Barrier layer variability in the western Pacific warm pool from 2000 to 2007

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 114, Issue 6, 2009, Pages

  Bose, Christelle ^a   Delcroix, Thierry ^a   Maes, Christophe ^b  

^a LEGOS   (France)

^b CNRS   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS; HEAVY WATER; HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS; NICKEL COMPOUNDS; OCEAN CURRENTS; SALINITY MEASUREMENT; SURFACE PROPERTIES; SURFACE WATERS;

ARGO FLOAT; ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION; BARRIER LAYERS; COMPLEX MECHANISMS; COUPLED MODELS; DOWN-WELLING; EASTERN EDGE; FIRST ORDER; HEAVY PRECIPITATION; ROSSBY WAVE; SEA SURFACE SALINITY; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES; UPPER WATER COLUMN; VERTICAL SHEAR; WESTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL; WIND CONDITIONS; ZONAL CURRENTS;

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE;

ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION; EL NINO; KELVIN WAVE; PRECIPITATION INTENSITY; ROSSBY WAVE; SEA SURFACE SALINITY; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TEMPERATURE PROFILE; WARM POOL;

PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (WEST);

EID: 69549083222     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2008JC005187     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Adler, R. F., et al. (2003), The version 2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979-present), J. ydrometeorol, 4, 1147-1167, doi:10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1147: TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2.
2. Anderson, S. P., R. A. Weiler, and R. Lukas (1996), Surface buoyancy forcing and the mixed layer in the western Pacific warm pool: Observation and one-dimensional model results, J. Clim., 9, 3056-3085, doi: 10.1175/1520- 0442(1996)009<3056:SBFATM>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 27259009)
3. Ando, K., and M. J. McPhaden (1997), Variability of surface layer hydrography in the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23,063-23,078, doi:10.1029/97JC01443. (Pubitemid 127684441)
4. Bentamy, A., P. Queffeulou, Y. Quilfen, and K. Katsaros (1999), Ocean surface wind fields estimated from satellite active and passive microwave instruments, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 37, 2469-2486, doi:10.1109/36.789643. (Pubitemid 30518331)
5. Bosc, C. (2008), Variabilité du volume d'eau chaude et de la couche barrière de sel dans l'Océan Pacifique equatorial à l'échelle interannuelle (ENSO), Ph.D. thesis, 146 pp., Univ. Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
6. Bosc, C., and T. Delcroix (2008), Observed equatorial Rossby waves and ENSO-related warm water volume changes in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Z Geophys. Res., 113, C06003, doi:10.1029/2007JC004613.
7. Cronin, M. F., and M. J. McPhaden (2002), Barrier layer formation during westerly wind burets, Z Geophys. Res., 107(C12), 8020, doi:10.1029/ 2001JC001171.
8. de Boyer Montégut, C., G. Madec, A. S. Fischer, A. Lazar, and D. Ludicone (2004), Mixed layer depto over the global ocean: An examination of profile data and a profile-based climatology, Z Geophys. Res., 109, C12003, doi:10.1029/2004JC002378. (Pubitemid 40335109)
9. de Boyer Montégut, C., J. Mignot, A. Lazar, and S. Cravatte (2007), Control of salinity on the mixed layer depto in the world ocean: 1. General description, Z Geophys. Res., 112, C060XX, doi:10.1029/2006JC003953. (Pubitemid 47343140)
10. Delcroix, T., and M. J. McPhaden (2002), Interannual sea surface salinity and temperature changes in the western Pacific warm pool during 19922000, J. Geophys. Res., 107(C12), 8002, doi:10.1029/2001JC000862. (Pubitemid 36610935)
11. Delcroix, T., and J. Picaut (1998), Zonal displacement of the western equatorial Pacific "fresh pool", Z Geophys. Res., 103, 1087-1098, doi:10.1029/97JC01912.
12. Delcroix, T., G. Eldin, M.-H. Radenac, J. Toole, and E. Firing (1992), Variation of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean, 1986-1988, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5423-5445, doi:10.1029/92JC00127.
13. Delcroix, T., J. P. Boulanger, F. Masia, and C. Menkes (1994), GEOSATderived sea level and surface current anomalies in the equatorial Pacific during the 1986-1989 El Nino and La Nina, Z Geophys. Res., 99, 25,093-25,107, doi:10.1029/94JC02138.
14. Delcroix, T., S. Cravatte, and M. J. McPhaden (2007), Decadal variations and trends in tropical Pacific sea surface salinity since 1970, Z Geophys. Res., 112, C03012, doi:10.1029/2006JC003801. (Pubitemid 46845220)
15. Eldin, G., M. Rodier, and M.-H. Radenac (1997), Physical and nutrient variability in the upper equatorial Pacific associated wito westerly wind forcing and wave activity in October 1994, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 44, 1783-1800. (Pubitemid 28278399)
16. Eldin, G., T. Delcroix, and M. Rodier (2004), The frontal area at the eastern edge of the western equatorial Pacific warm pool in April 2001, Z Geophys. Res., 109, C07006, doi:10.1029/2003JC002088. (Pubitemid 39316006)
17. Eriksen, C. (1982), Equatorial wave vertical modes observed in a western Pacific island array, Z Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 1206-1227, doi:10.1175/ 1520-0485(1982)012<1206:EWVMOI>2.0.CO;2.
18. Fujii, Y., and M. Kamachi (2003), Three-dimensional analysis of temperature and salinity in the equatorial Pacific using a variational method wito vertical coupled temperature-salinity empirical orthogonal function modes, Z Geophys. Res., 108(C9), 3297, doi:10.1029/2002JC001745. (Pubitemid 37529232)
19. Gill, A. E. (1983), An estimation of sea-level and surface-current anomalies during the 1972 El Niño and consequent thermal effects, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 586-606, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1983)013<0586:AEOSLA> 2.0.CO;2.
20. Hoerling, M., and A. Kumar (2003), The perfect ocean for drought, Science, 299, 691-694, doi:10.1126/science.1079053.
21. Kara, A., P. Rochford, and H. Hurlburt (2000), An optimal definition for ocean mixed layer, Z Geophys. Res., 105, 16,803-16,821, doi:10.1029/ 2000JC900072.
22. Kerr, Y., P. Waldteufel, J. P. Wigneron, J. M. Martinuzzi, J. Font, and M. Berger (2001), Soil moisture retrieval from space: The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 39, 1729-1735, doi:10.1109/36.942551. (Pubitemid 32933012)
23. Kuroda, Y., and M. J. McPhaden (1993), Variability in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean during JAPACS cruises in 1989 and 1990, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 4747-4759, doi:10.1029/92JC02684. (Pubitemid 23381861)
24. Le Borgne, R., R. Barber, T. Delcroix, H. Inoue, D. Mackey, and M. Rodier (2002), Pacific warm pool and divergence: Temporal and zonal variations on the equator and their effects on the biological pump, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 49, 2471-2512, doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00045-0. (Pubitemid 34656787)
25. Levitas, S. (1982), Climatological atlas of the world ocean, Prof. Pap. 13, 173 pp., NOAA, Silver Spring, Md.
26. Lindstrom, E., R. Lukas, R. Fine, E. Firing, S. Godfrey, G. Meyers, and M. Tsuchiya (1987), The western equatorial Pacific Ocean circulation study, Nature, 330, 533-537, doi:10.1038/330533a0. (Pubitemid 204875)
27. Lukas, R., and E. Lindstrom (1991), The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3343-3357.
28. Maes, C. (2000), Salinity variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean during the 1993-98 period, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1659-1662, doi:10.1029/ 1999GL011261. (Pubitemid 32040510)
29. Maes, C. (2008), On the ocean salinity stratification observed at the eastern edge of the equatorial Pacific warm pool, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C03027, doi:10.1029/2007JC004297.
30. Maes, C., and D. Behringer (2000), Using satellite-derived sea level and temperature profiles for determining the salinity variability: A new approach, J.. Geophys. Res., 105, 8537-8548, doi:10.1029/1999JC900279.
31. Maes, C., P. Delectase, and G. Madec (1997), Impact of westerly wind bursts on the warm pool of the TOGA-COARE domain in an OGCM, Clim. Dyn., 14, 55-70, doi:10.1007/s003820050208. (Pubitemid 28220276)
32. Maes, C., J. Picaut, and S. Belamari (2002), Salinity barrier layer and onset of El Niño in a Pacific coupled model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(24), 2206, doi:10.1029/2002GL016029. (Pubitemid 36580243)
33. Maes, C., J. Picaut, Y. Kuroda, and K. Ando (2004), Characteristics of the convergence zone at the eastern edge of the Pacific warm pool, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L11304, doi:10.1029/2004GL019867. (Pubitemid 39103496)
34. Maes, C., J. Picaut, and S. Belamari (2005), Importance of salinity barrier layer for the buildup of El Niño, J. Clim., 18, 104-118, doi:10.1175/ JCLI-3214.1. (Pubitemid 40252352)
35. Maes, C., K. Ando, T. Delcroix, W. S. Kessler, M. J. McPhaden, and D. Roemmich (2006a), Observed correlation of surface salinity, temperature and barrier layer at the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06601, doi:10.1029/2005GL024772.
36. Maes, C., E. Kestenare, A. Ganachaud, F. Gallois, M. Rodier, D. Varillon, G. Eldin, R. Chuchla, and A. Lapetite (2006b), Rapport de la mission FRONTALIS-3 à bord du N. O. Alis du 22 Avril au 19 Mai 2005, 22̈S2°N/161̈E- 172°E, in Rapports de Missions, Sciences de la Mer, Océanographie Physique, Rep. 20, pp. 1-167, Int. de Rech, pour le Dev., Nouméa, New Caledonia.
37. McPhaden, M. J. (1995), The tropical atmosphere ocean array is completed, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 76, 739-741.
38. McPhaden, M. J., et al. (1998), The Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere observing system: A decade of progress, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14,169-14,240, doi:10.1029/97JC02906.
39. Mignot, J., C. de Boyer Montegut, A. Lazar, and S. Cravatte (2007), Control of salinity on the mixed layer depto in the world ocean: 2. Tropical areas, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C10010, doi:10.1029/2006JC003954. (Pubitemid 350285673)
40. Mulero, F. J. (1993), What is PSU?, Oceanography (Wash. D.C.), 6(3), 67.
41. Palmer, T. N., and D. A. Mansfield (1984), Response of two atmospheric general circulation models to sea-surface temperature anomalies in the tropical east and west Pacific, Nature, 310, 483-488, doi.10.1038/ 310483a0.
42. Picaut, J., and T. Delcroix (1995), Equatorial wave sequence associated wito the warm pool displacement during the 1986-1989 El Niño and La Nina, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18,393-18,408, doi:10.1029/ 95JC01358. (Pubitemid 26441928)
43. Picaut, J., M. Ioualalen, C. Menkes, T. Delcroix, and M. J. McPhaden (1996), Mechanism of the zonal displacements of the Pacific warm pool: Implications for ENSO, Science, 274, 1486-1489, doi:10.1126/ science.274.5292.1486. (Pubitemid 27124253)
44. Picaut, J., F. Masia, and Y. du Penhoat (1997), An advective-reflective conceptual model for the oscillatory nature of Ae ENSO, Science, 277, 663-666, doi: 10.1126/science.277.5326.663.
45. Picaut, J., M. Ioualalen, T. Delcroix, F. Masia, R. Murtugudde, and J. Vialard (2001), The oceanic zone of convergence on the eastern edge of the Pacific warm pool: A synthesis of results and implications for ENSO and biogeochemical phenomena, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 2363-2386, doi:10.1029/ 2000JC900141. (Pubitemid 32232598)
46. Roemmich, D., and W. B. Owens (2000), The Argo Project: Global ocean observations for understanding and prediction of climate variability, Oceanography (Wash. D.C.), 13(2), 45-50.
47. Roemmich, D., M. Morris, W. R. Young, and J.-R. Donguy (1994), Fresh equatorial jets, Z Phys. Oceanogr.,.24, 540-558, doi: 10.1175/15200485(1994) 024<0540:FEJ>2.0.CO;2.
48. Sato, K., T. Suga, and K. Hanawa (2004), Barrier layer in the North Pacific subtropical gyre, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L05301, doi:10.1029/ 2003GL018590. (Pubitemid 38616535)
49. Sato, K., T. Suga, and K. Hanawa (2006), Barrier layers in the subtropical gyres of the world's oceans, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08603, doi:10.1029/2005GL025631. (Pubitemid 43950140)
50. Shinoda, T., and R. Lukas (1995), Lagrangian mixed layer modeling of the western equatorial Pacific, Z Geophys. Res., 100, 2523-2541, doi:10.1029/94JC02486.
51. Sprintall, J., and M. J. McPhaden (1994), Surface layer variations observed in multiyear time series measurements from the western equatorial Pacific, Z Geophys. Res., 99, 963-979, doi:10.1029/93JC02809. (Pubitemid 24401365)
52. Sprintall, J., and M. Tomczak (1992), Evidence of the barrier layer in the surface layer of the tropics, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7305-7316, doi:10.1029/92JC00407.
53. Sudre, J., and R. Morrow (2008), Global surface currents: A high resolution product for investigating ocean dynamics, Ocean Dyn., 58, doi:10.1007/ S10236-O08-0134-139
54. Tomczak, M., and J. S. Godfrey (1994), Regional Oceanography: An Introduction, 422 pp., Pergamon, New York.
55. Vialard, J., and P. Delecluse (1998a), An OGCM study for the TOGA decade. Part I: Role of salinity in the physics of the western Pacific fresh pool, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 1071-1088, doi: 10.1175/15200485(1998)028<1071: AOSFTT>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 128602342)
56. Vialard, J., and P. Delectase (1998b), An OGCM study for the TOGA decade. Part II: Barrier layer formation and variability, Z Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 1089-1106, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<1089: AOSFTT>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 128602343)
57. Vialard, J., C. Menkes, J.-P. Boulanger, P. Delecluse, E. Guilyardi, and M. McPhaden (2001), A model study of the oceanic mechanisms affecting the equatorial SST during the 1997-98 El Niño, Z Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1649-1675, doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<1649:AMSOOM>2.0. CO;2. (Pubitemid 32787151)
58. Vialard, J., P. Delectase, and C. Menkes (2002), A modeling study of salinity variability and its effects in the tropical Pacific Ocean during the 1993-1999 period, Z Geophys. Res., 107(C12), 8005, doi:10.1029/ 2000JC000758. (Pubitemid 36610938)
59. Waliser, D. E. (1996), Formation and limiting mechanisms for very high sea surface temperature: Linking the dynamics and the thermodynamics, Z Clim., 9, 161-188, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<0161: FALMFV>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 126547452)
60. Waliser, D. E., and N. E. Graham (1993), Convective cloud systems and warm-pool sea surface temperatures: Coupled interactions and self-regulation, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12,881-12,893, doi:10.1029/93JD00872.
61. Wyrtki, K. (1984), The slope of sea level along the equator during the 1982/ 1983 El Niño, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 10,419-10,424, doi:10.1029/ JC089iC06p10419.