The psychological costs of painless but recurring experiences of racial discrimination

Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 26-34

  Huynh, Que Lam ^a   Devos, Thierry ^b   Dunbar, Cheyenne M ^b  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Depression; Latino as; Perceived discrimination; Schedule of Racist Events

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DISTRESS SYNDROME; FEMALE; HISPANIC; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; PERCEPTION; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; RACISM; ADOLESCENT; ETHNOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; QUESTIONNAIRE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HISPANIC AMERICANS; HUMANS; MALE; PREJUDICE; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; QUESTIONNAIRES; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84861146543     PISSN: 10999809     EISSN: 19390106     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0026601     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. American Civil Liberties Union (2007). Race and ethnicity in America: Turning a blind eye to injustice. Retrieved from http://www.aclu.org/files/pdfs/humanrights/cerd_full_report.pdf
2. American Civil Liberties Union (2010). Friendly House et al. v. Whiting et al. Retrieved from http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/az_sb1070_complaint_20100517.pdf
3. Antony, M. M., Orsillo, S. M., & Roemer, L. (Eds.) (2001). Practitioner's guide to empirically based measures of anxiety. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press Publishers.
4. azfamily.com (2010). U.S. citizen among those detained during McDonalds MCSO raid. Retrieved from http://www.azfamily.com/video/featured-videos/US-citizen-among-those-detained-during-McDonalds-MCSO-raid-89306577.html
5. Banks, K. H., Kohn-Wood, L. P., & Spencer, M. (2006). An examination of the African American experience of everyday discrimination and symptoms of psychological distress. Community Mental Health Journal, 42, 555-569.
6. Barnett, R. C., Marshall, N. L., & Sayer, A. (1997). The changing work-force, job stress, and psychological distress. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2, 99-107.
7. Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 135-149.
8. Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54, 805-816.
9. Crocker, J., Cornwell, B., & Major, B. (1993). The stigma of overweight: Affective consequences of attributional ambiguity. Journal of Person-ality and Social Psychology, 64, 60-70.
10. Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96, 608- 630.
11. Crocker, J., Voelkl, K., Testa, M., & Major, B. (1991). Social stigma: The affective consequences of attributional ambiguity. Journal of Personal-ity and Social Psychology, 60, 218-228.
12. DeBlaere, C., & Moradi, B. (2008). Structures of the Schedules of Racist and Sexist Events: Confirmatory factor analyses of African American women's responses. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32, 83-94.
13. Draine, S. C. (2005). Inquisit 2.0 [Computer Software]. Seattle, WA: Millisecond Software.
14. Green, N. L. (1995). Development of the Perceptions of Racism Scale. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 27, 141-145.
15. Harrell, S. P. (1994). The Racism and Life Experience Scales. Unpublished manuscript.
16. Harrell, S. P. (1995). The Racism and Life Experience Scales-Brief Version. Unpublished manuscript.
17. Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. Amer-ican Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 42-57.
18. Jones, E. E., Farina, A., Hastorf, A. H., Markus, H., Miller, D. T., & Scott, R. A. (Eds.). (1984). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relation-ships. New York, NY: Freeman.
19. Jones, H. L., Cross, W. E., Jr., & DeFour, D. C. (2007). Race-related stress, racial identity attitudes, and mental health among Black women. Journal of Black Psychology, 33, 208-231.
20. Kihlstrom, J. F. (1987). The cognitive unconscious. Science, 237, 1445- 1452.
21. Klonoff, E. A., & Landrine, H. (1999). Cross-validation of the Schedule of Racist Events. Journal of Black Psychology, 25, 231-254.
22. Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E. A. (1996). The Schedule of Racist Events: A measure of racist discrimination and a study of its negative physical and mental health consequences. Journal of Black Psychology, 22, 144-168.
23. Liang, C. T. H., Li, L. C., & Kim, B. S. K. (2004). The Asian American Racism-Related Stress Inventory: Development, factor analysis, reliabil-ity, and validity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 103-114.
24. Major, B., & Crocker, J. (1993). Social stigma: The affective consequences of attributional ambiguity. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in intergroup perception (pp. 345-370). New York, NY: Academic Press.
25. Major, B., Kaiser, C. R., O'Brien, L. T., & McCoy, S. K. (2007). Perceived discrimination as worldview threat or worldview confirmation: Implica-tions for self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1068-1086.
26. Major, B., & O'Brien, L. T. (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 393-421.
27. Major, B., & Sawyer, P. J. (2009). Attributions to discrimination: Ante-cedents and consequences. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of preju-dice, stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 89-110). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
28. Manuck, S. B., Cohen, S., & Kaplan, J. R. (1994). Social support and coronary heart disease: Underlying psychological and biological mech-anisms. In S. A. Shumaker & S. M. Czajkowski (Eds.), Social support and cardiovascular disease (pp. 195-221). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
29. Marsland, A. L., Manuck, S. B., Wood, P., Rabin, B. S., Muldoon, M. F., & Cohen, S. (1995). B2-adrenergic receptor density and cardiovascular response to mental stress. Physiology and Behavior, 57, 1163-1167.
30. Mays, V. M., Cochran, S. D., & Barnes, N. W. (2007). Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 201-225.
31. McNeilly, M. D., Anderson, N. B., Armstead, C. A., Clark, R., Corbett, M., Robinson, E. L., . . . Lepisto, E. M. (1996). The Perceived Racism Scale: A multidimensional assessment of the experience of White racism among African-Americans. Health, Ethnicity, and Disease, 6, 154-166.
32. Mittal, V., Katrichis, J. M., Forkin, F., & Konkel, M. (1994). Does satisfaction with multi-attribute products vary over time? A performance based approach. Advances in Consumer Research, 21, 412-417.
33. Nezu, A. M., Ronan, G. F., Meadows, E. A., & McClure, K. S. (2000). Practitioner's guide to empirically based measures of depression. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press Publishers.
34. Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259.
35. Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 531-554.
36. Pieterse, A. L., & Carter, R. T. (2007). An examination of the relationship between general life stress, racism-related stress, and psychological health among Black men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 101-109.
37. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
38. Sellers, R. M., & Shelton, J. N. (2003). The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination. Journal of Personality and Social Psy-chology, 84, 1079-1092.
39. Smith, R., & Deppa, B. (2009). Two dimensions of attribute importance. The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 26, 28-38.
40. State of Arizona, Senate, 49th Legislature, Second Regular Session (2010). Senate Bill 1070. Retrieved from http://www.azleg.gov/legtext/49leg/2r/bills/sb1070s.pdf
41. Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psycholo-gist, 62, 271-286.
42. Thompson, C. E., Neville, H., Weathers, P. L., Poston, W. C., & Atkinson, D. R. (1990). Cultural mistrust and racism reaction among African American students. Journal of College Student Development, 31, 162- 168.
43. Utsey, S. O., & Ponterotto, J. G. (1996). Development and validation of the Index of Race-Related Stress (IRRS). Journal of Counseling Psychol-ogy, 43, 490-501.
44. Williams, D. R., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2003). Racial-ethnic discrimination and health: Findings from community studies. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 200-208.
45. Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 335-351.
46. Wilson, T. D. (2002). Strangers to ourselves: Discovering the adaptive unconscious. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press.
47. Witherspoon, K. M., & Speight, S. L. (2009). An exploration of African Americans' interests and self-efficacy beliefs in traditional and nontra-ditional careers. Journal of Black Studies, 39, 888-904