Cardiovascular benefits of GLP-1-basedtherapies in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2: Effects on endothelial and vascular dysfunction beyond glycemic control

Experimental Diabetes Research

Volumn 2012, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Forst, Thomas ^a,b   Weber, Matthias M ^b   Pfützner, Andreas ^a  

^a Institute for Clinical Research and Development   (Germany)

^b JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR; GLUCAGON; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1 RECEPTOR AGONIST; INCRETIN; INSULIN; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1;

CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MECHANISM; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY; GLUCAGON RELEASE; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; INSULIN RELEASE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VASCULAR DISEASE; BODY WEIGHT; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHY; DRUG POTENTIATION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; BODY WEIGHT; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITORS; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE 1; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS;

EID: 84861075013     PISSN: 16875214     EISSN: 16875303     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2012/635472     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Wild S., Roglic G., Green A., Sicree R., King H., Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030 Diabetes Care 2004 27 5 1047 1053 (Pubitemid 38579764)
2. Juutilainen A., Lehto S., Rnnemaa T., Pyrl K., Laakso M., Type 2 diabetes as a coronary heart disease equivalent: an 18-year prospective population-based study in Finnish subjects Diabetes Care 2005 28 12 2901 2907 (Pubitemid 43942922)
3. Haffner S. M., Lehto S., Rnnemaa T., Pyrl K., Laakso M., Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction The New England Journal of Medicine 1998 339 4 229 234 (Pubitemid 28350165)
4. Whiteley L., Padmanabhan S., Hole D., Isles C., Should diabetes be considered a coronary heart disease risk equivalent? Results from 25 years of follow-up in the Renfrew and Paisley survey Diabetes Care 2005 28 7 1588 1593 (Pubitemid 40923069)
5. Calles-Escandon J., Cipolla M., Diabetes and endothelial dysfunction: a clinical perspective Endocrine Reviews 2001 22 1 36 52 (Pubitemid 32187802)
6. Forst T., Hohberg C., Pftzner A., Cardiovascular effects of disturbed insulin activity in metabolic syndrome and in type 2 diabetic patients Hormone and Metabolic Research 2009 41 2 123 131
7. Cosson E., Pham I., Valensi P., Paris J., Attali J. R., Nitenberg A., Impaired coronary endothelium-dependent vasodilation is associated with microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes and angiographically normal coronary arteries Diabetes Care 2006 29 1 107 112 (Pubitemid 44033440)
8. Schramm T. K., Gislason G. H., Kber L., Rasmussen S., Rasmussen J. N., Abildstrm S. Z., Hansen M. L., Folke F., Buch P., Madsen M., Vaag A., Torp-Pedersen C., Diabetes patients requiring glucose-lowering therapy and nondiabetics with a prior myocardial infarction carry the same cardiovascular risk: a population study of 3.3 million people Circulation 2008 117 15 1945 1954 (Pubitemid 351543470)
9. Friedewald W. T., Buse J. B., Bigger J. T., Byington R. P., Cushman W. C., Gerstein H. C., Ginsberg H. N., Goff D. C., Grimm R. H., Ismail-Beigi F., Probstfield J. L., Simons-Morton D. G., Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes The New England Journal of Medicine 2008 358 24 2545 2559 (Pubitemid 351831356)
10. Patel A., MacMahon S., Chalmers J., Neal B., Billot L., Woodward M., Marre M., Cooper M., Glasziou P., Grobbee D., Hamet P., Harrap S., Heller S., Liu L., Mancia G., Mogensen C. E., Pan C., Poulter N., Rodgers A., Williams B., Bompoint S., De Galan B. E., Joshi R., Travert F., Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes The New England Journal of Medicine 2008 358 24 2560 2572 (Pubitemid 351831357)
11. Duckworth W., Abraira C., Moritz T., Reda D., Emanuele N., Reaven P. D., Zieve F. J., Marks J., Davis S. N., Hayward R., Warren S. R., Goldman S., McCarren M., Vitek M. E., Henderson W. G., Huang G. D., Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes The New England Journal of Medicine 2009 360 2 129 139
12. Lau D. C. W., Dhillon B., Yan H., Szmitko P. E., Verma S., Adipokines: molecular links between obesity and atheroslcerosis American Journal of Physiology 2005 288 5 H2031 H2041
13. Klting N., Fasshauer M., Dietrich A., Kovacs P., Schn M. R., Kern M., Stumvoll M., Blher M., Insulin-sensitive obesity American Journal of Physiology 2010 299 3 E506 E515
14. Hu F. B., Stampfer M. J., Haffner S. M., Solomon C. G., Willett W. C., Manson J. E., Elevated risk of cardiovascular disease prior to clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2002 25 7 1129 1134 (Pubitemid 41071162)
15. Ishizaka N., Ishizaka Y., Takahashi E., Unuma T., Tooda E. I., Nagai R., Togo M., Tsukamoto K., Hashimoto H., Yamakado M., Association between insulin resistance and carotid arteriosclerosis in subjects with normal fasting glucose and normal glucose tolerance Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2003 23 2 295 301 (Pubitemid 36231943)
16. Reaven G. M., Insulin resistance, the insulin resistance syndrome, and cardiovascular disease Panminerva Medica 2005 47 4 201 210 (Pubitemid 43471964)
17. Ausk K. J., Boyko E. J., Ioannou G. N., Insulin resistance predicts mortality in nondiabetic individuals in the U.S Diabetes Care 2010 33 6 1179 1185
18. McGill H. C. Jr., McMahan C. A., Herderick E. E., Zieske A. W., Malcom G. T., Tracy R. E., Strong J. P., Obesity accelerates the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in young men Circulation 2002 105 23 2712 2718 (Pubitemid 34615140)
19. Cho E., Manson J. E., Stampfer M. J., Solomon C. G., Colditz G. A., Speizer F. E., Willett W. C., Frank B. H., A prospective study of obesity and risk of coronary heart disease among diabetic women Diabetes Care 2002 25 7 1142 1148 (Pubitemid 41071164)
20. Cauchi S., Guerra S. D., Choquet H., D'Aleo V., Groves C. J., Lupi R., McCarthy M. I., Froguel P., Marchetti P., Meta-analysis and functional effects of the SLC30A8 rs13266634 polymorphism on isolated human pancreatic islets Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 2010 100 1 77 82
21. Fritsche A., Madaus A., Stefan N., Tschritter O., Maerker E., Teigeler A., Hring H., Stumvoll M., Relationships among age, proinsulin conversion, and -cell function in nondiabetic humans Diabetes 2002 51 supplement 1 S234 S239
22. Kirchhoff K., Machicao F., Haupt A., Schfer S. A., Tschritter O., Staiger H., Stefan N., Hring H.-U., Fritsche A., Polymorphisms in the TCF7L2, CDKAL1 and SLC30A8 genes are associated with impaired proinsulin conversion Diabetologia 2008 51 4 597 601
23. Alssema M., Dekker J. M., Nijpels G., Stehouwer C. D. A., Bouter L. M., Heine R. J., Proinsulin concentration is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: an 11-year follow-up of the Hoorn study Diabetes Care 2005 28 4 860 865 (Pubitemid 40434486)
24. Oh J. Y., Barrett-Connor E., Wedick N. M., Sex differences in the association between proinsulin and intact insulin with coronary heart disease in nondiabetic older adults: the Rancho Bernardo study Circulation 2002 105 11 1311 1316 (Pubitemid 34260421)
25. Wohlin M., Sundstrm J., rnlv J., Andrén B., Zethelius B., Lind L., Impaired insulin sensitivity is an independent predictor of common carotid intima-media thickness in a population sample of elderly men Atherosclerosis 2003 170 1 181 185 (Pubitemid 37083578)
26. Zethelius B., Lithell H., Hales C. N., Berne C., Insulin sensitivity, proinsulin and insulin as predictors of coronary heart disease. A population-based 10-year, follow-up study in 70-year old men using the euglycaemic insulin clamp Diabetologia 2005 48 5 862 867 (Pubitemid 40767978)
27. Zethelius B., Byberg L., Hales C. N., Lithell H., Berne C., Proinsulin is an independent predictor of coronary heart disease: report from a 27-year follow-up study Circulation 2002 105 18 2153 2158 (Pubitemid 34517158)
28. Galloway J. A., Hooper S. A., Spradlin C. T., Howey D. C., Frank B. H., Bowsher R. R., Anderson J. H., Biosynthetic human proinsulin: review of chemistry, in vitro and in vivo receptor binding, animal and human pharmacology studies, and clinical trial experience Diabetes Care 1992 15 5 666 692
29. Jia E. Z., Yang Z. J., Zhu T. B., Wang L. S., Chen B., Cao K. J., Huang J., Ma W. Z., Proinsulin is an independent predictor of the angiographical characteristics of coronary atherosclerosis Cardiology 2008 110 2 106 111 (Pubitemid 351630035)
30. Nordt T. K., Schneider D. J., Sobel B. E., Augmentation of the synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 by precursors of insulin: a potential risk factor for vascular disease Circulation 1994 89 1 321 330 (Pubitemid 24026506)
31. Liu H., Dear A. E., Knudsen L. B., Simpson R. W., A long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue attenuates induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 and vascular adhesion molecules Journal of Endocrinology 2009 201 1 59 66
32. Nordt T. K., Bode C., Sobel B. E., Stimulation in vivo of expression of intra-abdominal adipose tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor type I by proinsulin Diabetologia 2001 44 9 1121 1124 (Pubitemid 32835504)
33. Festa A., D'Agostino R. Jr., Mykknen L., Tracy R. P., Zaccaro D. J., Hales C. N., Haffner S. M., Relative contribution of insulin and its precursors to fibrinogen and PAI-1 in a large population with different states of glucose tolerance: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1999 19 3 562 568 (Pubitemid 29135156)
34. Lyon C. J., Hsueh W. A., Effect of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease American Journal of Medicine 2003 115 8, supplement 1 62S 68S
35. Forst T., Hohberg C., Fuellert S. D., Lbben G., Konrad T., Lbig M., Weber M. M., Sachara C., Gottschall V., Pftzner A., Pharmacological PPAR stimulation in contrast to beta cell stimulation results in an improvement in adiponectin and proinsulin intact levels and reduces intima media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes Hormone and Metabolic Research 2005 37 8 521 527 (Pubitemid 41306404)
36. Ross R., The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s Nature 1993 362 6423 801 809 (Pubitemid 23132154)
37. Verma S., Anderson T. J., Fundamentals of endothelial function for the clinical cardiologist Circulation 2002 105 5 546 549 (Pubitemid 34123425)
38. Goldfine A. B., Beckman J. A., Betensky R. A., Devlin H., Hurley S., Varo N., Schonbeck U., Patti M. E., Creager M. A., Family history of diabetes is a major determinant of endothelial function Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2006 47 12 2456 2461 (Pubitemid 43866372)
39. Mather K., Anderson T. J., Verma S., Insulin action in the vasculature: physiology and pathophysiology Journal of Vascular Research 2001 38 5 415 422 (Pubitemid 34701454)
40. Margolis D. J., Hoffstad O., Strom B. L., Association between serious ischemic cardiac outcomes and medications used to treat diabetes Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2008 17 8 753 759
41. Eurich D. T., McAlister F. A., Blackburn D. F., Majumdar S. R., Tsuyuki R. T., Varney J., Johnson J. A., Benefits and harms of antidiabetic agents in patients with diabetes and heart failure: systematic review British Medical Journal 2007 335 7618 497 501 (Pubitemid 47401611)
42. Rao A. D., Kuhadiya N., Reynolds K., Fonseca V. A., Is the combination of sulfonylureas and metformin associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease or all- cause mortality? Diabetes Care 2008 31 8 1672 1678
43. Bolen S., Feldman L., Vassy J., Wilson L., Yeh H. C., Marinopoulos S., Wiley C., Selvin E., Wilson R., Bass E. B., Brancati F. L., Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and safety of oral medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus Annals of Internal Medicine 2007 147 6 386 399 (Pubitemid 351664540)
44. Davies M. J., Insulin secretagogues Current Medical Research and Opinion 2002 18 supplement 1 s22 s30
45. Kieffer T. J., Habener J. F., The glucagon-like peptides Endocrine Reviews 1999 20 6 876 913 (Pubitemid 30647076)
46. Matsuyama T., Komatsu R., Namba M., Watanabe N., Itoh H., Tarui S., Glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36 amide): a potent glucagonostatic and insulinotropic hormone Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 1988 5 4 281 284
47. Weir G. C., Mojsov S., Hendrick G. K., Habener J. F., Glucagonlike peptide I (7-37) actions on endocrine pancreas Diabetes 1989 38 3 338 342 (Pubitemid 19071474)
48. Wettergren A., Schjoldager B., Mortensen P. E., Myhre J., Christiansen J., Holst J. J., Truncated GLP-1 (proglucagon 78-107-amide) inhibits gastric and pancreatic functions in man Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1993 38 4 665 673 (Pubitemid 23121274)
49. Nauck M. A., Heimesaat M. M., Orskov C., Holst J. J., Ebert R., Creutzfeldt W., Preserved incretin activity of glucagon-like peptide 1 [7-36 amide] but not of synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with type- 2 diabetes mellitus The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1993 91 1 301 307 (Pubitemid 23037285)
50. Davidson M. H., Cardiovascular effects of glucagonlike peptide-1 agonists American Journal of Cardiology 2011 108 3, supplement 33B 41B
51. Jendle J., Nauck M. A., Matthews D. R., Frid A., Hermansen K., Dring M., Zdravkovic M., Strauss B. J., Garber A. J., Weight loss with liraglutide, a once-daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue for type 2 diabetes treatment as monotherapy or added to metformin, is primarily as a result of a reduction in fat tissue Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2009 11 12 1163 1172
52. Bunck M. C., Diamant M., Eliasson B., Cornér A., Shaginian R. M., Heine R. J., Taskinen M. R., Yki-Jrvinen H., Smith U., Exenatide affects circulating cardiovascular risk biomarkers independently of changes in body composition Diabetes Care 2010 33 8 1734 1737
53. Mafong D. D., Henry R. R., The role of incretins in cardiovascular control Current Hypertension Reports 2009 11 1 18 22
54. Klonoff D. C., Buse J. B., Nielsen L. L., Guan X., Bowlus C. L., Holcombe J. H., Wintle M. E., Maggs D. G., Exenatide effects on diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular risk factors and hepatic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes treated for at least 3 years Current Medical Research and Opinion 2008 24 1 275 286 (Pubitemid 351160260)
55. Marre M., Shaw J., Brndle M., Bebakar W. M. W., Kamaruddin N. A., Strand J., Zdravkovic M., Le Thi T. D., Colagiuri S., Liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analogue, added to a sulphonylurea over 26 weeks produces greater improvements in glycaemic and weight control compared with adding rosiglitazone or placebo in subjects with Type 2 diabetes (LEAD-1 SU) Diabetic Medicine 2009 26 3 268 278
56. Buse J. B., Rosenstock J., Sesti G., Schmidt W. E., Montanya E., Brett J. H., Zychma M., Blonde L., Liraglutide once a day versus exenatide twice a day for type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomised, parallel-group, multinational, open-label trial (LEAD-6) The Lancet 2009 374 9683 39 47
57. Okerson T., Yan P., Stonehouse A., Brodows R., Effects of exenatide on systolic blood pressure in subjects with type 2 diabetes American Journal of Hypertension 2010 23 3 334 339
58. Ban K., Noyan-Ashraf M. H., Hoefer J., Bolz S. S., Drucker D. J., Husain M., Cardioprotective and vasodilatory actions of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor are mediated through both glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor-dependent and -independent pathways Circulation 2008 117 18 2340 2350 (Pubitemid 351653542)
59. Gutzwiller J. P., Tschopp S., Bock A., Zehnder C. E., Huber A. R., Kreyenbuehl M., Gutmann H., Drewe J., Henzen C., Goeke B., Beglinger C., Glucagon-like peptide 1 induces natriuresis in healthy subjects and in insulin-resistant obese men The The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 6 3055 3061 (Pubitemid 38766408)
60. Loos R. J. F., Franks P. W., Francis R. W., Barroso I., Gribble F. M., Savage D. B., Ong K. K., O'Rahilly S., Wareham N. J., TCF7L2 polymorphisms modulate proinsulin levels and -cell function in a British europid population Diabetes 2007 56 7 1943 1947 (Pubitemid 47025464)
61. Stumvoll M., Fritsche A., Stefan N., Hardt E., Hring H., Evidence against a rate-limiting role of proinsulin processing for maximal insulin secretion in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and -cell dysfunction The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001 86 3 1235 1239 (Pubitemid 32323010)
62. Vilsbll T., Brock B., Perrild H., Levin K., Lervang H. H., Klendorf K., Krarup T., Schmitz O., Zdravkovic M., Le-Thi T., Madsbad S., Liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analogue, improves pancreatic B-cell function and arginine-stimulated insulin secretion during hyperglycaemia in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus Diabetic Medicine 2008 25 2 152 156 (Pubitemid 351293400)
63. DeFronzo R. A., Ratner R. E., Han J., Kim D. D., Fineman M. S., Baron A. D., Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 Diabetes Care 2005 28 5 1092 1100 (Pubitemid 40616618)
64. Del Prato S., Barnett A. H., Huisman H., Neubacher D., Woerle H.-J., Dugi K. A., Effect of linagliptin monotherapy on glycaemic control and markers of -cell function in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2011 13 3 258 267
65. Pratley R. E., Schweizer A., Rosenstock J., Foley J. E., Banerji M. A., Pi-sunyer F. X., Mills D., Dejager S., Robust improvements in fasting and prandial measures of -cell function with vildagliptin in drug-nave patients: analysis of pooled vildagliptin monotherapy database Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2008 10 10 931 938
66. Raz I., Hanefeld M., Xu L., Caria C., Williams-Herman D., Khatami H., Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Diabetologia 2006 49 11 2564 2571
67. Pscherer S., Larbig M., von Stritsky B., In type 2 diabetic patients, insulin glargine is associated with lower postprandial release of intact compared with sulfonyurea treatment. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. In press
68. Forst T., Michelson G., Ratter F., Addition of liraglutide in patients with Type 2 diabetes well controlled on metformin monotherapy improves several markers of vascular function. Diabetic Medicine. In press
69. Ban K., Hui S., Drucker D. J., Husain M., Cardiovascular consequences of drugs used for the treatment of diabetes: potential promise of incretin-based therapies Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 2009 3 4 245 259
70. Gardiner S. M., March J. E., Kemp P. A., Bennett T., Baker D. J., Possible involvement of GLP-1(9-36) in the regional haemodynamic effects of GLP-1(7-36) in conscious rats British Journal of Pharmacology 2010 161 1 92 102
71. Tomas E., Habener J. F., Insulin-like actions of glucagon-like peptide-1: a dual receptor hypothesis Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 2010 21 2 59 67
72. Nikolaidis L. A., Mankad S., Sokos G. G., Miske G., Shah A., Elahi D., Shannon R. P., Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction after successful reperfusion Circulation 2004 109 8 962 965 (Pubitemid 38282847)
73. Sokos G. G., Nikolaidis L. A., Mankad S., Elahi D., Shannon R. P., Glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion improves left ventricular ejection fraction and functional status in patients with chronic heart failure Journal of Cardiac Failure 2006 12 9 694 699 (Pubitemid 44881367)
74. Courrges J. P., Vilsbll T., Zdravkovic M., Le-Thi T., Krarup T., Schmitz O., Verhoeven R., Bugov I., Madsbad S., Beneficial effects of once-daily liraglutide, a human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, on cardiovascular risk biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetic Medicine 2008 25 9 1129 1131
75. Bergenstal R. M., Wysham C., MacConell L., Malloy J., Walsh B., Yan P., Wilhelm K., Malone J., Porter L. E., Efficacy and safety of exenatide once weekly versus sitagliptin or pioglitazone as an adjunct to metformin for treatment of type 2 diabetes (DURATION-2): a randomised trial The Lancet 2010 376 9739 431 439
76. Golpon H. A., Puechner A., Welte T., Wichert P. V., Feddersen C. O., Vasorelaxant effect of glucagon-like peptide-(7-36)amide and amylin on the pulmonary circulation of the rat Regulatory Peptides 2001 102 2-3 81 86 (Pubitemid 33135568)
77. Richter G., Feddersen O., Wagner U., Barth P., Goke R., Goke B., GLP-1 stimulates secretion of macromolecules from airways and relaxes pulmonary artery American Journal of Physiology 1993 265 4 L374 L381
78. Basu A., Charkoudian N., Schrage W., Rizza R. A., Basu R., Joyner M. J., Beneficial effects of GLP-1 on endothelial function in humans: dampening by glyburide but not by glimepiride American Journal of Physiology 2007 293 5 E1289 E1295
79. Hattori Y., Jojima T., Tomizawa A., Satoh H., Hattori S., Kasai K., Hayashi T., A glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue, liraglutide, upregulates nitric oxide production and exerts anti-inflammatory action in endothelial cells Diabetologia 2010 53 10 2256 2263
80. Liu H., Hu Y., Simpson R. W., Dear A. E., Glucagon-like peptide-1 attenuates tumour necrosis factor- -mediated induction of plasmogen activator inhibitor-1 expression Journal of Endocrinology 2008 196 1 57 65 (Pubitemid 351234571)
81. Nystrm T., Gutniak M. K., Zhang Q., Zhang F., Holst J. J., Ahrén B., Sjholm., Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on endothelial function in type 2 diabetes patients with stable coronary artery disease American Journal of Physiology 2004 287 6 E1209 E1215
82. Vilsbll T., Zdravkovic M., Le-Thi T., Krarup T., Schmitz O., Courrges J. P., Verhoeven R., Bugnov I., Madsbad S., Liraglutide, a long-acting human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, given as monotherapy significantly improves glycemic control and lowers body weight without risk of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2007 30 6 1608 1610 (Pubitemid 46871185)
83. Nicholl S. M., Roztocil E., Davies M. G., Plasminogen activator system and vascular disease Current Vascular Pharmacology 2006 4 2 101 116 (Pubitemid 46785385)
84. Plutzky J., Garber A. J., Falahati A., The once daily human GLP-1-analogue, liraglutide significantly reduces markers of cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes: a metaanalysis of six clinical trials European Heart Journal 2009 30 917 919
85. Arakawa M., Mita T., Azuma K., Ebato C., Goto H., Nomiyama T., Fujitani Y., Hirose T., Kawamori R., Watada H., Inhibition of monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and attenuation of atherosclerotic lesion by a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, exendin-4 Diabetes 2010 59 4 1030 1037
86. Zilversmit D. B., Atherogenesis: a postprandial phenomenon Circulation 1979 60 3 473 485 (Pubitemid 9254048)
87. Koska J., Schwartz E. A., Mullin M. P., Schwenke D. C., Reaven P. D., Improvement of postprandial endothelial function after a single dose of exenatide in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and recent-onset type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2010 33 5 1028 1030
88. Ceriello A., Esposito K., Testa R., Bonfigli A. R., Marra M., Giugliano D., The possible protective role of glucagon-like peptide1 on endothelium during the meal and evidence for an endothelial resistance to glucagon-like peptide 1 in diabetes Diabetes Care 2011 34 3 697 702
89. Best J. H., Hoogwerf B. J., Herman W. H., Pelletier E. M., Smith D. B., Wenten M., Hussein M. A., Risk of cardiovascular disease events in patients with type 2 diabetes prescribed the Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist exenatide twice daily or other glucose-lowering therapies: a retrospective analysis of the lifelink database Diabetes Care 2011 34 1 90 95
90. Monami M., Cremasco F., Lamanna C., Colombi C., Desideri C. M., Iacomelli I., Marchionni N., Mannucci E., Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials Experimental Diabetes Research 2011 2011 10