63 (1949), 579
108. Editorial, 'Pigs and Pig Production', VR, 63 (1951), 98
109. H. R. Davidson, 'The Breeding, Housing and General Management of Pigs', in Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (ed.), Pig Husbandry (London, 1951), 1-6.
110. D. S. Thornton, 'Why Not All-year-round Farrowing?' Pig Farmer (hereafter PF), 3 (1956), 53.
111. Martin, Development of Modern Agriculture.
112. Cmnd. 9406, 'Agriculture Act, 1947: Annual Review and Determination of Guarantees', Parliamentary Papers (1954-55), xii, 167.
113. Martin, Development of Modern Agriculture.
114. TNA: PRO, MAF 194/440, H. Bannister, 'Draft Notes for Setting up PIDA' (1956).
115. C. James, 'What's Going to Happen to Pig Recording?' PF 6(8) (1958), 43.
116. TNA: PRO, MAF 189/932-6, PIDA, 'Minutes of Veterinary Advisory Committee' (1958-62)
117. PIDA, Annual Reports (London, 1957-67).
118. Anon., 'Landrace Progeny Test Results', PF, 6 (1958), 35.
119. J. W. Reid, D. E. Tribe and H. F. Hebeler, Papers Presented to BVA Congress on the Rearing, Nutrition and Diseases of the Pig, VR, 66 (1954), 862-78.
120. S. Horvat, 'Secrets of Success in Pig Keeping', PF, 8 (1959), 39.
121. G. Johnson, Profitable Pig Farming (Ipswich, 1959), 22.
122. W. Wooldridge, 'The Contribution of the Feeding-stuffs Trade to Health on the Farm', VR, 71 (1959), 2-5
123. Bellis, 'Pig Farming'
124. P. Brassley, 'Cutting Across Nature? The History of Artificial Insemination in Pigs in the United Kingdom', Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 38 (2007), 442-61.
125. Anon., 'They Pointed the Way to More Profit Per Pig', PF, 7 (1959), 49-50
126. Johnson, Profitable Pig Farming
127. S. Horvat, 'The Economics of Husbandry and the Disease Pattern in Pigs', VR, 76 (1964), 1181-9
128. M. Meredith, Interview with Abigail Woods (24 June 2009).
129. Bellis, 'Pig Farming'
130. Godley and Williams, 'The Chicken'
131. Anon., 'High Profit Hybrids', PF, 12 (1964), 57.
132. R. F. Ridgeon, 'Which Pays the Best?' PF, 8 (1960), 28.
133. D. Burch, Interview with Abigail Woods (31 July 2009).
134. K. Bolton, Outdoor Pig Keeping (Ipswich, 1954).
135. PF, passim.
136. G. Sykes, 'Pig Farmers - Think Big - or You're Doomed!', PF, 9 (1961), 39.
137. A. Shaw, 'Marketing is Still the Big Problem', PF supplement, 8 (1960), 3.
138. D. Juckes, 'Scale of Enterprise and Structural Change in British Pig Farming', University of Exeter, Department of Agricultural Economics, Report No. 164 (1967).
139. Serpell, In the Company
140. Eder, Social Construction
141. Franklin, Animals
142. Holloway, 'What a Thing'
143. Rollin 'The Ethics'.
144. From the evidence examined, it is impossible to say whether this concern for the pig was a uniquely British phenomenon that reflected the nation's well-documented concern for animals.
145. Bonnett, 'The Outdoor Pig', 17.
146. C. Lawrence and G. Weisz (eds), 'Medical Holism: The Context', in Greater Than the Parts: Holism in Biomedicine 1920-50 (Oxford, 1998), 1-24.
147. Bonnett, 'The Outdoor Pig'
148. Anon., 'Introduction'
149. Jacques, Modern Pig Keeping.
150. Anxieties were heightened by the prevalence of poor health and physique amongst military recruits during the Boer War (1899-1902).
151. I. Zweiniger-Bargielowska, 'Raising a Nation of ''Good Animals'': The New Health Society and Health Education Campaigns in Interwar Britain', Social History of Medicine, 20 (2007), 73-89
152. Lawrence and Weisz, 'Medical Holism'
153. D. Porter, Health, Civilisation and the State: A History of Public Health from Ancient to Modern Times (London, 1999).
154. F. Trentmann, 'Civilization and its Discontents: English Neo-Romanticism and the Transformation of Anti-Modernism in Twentieth Century Western Culture', Journal of Contemporary History, 29 (1994), 583-625
155. P. Mandler, 'Against Englishness: English Culture and the Limits to Rural Nostalgia, 1850-1940', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, 7 (1997), 155-75
156. P. Conford, 'Organic Society: Agriculture and Radical Politics in the Career of Gerard Wallop, Ninth Earl of Portsmouth (1989-1984)', Agricultural History Review, 53 (2005), 78-96.
157. V. Lymington, 'The Breeding of Bacon Pigs', J Min Ag, 42 (1935-6), 19-24.
158. Lymington-later the Earl of Portsmouth-was a right-wing advocate of the 'back to the land' movement, and helped to found Kinship in Husbandry, one of the precursors of the Soil Association. Conford, 'Organic Society'.
159. Lamont, 'The Problems'.
160. Powley, 'Diseases', 236.
161. D. J. Anthony, Diseases of the Pig and its Husbandry (London, 1940), 2.
162. Anthony, Diseases of the Pig, v.
163. Bolton, Outdoor Pig Keeping, 16.
164. F. G. Waddington, 'The Profession Today and Tomorrow', VR, 71 (1959), 435.
165. E. Taylor, 'Adverse Effects on Animal Health Brought About by Man's Interference with Nature', VR, 67 (1955), 1041.
166. Lawrence and Weisz, 'Medical Holism'
167. Mandler, 'Against Englishness'.
168. D. Sainsbury, 'Comfort Before Cost', PF, 5 (1957), 45.
169. K. Kelly, 'Contribution to Discussion on Pig Health and Husbandry', VR, 66 (1954), 877.
170. Bolton, Outdoor Pig Keeping, 18
171. Davidson, Production and Marketing, 74.
172. Allen, Profitable Pig Breeding, 62.
173. Garrett, Practical Pig-Keeping
174. T. Stephens, 'Food and Feeding', in Outdoor Pigs, by the leading authorities, 58-72
175. Davidson, Production and Marketing, 71.
176. Bonnett, 'The Outdoor Pig'.
177. H. G. Lamont and D. Luke, 'Some Pig Diseases', VR, 62 (1950), 737.
178. Allen, Profitable Pig Breeding, 31-2.
179. Allen, Profitable Pig Breeding, 118.
180. Bonnett, 'The Outdoor Pig'
181. Stephens, 'Food and Feeding'.
182. S. Wilkin, 'Pigs Rooting', F&S, 34 (1921), 930.
183. H. R. Davidson, 'Rooting in Pigs: A Habit Not Entirely Due to Diet Deficiency', F&S, 47 (1933), 1235.
184. Allen, Profitable Pig Breeding, 31-2.
185. E. W. Brooks, 'Sows at Farrowing Time', F&S, 41 (1927), 132.
186. D. H. Thompson, 'Sows at Farrowing Time', F&S, 41 (1927), 234
187. Editorial, 'Sows at Farrowing Time' F&S, 41 (1927),341.
188. Porter, Health, 166-91
189. MAFF, Diseases of the Pig (London, 1964), 2.
190. A. R. Plowden, 'The Simpler the Better', PF, 5 (1957), 31.
191. J. Inglis and A. Robertson, 'Hygienic Aspects of Pig Housing: A Review', VR, 61 (1949), 141-5.
192. MAFF, Diseases, 1-2.
193. N. Barron, The Pig Farmer's Veterinary Book (Ipswich, 1952), 1-6.
194. R. Braude and K. Mitchell, 'Nutritional Anaemia in Pigs', PF, 6 (1958), 27-9.
195. MAFF, Diseases, 1.
196. W. T. Price, 'Future for Pigs and Poultry', in Sir J. S. Watson (ed.), Proceedings of Conference: Agriculture in the British Economy (Brighton,1957), 110.
197. J.A. Greenslade, Modern Pig Breeding (London, 1952), 76.
198. Johnson, Profitable Pig Farming, 192
199. Price, 'Future for Pigs', 110.
200. Other concerns included overstocking, slatted floors, restricted lighting, and the lack of exercise for sows kept in farrowing crates
201. see Cmnd. 2836, Report of the technical committee, 34-40.
202. Bolton, Outdoor Pig Keeping, 18.
203. D. Sainsbury, Pig Housing (Ipswich, 1963), 20.
204. Sainsbury, 'Comfort'
205. Horvat, 'Economics of Husbandry'
206. Johnson, Profitable Pig Farming, 43
207. N. Snell, 'Remember We're Dealing with Animals', PF, 9 (1961), 33
208. A. James, Modern Pig Keeping (London, 1952), 83.
209. W. T. Price, Housing of the Pig (Newport, 1953), 5.
210. This was observed by R. Wilkie, 'Sentient Commodities and Productive Paradoxes: The Ambiguous Nature of Human-Livestock Relations in North East Scotland', Journal of Rural Studies, 21 (2005), 213-30.
211. Barron, Pig Farmer's Veterinary Book, 25.
212. Bolton, Outdoor Pig Keeping, 43-4.
213. James, Modern Pig Keeping, 85.
214. MAFF, Diseases, 2.
215. Greenslade, Modern Pig Breeding, 8.
216. Price, 'Future for Pigs', 110
217. James, Modern Pig Keeping, 50.
218. D. Soutar, 'A Tribute from NE Scotland', in Muskett (ed.), A. A. McGuckian, 123.
219. Greenslade, Modern Pig Breeding, 72.
220. Johnson, Profitable Pig Production, 132.
221. Inglis and Robertson, 'Hygienic Aspects'
222. D. Soutar, 'Pig Housing in Relation to Health and Economy', VR, 65 (1953), 722-40
223. Sainsbury, Pig Housing.
224. Sabel and Zeitlin, 'Historical Alternatives'
225. Sabel and Zeitlin (eds), Worlds of Possibilities
226. Scranton, Endless Novelty.
227. T. Alexander, 'Changes in Pig Production in Britain and Their Effect on the Veterinary Profession', VR, 88 (1971), 138-41
228. Peter Jackson, interview with Abigail Woods, 5 January 2011. Between 1964 and 1975, the number of breeding herds dropped by a third, and those with less than 10 breeding sows by 75%. Holdings with more than 100 breeding pigs increased by 350 per cent and the first 500 sow herds made an appearance. Marks and Britton, A Hundred Years. There is no critical historical account of these shifts.
229. Harrison, Animal Machines.
230. Wilkie identified this attitude in her study of twenty-first-century livestock farmers, which concluded that 'the instrumental and emotional components of livestock production can and do co-exist'. Wilkie, 'Sentient Commodities', 228.
231. Wilkie, 'Sentient Commodities', 228.