Lifestyle interventions for cardiovascular risk reduction in women with breast cancer

Current Cardiology Reviews

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 250-257

  Knobf, M Tish ^a   Coviello, Jessica ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF NURSING   (United States)

Author keywords

Breast cancer survivor; Cardiovascular risk; Health promotion; Lifestyle behaviors

Indexed keywords

ANTHRACYCLINE; AROMATASE INHIBITOR; CHOLESTANOL; CHOLESTEROL; GLUCOSE; TAMOXIFEN; TRASTUZUMAB;

ABDOMINAL OBESITY; ADJUVANT THERAPY; AEROBIC EXERCISE; AMENORRHEA; ANXIETY; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY COMPOSITION; BREAST CANCER; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER SURVIVOR; CANCER THERAPY; CARDIOTOXICITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DEPRESSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; EATING HABIT; ETHNIC OR RACIAL ASPECTS; EXERCISE; FATIGUE; FEMALE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME; MENOPAUSE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); METABOLIC DISORDER; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MORBIDITY; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; OBESITY; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; OSTEOLYSIS; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RESISTANCE TRAINING; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP DISORDER; SMOKING CESSATION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; WEIGHT CONTROL; WEIGHT GAIN;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; FEMALE; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTORS; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR; SURVIVORS; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 84861318423     PISSN: 1573403X     EISSN: 18756557     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157340311799960627     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Mosca, L., Benjamin, EJ, Berra, K., Bezanson, JL, Dolor, RJ, Lloyd-Jones, DM. et al. Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011: 123 doi: 10.1161/CTR.0b013c31820faal8
2. Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu, J, Ward E. Cancer statistics 2010. CA Cancer J Clin 2010; 60: 277-300.
3. Chapman, J.W., Meng, D., Shepherd, L., Parulekar, W., Inge, J.N., Muss, H. et al. (2008). Competing causes of death from a randomized trial of extended adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 100, 252-260.
4. Nichols HB, Trentham-Dietz A, Egan KM, Titus-Ernstoff L, Holmes MD, Bersch AJ et al. Body mass index before and after breast cancer diagnosis: associations with all cause, breast cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 1403-1409.
5. Patnaik, JL, Byers T, DiGuiseppi C, Denberg TD & Dabelea D. The influence of co-morbidities on overall survival among older women diagnosed with breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103: 1101-1111.
6. Maurea, N, Coppola C, Ragone G et al. Women surviving breast cancer but fall victim to heart failure: the shadows and lights of targeted therapy. J Cardiovasc Med 2010; 11: 861-868.
7. Patnaik JL, Byers T, DiGuiseppe C, Dabelea D & Denberg TD. Cardiovascular disease competes with breast cancer as the leading cause of death for older females diagnosed with breast cancer: a retrospective cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011, 13: R64 https://breast-cancer-research.com/content/13/3/R64
8. Lloyd-Jones, DM, Hong, Y, Labarthe D, Mozaffarian D, Appel LJ, VanHorn L. et al. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: The American Heart Association's strategic impact goals through 2020 and beyond. Circulation 2010; 121: 586-613.
9. Lee VL & Foody JM. Women and heart disease. Cardiol Clin 2001; 29: 35-45.
10. Zhang, C, Rexrode KM, vanDam RM, Li TY & Hu FB. Abdominal obesity and risk of all cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality. Circulation 2008; 117: 1658-1667.
11. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute scientific statement: executive summary. Circulation 2005: 112 e285-e290.
12. deGonzalez A, Hartge P, Cerhan JR, Flint AJ, Hannan L, MacInnis RJ et al. Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults. New Engl J Med 2010; 363: 2211-2219.
13. Vaccarino V, McClure C, Johnson D, Sheps DS, Bittner V, Rutledge T et al. Depression,the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk. Psychosomatic Med 2008; 70: 40-48
14. Beckie TM, Fletcher GF, Beckstead JW, Schocken DD & Evans ME. Adverse baseline physiological and psychosocial profiles of women enrolled in a cardiac rehabilitation clinical trial. J Cardiopulmonary Rehab Prev 2008; 28: 52-60.
15. Artinian, NT, Fletcher, GF, Mozaffarian, D, Kris-Etherton, P, VanHorn, L, Lichetenstein, AH., et al. Interventions to promote physical activity and dietary lifestyle changes for cardiovascular risk factor reduction in adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2010; 122: 406-441.
16. Haskell, WL, Lee I, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA et al. Physical activity and public health. Updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2007 116. Doii: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185649
17. Berger, J.S., Jordan, C.O., Lloyd-Jones, D., & Blumenthal, R.S. Screening for cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 531: 169-1177.
18. Jones LW, Haykowsky MJ, Swartz JJ, Douglas PS, Mackey JR. Early breast cancer therapy and cardiovascular injury. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 1435-1441.
19. Magne, N., Chargari, C., MacDermed, D., Conforti, R., Vedrine, L., Spano, J. & Khayot, D. Tomorrows targeted therapies in breast cancer patients. What is the risk for increased radiation-induced cardiac toxicity? Critical Rev Oncol/Hematol 2010; 76: 186-195.
20. Chagari C, Kirov KM, Bollet MA, Magne N, Vedrine L, Cremades S et al. Cardiac toxicity in breast cancer patients: from a fractional point of view to a global assessment. Cancer Treat Rev 2011; 37: 321-330.
21. Khakoo, A.Y. & Yeh, E.T. Therapy insight: management of cardiovascular disease in patients with cancer and cardiac complications of cancer therapy. Nature Clinical Practice Oncology 2008; 5: 655-667.
22. Martin, M., Esteva, F.J. & Alba, E. Minimizing cardiotoxicity while optimizing treatment efficacy with trastuzumab: review and expert recommendations. The Oncologist 2009; 14: 1-11.
23. Perez, E.A., Suman, V.J. & Davidson, N.E. Cardiac safety analysis of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel with or without trastuzumab in the North Central Cancer Treatment Group N9831 adjuvant breast cancer trial. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 1231-1238.
24. Ewer MS & Ewer SM. Cardio-toxicity of anticancer treatments: what the cardiologist needs to know. Nature Rev 2010; 7: 564-575.
25. Verma, S. & Ewer, MS (2010). Is cardio-toxicity being adequately assessed in current trials of cytotoxic and targeted agents in breast cancer? Ann Oncol, doi: 10.1093/annoncol/indq607
26. Peairs KS, Barone BB, Snyder CF, Yeh, H, Stein KB, Derr RL. Et al Diabetes mellitus and breast cancer outcomes: systematic review and meta-analyses. J Clin Oncol 2010; 29: 40-46.
27. Erickson K, Patterson RE, Flatt SW, Natarajan L, Parker BA, Heath DD et al. Clinically defined Type 2 diabetes mellitus and prognosis in early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010; 29: 54-60.
28. Lipscombe LL, Goodwin PJ, Zinman B, McLaughlin JR & Hux JE. The impact of diabetes on survival following breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 109: 389-395.
29. Harlan LC, Klabunde CN, Ambs AH, Gibson T, Bernstein L et al. Co-morbidities, therapy and newly diagnosed conditions for women with early stage breast cancer. J Cancr Surv 2009; 3: 89-98.
30. Senkus E & Jassem J. Cardiovascular effects of systemic cancer treatment. Cancer Treat Rev 2011; 37: 300-311.
31. Braithwaite D, Tammemagi CM, Moore DH, Ozanne EM, Hiatt RA, Belkora J etal. Hypertension is an independent predictor of survival disparity between African American and white breast cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 1213-1219.
32. Harbeck N, Ewer MS, DeLaurentiis M, Suter TM & Ewer SM. Cardiovascular complications of conventional and targeted adjuvant breast cancer therapy. Ann Oncol 2011; 22: 1250-1258.
33. Yardley, DA. Integrating bevacizumab into the treatment of patients with early stage breast cancer: focus on cardiac safety. Clinical Breast Cancer 2010; 10(2): 119-129.
34. Jones, LW, Haylowsky, M., Pituskin, EN, Jendzjowsky, NG, Tomczak, CR, Haennel, RG & Mackey, JR. Cardiovascular reserve risk profile of postmenopausal women after chemo-endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive operable breast cancer. Oncologist, 2007; 12: 1156-1164.
35. Jones, LW, Haykowsky, M., Peddle, CJ, Joy, AA., Pituskin, EN, Tkachuk, LM. et al. Cardiovascular risk profile of patients with HER2/neu-positive breast cancer treated with anthracycline-taxanecontaining adjuvant chemotherapy and/or trastuzumab. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prev 2007; 16(15): 1026-1031.
36. Patterson RE, Flatt SW, Saquib N, Rock, CL, Cann BJ et al. Medical co-morbidities predict mortality in women with a history of early stage breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 122: 859-865.
37. Norris, C.M., Ljubsa, A., & Hegadoren, K.M. Gender as a determinant of responses to a self-screening questionnaire on anxiety and depression by patients with coronary artery disease. Gend Med 2009; 6: 479-487.
38. Szekely, A., Balong, P., Benko, E, Breuer, T., Szekely, J., Kertal, M.D. et al. Anxiety predicts mortality and morbidity after coronary artery and valve surgery-a 4 year follow-up study. Psychosomatic Med 2007; 69: 625-631.
39. May, H.T., Horne, B.D., Carlquist, J.F., Sheng, X., Joy, E. & Catinella, A.P. Depression after coronary artery disease is associated with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53, 1440-1447.
40. Todaro, J.F., Shen, B.J., Niaura, R. & Tikemeier, P.L. Prevalence of depressive disorders in men and women enrolled in cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2005; 25, 71-75.
41. Sperus, J.A., McDonnell, M., Woodman, C.L. & Fihn, S.D. Association between depression and worse disease specific functional status in outpatients with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J, 2000; 140: 105-110.
42. Institute of Medicine. Meeting psychosocial needs of women with breast cancer. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press 2004.
43. Albini, A., Pennesi, G., Donatelli, F., Cammarota, R., De Flora, S. & Noonan, D.M. Cardio-toxicity of anticancer drugs: The need for cardio-oncology and cardio-oncological prevention. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102: 14-25.
44. Giordano, S.H. & Hortobagyoi, G. Local recurrence or cardiovascular disease: pay now or later. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99: 340-341.
45. Lenihan, D.J. & Esteva, F.J. Multidisciplinary strategy for managing cardiovascular risk when treating patients with early stage breast cancer. The Oncologist 2008; 13: 1224-1234.
46. Ewer MS & Ewer SM. Long-term cardiac safety of dose-dense anthracycline therapy cannot be predicted from early ejection fraction data. J Clin Oncol 2009; doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.25.5091
47. Institute of Medicine. From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in Transition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press 2006.
48. Cappiello, M, Cunningham, R, Knobf, MT, Erdos, D. Breast cancer survivors. Information and support after treatment. Clin Nurs Res 2007; 16: 278-293.
49. Bower JE, Ganz PA, Desmond KA, et al. Fatigue in breast cancer survivors: occurrence, correlates and impact on quality of life. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 743-753.
50. Gaillard S, Stearns V. Aromatase inhibitor-associated bone and musculoskeletal effects: new evidence defining etiology and strategies for management. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13: 205-214.
51. Berger, AM. Update on the State of the Science: Sleep-wake disturbances in adult patients with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 2009; 36: e165-e177.
52. Knobf MT. Symptom distress before, during and after adjuvant breast cancer therapy. Developments Support Care 2000; 4: 13-17.
53. vanWeert E, Hoekstra-Weebers J, Otter R, Postema K, Sanderman R & van der Schans C. Cancer-related fatigue: predictors and effects of rehabilitation. Oncologist 2006; 11: 184-196.
54. Avis NA, Crawford S & Manuel J. Quality of life among younger women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 3322-3330.
55. Bakitas M. Background noise. The experience of chemotherapyinduced peripheral neuropathy. Nur Res 2007; 56: 323-331.
56. Reid-Arndt SA, Hsieh C & Perry MC. Neuropsychological functioning and quality of life during the first year after completing chemotherapy for breast cancer. Psycho-oncol 2010; 19: 535-544.
57. Knobf, M., Mullen, J., Xistris, D., & Moritz, D. Weight gain in women with breast cancer on adjuvant chemotherapy. Oncol Nurs Forum 1983; 10: 28-33.
58. Knobf MT. Psychosocial responses in breast cancer survivors. Semin Oncol Nurs 2007; 23: 71-83.
59. Knobf MT. Carrying on. The experience of premature menopause in women with early stage breast cancer. Nurs Res 2002; 51: 9-17.
60. Irwin, M., Crumley, D., McTiernan, A. et al. Physical activity levels before and after a diagnosis of breast cancer. Cancer 2003; 97, 1746-1757
61. Irwin, M., McTiernan, A., Baumgarten, R.N. et al. Changes in body fat and weight after a breast cancer diagnosis: influence of demographic, prognostic and lifestyle factors. J Clin Oncol, 2005; 23: 774-782.
62. McInnes, J. & Knobf, M.T. Weight gain and quality of life in women treated with adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 2001; 28: 675-684.
63. Kroenke, C.H., Chen, W.Y., Rosner, B. & Holmes, M.D. (2005). Weight, weight gain and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. J Clin Oncol, 2005; 23: 1370-1378.
64. Kutynec, C.L., McCargar, L., Barr, S.I. & Hislop, T.G. Energy balance in women with breast cancer during adjuvant treatment. J Amer Diet Assoc 1999; 99: 1222-1227.
65. Ingram, C. & Brown, J. (2004). Patterns of weight and body composition change in premenopausal women with early stage breast cancer. Canc Nurs, 27, 483-490.
66. Cheney, C.L., Mahloch, J. & Freeny, P. Computerized tomography assessment of women with weight changes associated with adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Am Jour Clin Nutrition 1997; 66: 141-146.
67. Knobf, MT, Insogna K, DiPietro L, Fennie K & Thompson AS. An aerobic weight-loaded pilot exercise intervention for breast cancer survivors: bone remodeling and body composition outcomes. Biol Res Nurs 2008; 10: 34-43.
68. Knobf, M.T. Psychological and physical distress associated with adjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1986; 14: 678-684.
69. Rock, C.L., Flatt, S.W., Newman, V. et al. Factors associated with weight gain in women after diagnosis of breast cancer. J Am Diet Assoc 1999; 99: 1212-1218, 1221.
70. Makari-Judson G, Judson CH & Mertens WC. Longitudinal patterns of weight gain after breast cancer diagnosis: observations beyond the first year. The Breast Journal 2007; 13: 258-265.
71. Thomson, C., Thompson, P.A., Wright-Bea, J., Nardi, E., Frey, G.R. & Stopeck, A. (2009). Metabolic syndrome and elevated creactive protein in breast cancer survivors on adjuvant hormone therapy. J Women's Health, 2009; 18: 2041-2047.
72. Chen, T.H., Gona, P., Sutherland, P.A., Benjamin, E.S., Wilson, P.W., Larson, M.G., Vasan, R.S., Robins, S.J. Long-term c-reactive protein variability and prediction of metabolic risk. Am Jour Med 2009; 122: 53-61.
73. Hamer, M., Chida, Y. & Stamatakis, E. Association of very highly elevated c-reactive protein concentration with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Clinical Chemistry 2010; 56: 132-135.
74. Wolin KY, Carson K & Colditz GA. Obesity and cancer. Oncologist 2010; 15: 556-565.
75. Bittner, V. Menopause, age and cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: 2374-2375.
76. Matthews, K.A., Crawford, S.L., Chae, C.U., Everson-Rose, S.A., Sowers, M.F., Sternfeld, B. & Sutton-Tyrell, K. Are changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors in midlife women due to chronological aging or to the menopause transition? J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: 2366-2373.
77. Ewer, M.S. & Gluck, S. A woman's heart. The impact of adjuvant endocrine therapy on cardiovascular health. Cancer 2009; 115: 1813-1826.
78. Saarto, T., Blomqvist, C., Ehnholm, C., Taskinen, M. & Elomaa, I. Effects of chemotherapy-induced castration on serum lipids and apoproteins in premenopausal women with node-positive breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 4453-4457.
79. Russell R. Anthracyclines and cardiotoxicity. Current Cardiology Reviews 2011; 7(4): 214-220.
80. Hedhli N & Russell K. Cardiotoxicity of molecularly targeted agents. Current Cardiology Reviews 2011; 7(4): 221-233.
81. Chien, K.R. (2006). Herceptin and the heart: A molecular modifier of cardiac failure. N Engl J Med, 358(8), 789-90.
82. Peng, X., Pentassuglia, L. & Sawyer, D.B. Emerging anticancer therapeutic targets and the cardiovascular system: is there cause for concern? Circ Res, 2010; 106: 35-46.
83. Zambelli, A., DellaPorta, MG, Eleuteri, E, DeGiuki, L., Catalano, O., Tondini, C & Riccardi, A. Predicting and preventing cardiotoxicity in the era of breast cancer targeted therapies. Novel molecular tools for clinical trials. The Breast, 2010; doi: 10.1016/jbreast.2010.11.002
84. Jurcut, R., Wildiers, H., Ganame, J., D'hooge, J., Paridaems, R. & Voight, J. Detection and monitoring of cardiotoxicity-what does modern cardiology offer? Support Care Cancer 2008; 16: 437-445.
85. Yoon, GJ, Telli, ML, Kao, DP, Matsudo, KY, Carlson, RW & Wittcles, RM. Left ventricular dysfunction in patients receiving carditoxic cancer therapies. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2010; 56: 1644-1650.
86. Granger, C.B. Prediction and prevention of chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy. Can it be done? Circulation, 2006; 114: 2432-2433.
87. Eyre, H, Kahn R & Robertson R. Preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. A common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2004; 109: 3244-3255.
88. Kushi LH, Byers T, Doyle C, Bandera EV, McCoullough M, Gansler T, et al. American Cancer Society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin 2006; 56: 254-281.
89. Kokkmos PF, Narayan P & Papademetriou V. Exercise as hypertension therapy. Cardiol Clin 2001; 19: 507-516.
90. Chipkin SR, Klugh SA & Chasan-Taber L. Exercise and diabetes. Cardiol Clin 2001; 19: 489-505.
91. Dunn AL. Effectiveness of lifestyle physical activity interventions to reduce cardiovascular disease. Amer J Lifestyle Med 2009; 3(suppl1): 11s-18s.
92. Camethon MR. Physical activity and cardiovascular disease. How much is enough? Amer J Lifestyle Med 2009; 3(suppl1): 44s-49s.
93. Bosworth HB, Powers BJ & Oddone EZ. Patient self-management support: novel strategies in hypertension and heart disease. Cardiol Clin 2010; 28: 655-663.
94. Holmes MD, Chen WY, Feskanich D, Kroenke CH & Colditz GA. Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. JAMA 2005; 293: 2479-2486.
95. Holick CN, Newcomb PA, Trentham-Dietz A, Titus-Ernstoff L, Bersch A, Stampfer MJ et al. Physical activity and survival after diagnosis invasive breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 379-386.
96. Irwin ML, Smith AW, McTiernan A, Ballard-Barbash R, Cronin K, Gilliland FD et al. Influence of pre and postdiagnosis physical activity on mortality in breast cancer survivors: the Health, Eating, Activity and Lifestyle study. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 3958-3964.
97. Sternfeld B, Weltzien E, Quesenberry CP, Castillo AL, Kwan M, Slattery ML & Caan BJ. Physical activity and risk of recurrence and mortality in breast cancer survivors: findings from the LACE study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 87-95.
98. Bertram LA, Stefanik ML, Saquib N, Natarajan L, Patterson RE, Bardwell W et al. Physical activity, additional breast cancer events, and mortality among early-stage breast cancer survivors: findings from the WHEL study. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22: 427-435.
99. Irwin ML, McTiernan A, Manson JE, Thomson CA, Sternfeld B, Stefanik ML et al. Physical activity and survival in postmenopausal women with breast cancer: results from the Women's Health Initiative. Cancer Prev Res 2011; 4: 522-529.
100. Speck RM, Courneya KS, Masse L, Duval S & Schmidtz KH. An update of controlled physical activity trials in cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cancer Surviv 2010; 4: 87-100.
101. Kim C, Kang D & Park J. A meta-analysis of aerobic exercise interventions for women with breast cancer. West J Nurs Res 2009; 31: 437-461.
102. deBacker IC, Schep G, Backs FJ, Vreugdenhil G, & Kulpers H. Resistance training in cancer survivors: a systematic review. Int J Sports Med 2009; 30: 703-712.
103. Mares M & Brockow T. Exercise for women receiving adjuvant therapy for breast cancer (review). Cochrane Collection 2009: John Wiley & Sons.
104. Ferrer RA, Huedo-Medina TB, Johnosn BT, Ryan S & Pescatello LS. Exercise interventions for cancer survivors: a meta-analysis of quality of life outcomes. Ann Behav Med 2011; 41: 32-47.
105. Schmitz, K.H., Holtzman, J., Courneya, K. et al. Controlled physical activity trials in cancer survivors: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2005; 14: 1588-1595.
106. Ingram C & Visovsky C. Exercise intervention to modify physiologic risk factors in cancer survivors. Semin Oncol Nurs 2007; 23: 275-284.
107. Knobf, MT, Musanti R & Dorward J. Exercise and quality of life outcomes in patients with cancer. Semin Oncol Nurs 2007; 23: 285-296.
108. White SM, McAuley E, Estabrooks PA & Courneya KS. Translating physical activity interventions for breast cancer survivors into practice: an evaluation of randomized controlled trials. Ann Behav Med 2009; 37: 10-19.
109. Al-Majid S & Gray DP. A biobehavioral model for the study of exercise interventions in cancer-related fatigue. Biol Res Nurs 2008; 10: 381-391.
110. Jones LW, Liang, Y., Pituskin EN, Battaglini CL, Scott JM, Hornsby WE & Haykowsky M. Effect of exercise training on peak oxygen consumption in patients with cancer: a meta-analysis. Oncologist 2011; 16: 112-120.
111. Ewertz M, Jensen M, Gunnarsdottir KA, Hojiris I, Jakobsen EH, Nielsen D et al. Effect of obesity on prognosis after early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010; 29: 25-31.
112. Chen X, Lu W, Zheng W, Gu K, Chen Z, Zheng Y & Shu X. Obesity and weight change in relation to breast cancer survival. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 122: 823-833.
113. Cheema BS & Gaul CA. Full-body exercise training improves fitness and quality of life in survivors of breast cancer. J Strength Conditioning Res 2006; 20: 14-21.
114. Goodwin P, Explen MJ, Butler K, Winocur J, Pritchard K, Brazel S et al. Multidisciplinary weight management in locoregional breast cancer: results of a phase II study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1998; 48: 53-64.
115. McTiernan A, Ulrich C, Kumai C, Bean D, Schwartz R, Mahloch J et al. Anthropometrical and hormone effects of an eight week exercisediet intervention in breast cancer patients: results of a pilot study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998; 7: 477-481.
116. Mefford K, Nichols JF, Pakiz B & Rock CL. A cognitive behavioral therapy intervention to promote weight loss improves body composition and blood lipid profiles among overweight breast cancer survivors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; doi: 10.1007/s10549-006-9410-x.
117. Demark-Wahnefried W, Case LD, Blackwell K, Marcom PK, Kraus W, Aziz N. et al. Results of a diet/exercise feasibility trial to prevent adverse body composition changes in breast cancer patients on adjuvant chemotherapy. Clinical Breast Cancer 2008; 8: 70-79.
118. Muraca L, Leung D, Clark, A, Beduz MA & Goodwin P. Breast cancer survivors: taking charge of lifestyle choices after treatment. European J Oncol Nurs 2011; 15: 250-253.
119. Ballard-Bash R, Hunsberger S, Alciati MH, Blair SN, Goodwin P, McTiernan A, Wing R & Schatzkin A. Physical activity, weight control and breast cancer risk and survival: clinical trial rationale and design considerations. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 630-643.
120. Khakoo AY, Liu PP, Force T, Lopez-Berestein G, Jones LW, Schneider J & Hill J. Cardiotoxicity due to cancer therapy. Texas Heart Institute Journal 2011; 38: 253-256
121. Schmitz KH, Courneya KS, Matthews C, Demark-Wahnefried W, Galvao DA, Pinto BM et al. American College of Sports Medicine Roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors. Med Science Sports Exercise 2010; doi: 10.1249.MSS.0b013e3181e0c112
122. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report. Washington DC: US Department Health Human Services, 2008.
123. Dent SF, Gaspo R, Kissner M, Pritchard KI. Aromatase inhibitor therapy: toxicities and management strategies in the treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone-sensitive early breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 126: 295-310.
124. Stricker C, Drake D, Hoyer K & Mock V. Evidence based practice for fatigue management in adults with cancer: exercise as an intervention. Oncol Nurs Forum 2004; 31: 963-974.
125. Jones LW Eves ND, Haykowsky M, Joy AA & Douglas PS. Cardio-respiratory exercise testing in clinical oncology research: systematic review and practice recommendations. Lancet Oncology 2008; 9: 757-765.