Barrier layer and relevant variability of the salinity field in the equatorial Pacific estimated in an ocean reanalysis experiment

Pure and Applied Geophysics

Volumn 169, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 579-594

  Fujii, Y ^a   Kamachi, M ^a   Matsumoto, S ^b   Ishizaki, S ^b  

^a METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Japan)

^b JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILERS; ARGO FLOAT; BARRIER LAYER THICKNESS; BARRIER LAYERS; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; MODEL FREE; NEAR SURFACE TEMPERATURE; OCEAN DATA ASSIMILATION; REANALYSIS; REPRODUCIBILITIES; SALINITY FIELDS; SALINITY VARIABILITY; THICK BARRIER LAYERS; TRITON BUOY; ZONAL CURRENTS;

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; BUOYS; CLIMATOLOGY; HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS; NICKEL COMPOUNDS;

SALINITY MEASUREMENT;

ARGO; DATA ASSIMILATION; DATA BUOY; SALINITY; WATER TEMPERATURE;

PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (EQUATORIAL);

EID: 84861128868     PISSN: 00334553     EISSN: 14209136     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00024-011-0387-y     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Ando, K., and McPhaden, M. J. (1997), Variability of surface layer hydrography in the tropical Pacific Ocean, J Geophys Res 102, 23063-23078.
2. Antonov, J. I., Seidov, D., Boyer, T. P., Locarnini, R. A., Mishonov, A. V., Garcia, H. E., Baranova, O. K., Zweng, M. M., and Johnson, D. R. (2010), World Ocean Atlas 2009, Volume 2: Salinity (ed. S. Levitus). NOAA Atlas NESDIS 69 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 2010), 184 pp.
3. Balmaseda, M. A., Dee, D., Vialard, A., and Anderson, D. L. T. (2007), A multivariate treatment of bias for sequential data assimilation: application to the tropical oceans, Q J R Meteorol Soc 133, 167-179.
4. Bloom, S. C., Takacs, L. L., dASILVA, A. M., and Ledvina, D. (1996), Data assimilation using incremental analysis updates, Mon Wea Rev 124, 1256-1271.
5. Bosc, C., Delcroix, T., and Maes, C. (2009), Barrier layer variability in the western Pacific warm pool from 2000 to 2007, J Geophys Res 114, C06023,doi:10.1029/2008JC005187.
6. Boutin, J., and Martin, N. (2006), ARGO upper salinity measurements: perspectives for L-band radiometers calibration and retrieved sea surface salinity validation, IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett 3, 202-206,doi:10.1029/LGRS.2005.861930.
7. CLS (2004), SSALTO/DUACS user handbook (M)SLA and (M)ADT near-real time and delayed time products, CLS-DOS-NT-04, 103 (Collecte Localisation, Satellites (CLS), Toulouse, France, 2004), 42 pp.
8. Conkright, M. E., Antonov, J. I., Baranova, O., Boyer, T. P., Garcia, H. E., Gelfeld, R., Johnson, D., Locarnini, R. A., O'Brien, T. D., Smolyar, I., and Stephens, C. (2002), World Ocean Database 2001, volume 1, introduction (eds. S. Levitus) NOAA Atlas NESDIS, 42 (U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington D. C., 2002), 167 pp.
9. Cronin, M. F., and McPhaden, M. J. (2002), Barrier layer formation during westerly wind bursts, J Geophys Res 107, 8020,doi:10.1029/2001JC001171.
10. de Boyer MontÉgut, C., Madec, G., Fischer, A. S., Lazar, A., and Ludicone, D. (2004), Mixed layer depth over the global ocean: an examination of profile data and a profile-based climatology, J Geophys Res 109, C12003,doi:10.1029/2004JC002378.
11. Delcroix, T., Eldin, G., Radenac, M. H., Toole, J., and Firing, E. (1992), Variations of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean, 1986-1988, J Geophys Res 97, 5423-5445.
12. Delcroix, T., and Picaut J. (1998), Zonal displacement of the western equatorial Pacific "fresh pool", J Geophys Res 103, 1087-1098.
13. Fujii, Y. (2005), Preconditioned Optimizing Utility for Large-dimensional analyses (POpULar), J Oceanogr 61, 167-181.
14. Fujii, Y., Ishizaki, S., and Kamachi, M. (2005), Application of nonlinear constraints in a three-dimensional variational ocean analysis, J Oceanogr 61, 665-662.
15. Fujii, Y., and Kamachi, M. (2003a), A reconstruction of observed profiles in the sea east of Japan using vertical coupled temperature-salinity EOF modes, J Oceanogr 59, 173-186.
16. Fujii, Y., and Kamachi, M. (2003b), Three-dimensional analysis of temperature and salinity in the equatorial Pacific using a vari-ational method with vertical coupled temperature-salinity empirical orthogonal function modes, J Geophys Res 108, 3297,doi:10.1029/2002JC001745.
17. Fujii, Y., and Kamachi, M. (2003c), A nonlinear preconditioned quasi-Newton method without inversion of a first-guess covari-ance matrix in variational analyses, Tellus 55A, 450-454.
18. Fujii Y., Matsumoto, S., Kamachi, M., and Ishizaki, S. (2010), Estimation of the equatorial Pacific salinity field using ocean data assimilation systems, Adv Geosci 18, 197-212.
19. Fujii Y., Nakaegawa, T., Matsumoto, S., Yasuda, T., Yamanaka, G., and Kamachi M. (2009), Coupled climate simulation by constraining ocean fields in a coupled model with ocean data, J Climate 22, 5541-5557.
20. Fukumori, I. (2002), A partitioned Kalman filter and smoother, Mon Wea Rev 130, 1370-1383.
21. Gent, P. R., and McWilliams, J. C. (1990), Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models, J Phys Oceanogr 20, 150-155.
22. Gould, W. J., and Turton, J. (2006), Argo-sounding the oceans, Weather, 61, 17-21,doi:10.1256/wea.56.05.
23. Hamilton, D. (1994), GTSPP builds an ocean temperature-salinity database, Earth System Monitor, 4(4), 4-5.
24. Hayes, S. P., Mangum, L. J., Picaut, J., Sumi, A., Takeuchi, K. (1991), TOGA-TAO, a moored array for real-time measurements in tropical Pacific Ocean, Bull Amer Meteor Soc 72, 339-347.
25. HÉnin, C., du Penhoat, Y., and Ioualalen, M. (1998), Observations of sea surface salinity in the western Pacific fresh pool, large-scale changes in 1992-1995, J Geophys Res 103, 7523-7536.
26. Ishizaki, H., and Motoi, T. (1999), Reevaluation of the Takano-Oonishi scheme for momentum advection on bottom relief in ocean models, J Atmos Oceanic Tech 16, 1994-2010.
27. Ishizaki, S., Matsumoto, S., Fujii, Y., Yasuda, T., and Kamachi, M. (2006), Correction of the zonal wind stress in the tropical Pacific using the ocean data assimilation system in Meteorological Research Institute (in Japanese), Proc The Oceanographic Society of Japan 2006 Spring Meeting (Yokohama, Japan, 2006) p. 23.
28. Johnson, E. S., Bonjean, F., Lagerloef, G. S. E., GUNN, J. T., and Mitchum, G. T. (2007), Validation and Error Analysis of OSCAR Sea Surface Currents, J Atmos Oceanic Technol 24, 688-701
29. Johnson, G. C, and McPhaden, M. J. (2000), Upper equatorial Pacific Ocean current and salinity variability during the 1996-1998 El Nino-La Nina cycle, J Geophys Res 105, 1037-1053.
30. Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., and Woollen, J. (1996), The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull Am Meteorol Soc 77, 437-471.
31. Kamachi, M., Fujii, Y., and Zhou, X. (2002), Ocean data assimilation in the tropical Pacific: A short survey, J Oceanogr 58, 45-55.
32. Kessler, W. S. (1999), Interannual variability of the subsurface high salinity tongue south of the equator at 165°E, J Phys Oceanogr 29, 2038-2049.
33. Kuroda, Y. (2002), TRITON, present status and future plan, Report for the international workshop for review of the tropical moored buoy network (JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Japan, 2002) 77 pp.
34. Lee, T., Awaji, T., Balmaseda, M. A., E. Greiner, and Stammer, D. (2009), Ocean state estimation for climate research, Oceanogr 22, 160-167.
35. Leipper, D. F., and Volgenau, D. (1972), Hurricane heat potential of the Gulf of Mexico, J Phys Oceanogr 2, 218-224.
36. Locarnini, R. A., Mishonov, A. V., Antonov, J. I., Boyer, T. P., Garcia, H. E., Baranova, O. K., Zweng, M. M., and Johnson, D. R. (2010), World Ocean Atlas 2009, Volume 1: Temperature (ed. S. Levitus) NOAA Atlas NESDIS 68 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 2010), 184 pp.
37. Lukas, R., and Lindstrom, E. (1991), The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific ocean, J Geophys Res 96, 3343-3357.
38. Maes, C, Ando, K., Delcroix, T., Kessler, W. S., McPhaden, M. J., and Roemmich, D. (2006), Observed correlation of surface salinity, temperature and barrier layer at the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool, Geophys Res Lett 33, L06601,doi: 10.1029/2005GL024772.
39. Maes, C, Behringer, D., Reynolds, R. W., and Ji, M. (2000), Retrospective analysis of the salinity variability in the western tropical Pacific Ocean using an indirect minimization approach, J Atmos Oceanic Technol 17, 512-524.
40. Maes, C, Picaut, J., and Belamari, S. (2002), Salinity barrier layer and onset of El Nino in a Pacific coupled model, Geophys Res Lett 29, 2206,doi:10.1029/2002GL016029.
41. Maes, C, Picaut, J., and Belamari, S. (2005), Importance of salinity barrier layer for the buildup of El Nino, J Climate 18, 104-118.
42. McPhaden, M. J., Busalacchi, A. J., Cheney, R., Donguy, J., Gage, K. S., Halpern, D., Ji, M., Julian, P., Meyers, G, Mitchum, T. G, Niiler, P. P., Picaut, J., Reynolds, R. W., Smith, N., and Takeuchi, K. (1998), The tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere observing system, a decade of progress, J Geophys Res 103, 14169-14240.
43. McPhaden, M. J., and Zhang, D. (2002), Slowdown of the meridional overturning circulation in the upper Pacific Ocean, Nature, 415, 603-608.
44. Mignot, J., de Boyer Montegut, C, Lazar, A., and Cravatte, S. (2007): Control of salinity on the mixed layer depth in the world ocean: 2. Tropical areas, J Geophys Res 112, C10010,doi: 10.1029/2006JC003954.
45. Noh, Y., and Kim, H. J. (1999), Simulations of temperature and turbulence structure of the oceanic boundary layer with the improved near-surface process, J Geophys Res 104, 15621-15634.
46. Picaut, J., Ioualalen, M., Menkes, C., Delcroix, T., and McPhaden, M. I. (1996), Mechanism of the zonal displacements of the Pacific warm water pool, implication for ENSO, Science, 274, 1486-1489.
47. Picaut, J., Masia, F., and du Penhoat, Y. (1997), An advective-reflective conceptual model for the oscillatory nature of the ENSO, Science, 277, 663-666.
48. Redi, M. H. (1982), Oceanic isopycnal mixing by coordinate rotation, J Phys Oceanogr 12, 1154-1158.
49. Roemmich, D., Morris, M., Young, W. R., and Donguy, J.-R. (1994), Fresh equatorial jet, J Phys Oceanogr 24, 540-558.
50. Sato, K., Suga, T., and Hanawa, K. (2004), Barrier layer in the North Pacific subtropical gyre, Geophys Res Lett 31, L05301,doi:10.1029/2003GL018590.
51. Sprintall, J., and Tomczak, M. (1992), Evidence of the barrier layer in the surface layer of the Tropics, J Geophys Res 97, 7305-7316.
52. Stammer, D., and Co-Authors (2010), Ocean Information Provided through Ensemble Ocean Syntheses, In Proceedings of Ocea-nObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, 2 (Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009) (eds. J. Hall, D. E. Harrison, D. E. Stammer) (ESA Publication WPP-306) (in press).
53. Tsujino, H., Motoi, T., Ishikawa, I., Hirabara, M., Nakano, H., Yamanaka, G., and Yasuda, T. (2010), Meteorological Research Institute Community Ocean Model Version 3 (MRI.COM3) Manual, Technical Report of Meteorological Research Institute 59 (Meteorological Research Institite, Tsukuba, Japan, 2009), 241 pp.
54. Usui N., Ishizaki, S., Fujii, Y., Tsujino, H., Yasuda, T., and Kamachi M. (2006), Meteorological Research Institute Multi-variate Ocean Variational Estimation (MOVE) System: Some Early Results, Adv Spa Res 37, 806-822.
55. Vialard, J., and Delecluse, P. (1998), A OGCM study for the TOGA decade, II, Barrier-layer formation and variability, J Phys Oceanogr 28, 1089-1106.
56. Vialard, J., Delecluse, P., and Menkes, C. (2002), A modeling study of salinity variability and its effects in the tropical pacific Ocean during the 1993-1999 period, J Geophys Res 107, 8005,doi:10.1029/2000JC000758.
57. Vialard, J., Menkes, C., Boulanger, J.-P., Delecluse, P., and Guilyardi, E. (2001), A model study of oceanic mechanisms affecting equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature during the 1997-98 El Niño, J Phys Oceanogr 31, 1649-1675.
58. Wada, A., and Chan, J. C. L. (2008), Relationship between typhoon activity and upper ocean heat content, Geophys Res Lett 35, L17603,doi:10.1029/2008GL035129.
59. Yablonsky, R. M., and Ginis, I. (2008), Improving the ocean initialization of coupled hurricane-ocean models using feature-based data assimilation, Mon Wea Rev 136, 2592-2607.
60. Zhang, R.-H., Wang, G., Chen, D., Busalacchi, A. J., and Hackert, E. C. (2010), Interannual Biases induced by freshwater flux and coupled feedback in the tropical Pacific, Mon Wea Rev 138, 1715-1737.