Clinical role of direct renin inhibition in hypertension

American Journal of Therapeutics

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 204-210

  Taylor, Addison A ^a   Pool, James L ^a  

^a BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

aliskiren; combination treatment; direct renin inhibition; hypertension

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE; ALISKIREN; AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN II; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; IRBESARTAN; LOSARTAN; RAMIPRIL; RENIN; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT;

ALDOSTERONE URINE LEVEL; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LOW DRUG DOSE; MONOTHERAPY; PATHOGENESIS; PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

AMIDES; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; BLOOD PRESSURE; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; FUMARATES; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; RENIN; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM;

EID: 84861193016     PISSN: 10752765     EISSN: 15363686     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MJT.0b013e3182068da5     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Institute of Medicine. A Population-Based Policy and Systems Change Approach to Prevent and Control Hypertension. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2010.
2. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics\-2010 update: a report from the american heart association. Circulation. 2010;121: e46-e215.
3. Atlas SA. The renin-angiotensin aldosterone system: pathophysiological role and pharmacologic inhibition. J Manag Care Pharm. 2007;13:9-20.
4. Mehta JL, Chen J, Hermonat PL, et al. Lectin-like, oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1): a critical player in the development of atherosclerosis and related disorders. Cardiovasc Res. 2006;69:36-45. (Pubitemid 41814809)
5. Schrier RW, Masoumi A, Elhassan E. Aldosterone: role in edematous disorders, hypertension, chronic renal failure, and metabolic syndrome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5: 1132-1140.
6. Farquharson CA, Struthers AD. Gradual reactivation over time of vascular tissue angiotensin I to angiotensin II conversion during chronic lisinopril therapy in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:767-775. (Pubitemid 34185321)
7. Sharman DC, Morris AD, Struthers AD. Gradual reactivation of vascular angiotensin I to angiotensin II conversion during chronic ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2007;50: 2061-2066. (Pubitemid 47373845)
8. Goldberg MR, Bradstreet TE, McWilliams EJ, et al. Biochemical effects of losartan, a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist, onthe renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 1995;25: 37-46.
9. Shibasaki Y, Mori Y, Tsutumi Y, et al. Differential kinetics of circulating angiotensin IV and II after treatment with angioten-sin II type 1 receptor antagonist and their plasma levels in patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Nephrol. 1999;51:83-91. (Pubitemid 29074192)
10. Bakris GL. Slowing nephropathy progression: focus on proteinuria reduction. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008; 3(Suppl 1):S3-S10.
11. Ichihara A, Sakoda M, Kurauchi-Mito A, et al. Possible roles of human (pro)renin receptor suggested by recent clinical and experimental findings. Hypertens Res. 2010;33: 177-180.
12. Imanishi T, Tsujioka H, Ikejima H, et al. Renin inhibitor aliskiren improves impaired nitric oxide bioavailability and protects against atherosclerotic changes. Hypertension. 2008;52:563-572.
13. Kelly DJ, Zhang Y, Moe G, et al. Aliskiren, a novel renin inhibitor, is renoprotective in a model of advanced diabetic nephropathy in rats. Diabetologia. 2007;50: 2398-2404. (Pubitemid 47512400)
14. Lu H, Rateri DL, Feldman DL, et al. Renin inhibition reduces hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis in mice. J Clin Invest. 2008;118:984-993. (Pubitemid 351364606)
15. Pilz B, Shagdarsuren E, Wellner M, et al. Aliskiren, a human renin inhibitor, ameliorates cardiac and renal damage in double-transgenic rats. Hypertension. 2005;46: 569-576. (Pubitemid 41376839)
16. Dechend R, Shagdarsuren E, Gratze P, et al. Low-dose renin inhibitor and low-dose AT(1)-receptor blocker therapy ameliorate target-organ damage in rats harbouring human renin and angiotensinogen genes. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2007;8:81-84. (Pubitemid 47272471)
17. Shagdarsuren E, Wellner M, Braesen JH, et al. Complement activation in angiotensin II-induced organ damage. Circ Res. 2005;97:716-724. (Pubitemid 41416341)
18. Westermann D, Riad A, Lettau O, et al. Renin inhibition improves cardiac function and remodeling after myocar-dial infarction independent of blood pressure. Hypertension. 2008;52:1068-1075.
19. Whaley-Connell A, Habibi J, Cooper SA, et al. Effect of renin inhibition and AT1R blockade on myocardial remodeling in the transgenic Ren2 rat. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008;295:E103-E109.
20. Whaley-Connell A, Nistala R, Habibi J, et al. Comparative effect of direct renin inhibition and AT1R blockade on glomerular filtration barrier injury in the transgenic Ren2 rat. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2010;298:F655-F661.
21. Persson F, Rossing P, Schjoedt KJ, et al. Time course of the antiproteinuric and antihypertensive effects of direct renin inhibition in type 2 diabetes. Kidney Int. 2008;73:1419-1425. (Pubitemid 351770494)
22. Danser AH, Charney A, Feldman DL, et al. The renin rise with aliskiren: it's simply stoichiometry. Hypertension. 2008;51:e27-e28. (Pubitemid 351654714)
23. Nussberger J, Wuerzner G, Jensen C, et al. Angiotensin II suppression in humans by the orally active renin inhibitor Aliskiren (SPP100): comparison with enalapril. Hypertension. 2002;39:E1-E8.
24. Seed A, Gardner R, McMurray J, et al. Neurohumoral effects of the new orally active renin inhibitor, aliskiren, in chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007;9:1120-1127. (Pubitemid 47633316)
25. Andersen K, Weinberger MH, Constance CM, et al. Comparative effects of aliskiren-based and ramipril-based therapy on the renin system during long-term (6 months) treatment and withdrawal in patients with hypertension. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2009; 10:157-167.
26. Nussberger J, Gradman AH, Schmieder RE, et al. Plasma renin and the antihypertensive effect of the orally active renin inhibitor aliskiren in clinical hypertension. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61:1461-1468. (Pubitemid 47228610)
27. Stanton AV, Gradman AH, Schmieder RE, et al. Aliskiren monotherapy does not cause paradoxical blood pressure rises: meta-analysis of data from 8 clinical trials. Hypertension. 2010;55:54-60.
28. Sealey JE, Laragh JH. Aliskiren, the first renin inhibitor for treating hypertension: reactive renin secretion may limit its effectiveness. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:587-597. (Pubitemid 46678721)
29. Campbell DJ. Interpretation of plasma renin concentration in patients receiving aliskiren therapy. Hypertension. 2008;51:15-18. (Pubitemid 350307093)
30. Danser AH. The increase in renin during renin inhibition: does it result in harmful effects by the (pro)renin receptor? Hypertens Res. 2010;33:4-10.
31. Gradman AH, Schmieder RE, Lins RL, et al. Aliskiren, a novel orally effective renin inhibitor, provides dose-dependent antihypertensive efficacy and placebo-like tolerability in hypertensive patients. Circulation. 2005; 111:1012-1018. (Pubitemid 40354519)
32. Stanton A, Jensen C, Nussberger J, et al. Blood pressure lowering in essential hypertension with an oral renin inhibitor, aliskiren. Hypertension. 2003;42:1137-1143. (Pubitemid 37549068)
33. Pool JL, Schmieder RE, Azizi M, et al. Aliskiren, an orally effective renin inhibitor, provides antihypertensive efficacy alone and in combination with valsartan. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:11-20. (Pubitemid 46014059)
34. Strasser RH, Puig JG, Farsang C, et al. A comparison of the tolerability of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren and lisinopril in patients with severe hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2007;21:780-787. (Pubitemid 47450003)
35. Uresin Y, Taylor AA, Kilo C, et al. Efficacy and safety of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren and ramipril alone or in combination in patients with diabetes and hypertension. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2007;8:190-198. (Pubitemid 351166266)
36. Palatini P, Jung W, Shlyakhto E, et al. Maintenance of blood-pressure-lowering effect following a missed dose of aliskiren, irbesartan or ramipril: results of a randomized, double-blind study. J Hum Hypertens. 2010;24:93-103.
37. Verdecchia P, Calvo C, Mockel V, et al. Safety and efficacy of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in elderly patients with hypertension. Blood Press. 2007;16:381-391. (Pubitemid 350237079)
38. Andersen K, Weinberger MH, Egan B, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of aliskiren, an oral direct renin inhibitor, and ramipril in hypertension: a 6-month, randomized, double-blind trial. J Hypertens. 2008;26: 589-599.
39. Oh BH, Mitchell J, Herron JR, et al. Aliskiren, an oral renin inhibitor, provides dose-dependent efficacy and sustained 24-hour blood pressure control in patients with hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1157-1163. (Pubitemid 46400330)
40. Weir MR, Bush C, Anderson DR, et al. Antihypertensive efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in patients with hypertension: a pooled analysis. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2007;1:264-277. (Pubitemid 47091546)
41. Duprez DA, Munger MA, Botha J, et al. Aliskiren for geriatric lowering of systolic hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. J Hum Hypertens. 2010;24:600-608.
42. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206-1252. (Pubitemid 37553153)
43. Taylor AA, Pool JL. Clinical pharmacology of antihyper-tensive therapy. Semin Nephrol. 2005;25:215-226.
44. Taylor AA. Combination drug treatment of hypertension: have we come full circle? Curr Cardiol Rep. 2004;6: 421-426. (Pubitemid 39585759)
45. Vaidyanathan S, Valencia J, Kemp C, et al. Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions of aliskiren, a novel direct renin inhibitor for the treatment of hypertension, with the antihypertensives amlodipine, valsartan, hydrochlorothi-azide (HCTZ) and ramipril in healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Pract. 2006;60:1343-1356. (Pubitemid 44560330)
46. Ayalasomayajula S, Tchaloyan S, Yeh CM, et al. A study of the pharmacokinetic interactions of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren with allopurinol, celecoxib and cimet-idine in healthy subjects. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24: 717-726. (Pubitemid 351428984)
47. Dieterle W, Corynen S, Mann J. Effect of the oral renin inhibitor aliskiren on the pharmacokinetics and pharma-codynamics of a single dose of warfarin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;58:433-436. (Pubitemid 39312468)
48. Dieterle W, Corynen S, Vaidyanathan S, et al. Pharma-cokinetic interactions of the oral renin inhibitor aliskiren with lovastatin, atenolol, celecoxib and cimetidine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005;43:527-535. (Pubitemid 41684265)
49. Vaidyanathan S, Camenisch G, Schuetz H, et al. Phar-macokinetics of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in combination with digoxin, atorvastatin, and ketoconazole in healthy subjects: the role of P-glycoprotein in the disposition of aliskiren. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;48: 1323-1338.
50. McMurray JJ, Pitt B, Latini R, et al. Effects of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in patients with symptomatic heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2008;1:17-24.
51. O'Brien E, Barton J, Nussberger J, et al. Aliskiren reduces blood pressure and suppresses plasma renin activity in combination with a thiazide diuretic, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, or an angiotensin receptor blocker. Hypertension. 2007;49:276-284. (Pubitemid 46143002)
52. Wright JM, Musini VM. First-line drugs for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009:CD00 1841.
53. Jordan J, Engeli S, Boye SW, et al. Direct renin inhibition with aliskiren in obese patients with arterial hypertension. Hypertension. 2007;49:1047-1055. (Pubitemid 351664315)
54. Blumenstein M, Romaszko J, Calderon A, et al. Antihy-pertensive efficacy and tolerability of aliskiren/hydro-chlorothiazide (HCT) single-pill combinations in patients who are non-responsive to HCT 25 mg alone. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25:903-910.
55. Oparil S, Yarows SA, Patel S, et al. Efficacy and safety of combined use of aliskiren and valsartan in patients with hypertension: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2007;370:221-229. (Pubitemid 47069535)
56. Drummond W, Munger MA, Rafique Essop M, et al. Antihypertensive efficacy of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren as add-on therapy in patients not responding to amlodipine monotherapy. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2007;9:742-750.
57. Villamil A, Chrysant SG, Calhoun D, et al. Renin inhibition with aliskiren provides additive antihyperten-sive efficacy when used in combination with hydrochlo-rothiazide. J Hypertens. 2007;25:217-226. (Pubitemid 44885684)
58. Yarows SA. Aliskiren/valsartan combination for the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2010;8:19-33.
59. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345:861-869.
60. Cohn JN, Tognoni G. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1667-1675. (Pubitemid 33126822)
61. Azizi M, Menard J, Bissery A, et al. Hormonal and hemodynamic effects of aliskiren and valsartan and their combination in sodium-replete normotensive individuals. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:947-955.
62. Azizi M, Menard J, Bissery A, et al. Pharmacologic demonstration of the synergistic effects of a combination of the renin inhibitor aliskiren and the AT1 receptor antagonist valsartan on the angiotensin II-renin feedback interruption. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:3126-3133. (Pubitemid 39578845)
63. Persson F, Rossing P, Reinhard H, et al. Renal effects of aliskiren compared with and in combination with irbesartan in patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and albuminuria. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1873-1879.
64. Geiger H, Barranco E, Gorostidi M, et al. Combination therapy with various combinations of aliskiren, valsartan, and hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive patients not adequately responsive to hydrochlorothiazide alone. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2009;11:324-332.
65. Parving HH, Persson F, Lewis JB, et al. Aliskiren combined with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephrop-athy. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2433-2446. (Pubitemid 351793017)
66. Solomon SD, Appelbaum E, Manning WJ, et al. Effect of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren, the Angiotensin receptor blocker losartan, or both on left ventricular mass in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation. 2009;119:530-537.
67. Ueshiba H, Miyachi Y. Effects of the long-acting calcium channel blockers, amlodipine, manidipine and cilnidipine on steroid hormones and insulin resistance in hypertensive obese patients. Intern Med. 2004;43:561-565. (Pubitemid 39206693)
68. Mulatero P, Rabbia F, Milan A, et al. Drug effects on aldosterone/plasma renin activity ratio in primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2002;40:897-902. (Pubitemid 35434913)
69. Schmieder RE, Philipp T, Guerediaga J, et al. Long-term antihypertensive efficacy and safety of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren: a 12-month randomized, double-blind comparator trial with hydrochlorothiazide. Circulation. 2009;119:417-425.
70. Dietz R, Dechend R, Yu CM, et al. Effects of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren and atenolol alone or in combination in patients with hypertension. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2008;9:163-175.