Long term bisphosphonate use in osteoporotic patients; a step forward, two steps back

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 305-317

  Salari, Pooneh ^a   Abdollahi, Mohammad ^b  

^a TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCITONIN; CLODRONIC ACID; ETIDRONIC ACID; IBANDRONIC ACID; NITROGEN CONTAINING BISPHOSPHONATE; PAMIDRONIC ACID; PLACEBO; RALOXIFENE; RISEDRONIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; BONE DENSITY; BONE DISEASE; CANCER RISK; DATA ANALYSIS; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG USE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSPEPSIA; ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; FEMUR FRACTURE; FEMUR SUBTROCHANTERIC FRACTURE; FRACTURE; GASTRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HUMAN; HYPOCALCEMIA; JAW OSTEONECROSIS; LONG TERM CARE; MEDLINE; MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN; NAUSEA; OSTEOMALACIA; OSTEOPOROSIS; POSTMENOPAUSE OSTEOPOROSIS; PRESCRIPTION; PUBLICATION; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SHORT COURSE THERAPY; SIDE EFFECT; TREATMENT DURATION; VERTEBRA FRACTURE;

EID: 84860872190     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14821826     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.18433/j3rk5j     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Abdollahi M, Larijani B, Rahimi R, Salari P. Role of oxidative stress in osteoporosis. Therapy 2005; 2(5): 787-796.
2. Salari P, Abdollahi M. Controversial effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on bone: a review. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 2009; 8(3): 169-175.
3. Salari P, Abdollahi M. A comprehensive review of the shared roles of inflammatory cytokines in osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases as two common old people problem; action toward development of new drugs. Int J Pharmacol. 2011; 7(5): 552-567
4. Salari P, Larijani B, Abdollahi M. Association of hyperhomocysteinemia with osteoporosis: a systematic review. Therapy 2008; 5(2): 215-222.
5. Salari P, Rezaie A, Larijani B, Abdollahi M. A systematic review of the impact of n-3 fatty acids in bone health and osteoporosis. Med Sci Monit. 2008;14(3):RA37-RA44.
6. Salari P, Asalforooush M, Ameri F, Larijani B, Abdollahi M. The effects of n-fatty acids on bone biomarkers in Iranian postmenopausal osteoporotic women: a randomized clinical trial. Age 2010; 32:179-186
7. Salari Sharif P, Abdollahi M. A systematic review on the relationship between β-blockers and bone health. Int J Pharmacol. 2010; 6(5):577-583
8. Salari Sharif P, Abdollahi M. The role of platelets in bone remodeling. Inflamm Allergy Drug Target. 2010; 9:393-399
9. Salari Sharif P, Abdollahi M. A systematic review on the relation between use of statins and osteoporosis. Int J Pharmacol. 2011; 7(2):180-188.
10. Salari Sharif P, Abdollahi M, Larijani B. Current new and future treatments of osteoporosis. Rheumatol Int. 2011; 31:289-300
11. Black DM, Thompson DE, Bauer DC, Ensrud K, Musliner T, Hochberg MC, Nevitt MC, Suyawanshi S, Cummings SR; Fracture Intervention Trial. FIT Research Group. Fracture risk reduction with alendronate in women with osteoporosis: the Fracture Intervention Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 85:4118-4124.
12. Ensrud KE, Barrett-Connor EL, Schwartz A, Santora AC, Bauer DC, Suryawanshi S, Feldstein A, Haskell WL, Hochberg MC, Torner JC, et al. Randomized trial of effect of alendronate continuation versus discontinuation in women with low BMD: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial long-term extension. J Bone Miner Res. 2004; 19:1259-1269.
13. Papapoulos SE. Use of bisphosphonates in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011; 1218:15-32.
14. Papapoulos SE, Cremers SC. Prolonged bisphosphonate release after treatment in children. N Eng J Med. 2007; 356:1075-1076.
15. Drake MT, Cremers SC. Bisphosphonate therapeutics in bone disease: the hard and soft data on osteoclast inhibition. Mol Interv. 2010; 10(3):141-152.
16. Wysowski DK. Reports of esophageal cancer with oral bisphosphonate use. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360:89-90.
17. Solomon DH PA, Brookhart MA. More on reports of esophageal cancer with oral bisphosphonate use. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360:1789-1790
18. Abrahamsen B, Eiken P, Eastell R. More on reports of esophageal cancer with oral bisphosphonate use. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1789.
19. Nguyen DM, Schwartz J, Richardson P, El-Serag HB. Oral bisphosphonate prescriptions and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with Barretts esophagus. Dig Dis Sci. 2010; 55(12):3404-3407.
20. Green J, Czanner G, Reeves G, Watson J, Wise L, Beral V. Oral bisphosphonates and risk of cancer od esophagus stomach and colorectum: casecontrol analysis within a UK primary care cohort. BMJ 2010; 341:03444.
21. Cardwell CR, Abnet CC, Cantwell MM, Murray LJ. Exposure to oral bisphosphonates and risk of esophageal cancer. JAMA 2010; 304:657-663.
22. Anonymous. Ongoing safety review of oral osteoporosis drugs (bisphosphonates) and potential increased risk of esophageal cancer (2011) FDA. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm263320.htm.
23. Khosla S, Burr D, Cauley J, Dempster DW, Ebeling PR, Felsenberg D, Gagel RF, Gilsanz V, Guise T, Koka S, et al. Bisphosphonate associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2007; 22:1479-1491.
24. Pazianas M. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and the role of macrophages. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011; 103:232-240.
25. Ruggiero SL, Mehrotra B, Rosenberg TJ, Engroff SL. Osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with the use of bisphosphonates: a review of 63 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004; 62(5):527-534.
26. Migliorati CA. Bisphosphonates and oral cavity avascular bone necrosis. J Clin Oncol. 2003; 15:4253-4254.
27. Woo SB, Hellstein JW, Kalmar JR. Narrative review: bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws. Ann Intern Med. 2006; 144:753-761.
28. Bamias A, Kastritis E, Bamia C, Moulopoulos LA, Melakopoulos I, Bozas G, Koutsoukou V, Gika D, Anaqnostopoulos A, Papadimitriou C, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer after treatment with bisphosphonates: incidence and risk factors. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23(34): 8580-8587.
29. Edwards BJ, Hellstein JW, Jacobsen PL, Kaltman S, Mariotti A, Migliorati CA, American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs Expert Panel on Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw. Updated recommendations for managing the care of patients receiving oral bisphosphonate therapy: an advisory statement from the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. J Am Denta Assoc. 2008; 139(12):1674-1677.
30. Coleman RE, Woodward E, Brown JE, Cameron D, Bell R, Dodwell D, Keane M, Gil M, Davies C, Burkinshaw R, et al. Safety of zoledronic acid and incidence of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) during adjuvant therapy in a randomized phase III trial for women with stage II/III breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011; 127(2):429-438.
31. Migliorati CA, Epstein JB, Abt E, Berenson JR. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonates in cancer: a narrative review. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011; 7:34-42.
32. King AE, Umland EM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients receiving intravenous or oral bisphosphonates. Pharmacotherapy 2008; 28(5): 667-677.
33. Bilezikian JP. Osteonecrosis of the jaw: do bisphosphonates pose a risk?. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355(22):2278-2281
34. Barasch A, Cunha-Cruz J, Curro FA, Hujoel P, Sung AH, Vena D, Voinea-Griffin AE, CONDOR Collaborative Group, Beadnell S, Graig RG, et al. Risk factors for osteonecrosis of the jaws: a casecontrol study from the CONDOR Dental PBRN. J Dent Res. 2011; 9(4):439-444.
35. Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB, Cauley JA, Thompson DE, Nevitt MC, Bauer DC, Genant HK, Haskell WL, Marcus R, et al. Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Lancet 1996; 384:1535-1541.
36. Harris ST, Watts NB, Genant HK, McKeever CD, Hangartner T, Keller M, Chesnut CH 3rd, Brown J, Eriksen EF, Hosevni MS, et al. Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999; 282:1344-1352.
37. McClung MR, Geusens P, Miller PD, Zippel H, Bensen WG, Roux C, Adami S, Fogelman I, Diamond T, Eastell R, et al. Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. Hip Intervention Program Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344:333-340.
38. Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R, Reid IR, Boonen S, Cauley JA, Cosman F, Lakatos P, Leung PC, Man Z, et al. Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356: 1809-1822.
39. Cummings SR, Black DM, Thompson DE, Applegate WB, Barrett-Connor E, Musliner TA, Palermo L, Prineas R, Rubin SM, Scott JC, et al. Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA 1998; 280:2077-2082.
40. Liberman UA, Weiss SR, Broll J, Minne HW, Quan H, Bell NH, Rodriguez-Portales J, Downs RW Jr, Degueker J, Favus M. Effect of oral alendronate on bone mineral density and the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. The alendronate Phase III Osteoporosis Treatment Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333:1437-1443.
41. Reginster JY. Risedronate increases bone mineral density and reduces the vertebral fracture incidence in postmenopausal women. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001; 19:121-122.
42. Chesnut III CH, Skag A, Christiansen C, Recker R, Stakkestad JA, Hoiseth A, Felsenberg D, Husse H, Gilbride J, Schimmer RC, et al. Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2004; 1241-1249.
43. McCloskey E, Selby P, Davies M, Robinson J, Francis RM, Adams J, Kayan K, Beneton M, Jalava T, Pylkkänen L, et al. Clodronate reduces vertebral fracture risk in women with postmenopausal or secondary osteoporosis: results of a double-blind placebo-controlled 3-year study. J Bone Miner Res. 2004; 19:728-736.
44. Adachi JD, Rizzoli R, Boonen S, Li Z, Meredith MP, Chesnut CH 3rd. Vertebral fracture risk reduction with risedronate in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2005;17(2):150-156.
45. Roux C, Seeman E, Eastell R, Adachi J, Jackson RD, Felsenberg D, Songcharoen S, Rizzoli R, Di Munno O, Horlait S, et al. Efficacy of risedronate on clinical vertebral fractures within six months. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004; 20:433-439.
46. Cranney A, Tugwell P, Adachi J, Weaver B, Zytaruk N, Papaioannou A, Robinson V, Shea B, Wells G, Guyatt G, et al. Meta-analysis of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. III. Meta-analysis of risedronate for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2002; 23:517-523.
47. Cranney A, Wells G, William A, Griffith L, Zytaruk N, Robinson V, Black D, Adachi J, Shea B, Tugwell P, et al. Meta-analysis of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. II. Meta-analysis of alendronate for the treatment of postmenopausal women. Endocr Rev. 2002; 23:508-516.
48. Karpf DB SD, Seeman E, Ensrud KE, Johnston CC, Adami S, Harris ST, Santora AC 2nd, Hirsch LJ, Oppenheimer L, et al. Prevention of nonvertebral fractures by alendronate. A metaanalysis. Alendronate Osteoporosis Treament Study Groups. JAMA 1997; 277:1159-1164.
49. Papapoulos SE, Quandt SA, Liberman UA, Hochberg MC, Thompson DE. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of alendronate for the prevention of hip fractures in postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis Int. 2005; 16:468-474.
50. Boonen S, Laan RF, Barton IP, Watts NB. Effect of osteoporosis treatments on risk of non-vertebral fractures: review and meta-analysis of intention-totreat studies. Osteoporosis Int. 2005; 16:1291-1298.
51. Nguyen ND, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV. Anti-hip fracture efficacy of biophosphonates: a Bayesian analysis of clinical trials. J Bone Miner Res. 2006; 21:340-349.
52. Wells GA, Cranney A, Peterson J, Boucher M, Shea B, Robinson V, Coyle D, Tugwell P. Alendronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; 1:CD001155.
53. Pols HA, Felsenberg D, Hanley DA, Stepan J, Muňoz-Torres M, Wilkin TJ, Qin-Sheng G, Galich AM, Vandormael K, Yates AJ, et al. Multinational placebo-controlled randomized trial of the effects of alendronate on bone density and fracture risk in postmenopausal women with low bone mass: results of the FOSIT Study. Osteoporos Int. 1999; 9:461-468.
54. Wells GA, Cranney A, Peterson J, Boucher M, Shea B, Robinson V, Coyle D, Tugwell P. Risedronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; 1:CD004523
55. Wells GA, Cranney A, Peterson J, Boucher M, Shea B, Robinson V, Coyle D, Tugwell P. Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; 1:CD003376
56. Harrington JT, Ste-Marie LG, Brandi ML, Civitelli R, Fardellone P, Grauer A, Barton I, Boonen S. Risedronate rapidly reduces the risk for nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int. 2004; 74:129-135.
57. Watts NB, Diab DL. Long-term use of bisphosphonates in osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010; 95:1555-1565.
58. Shane E. Evolving data about subtrochanteric fractures and bisphosphonates. N Engl J Med. 2010; 362:1825-1827.
59. Abrahamsen B, Eiken P, Eastell R. Subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femur fractures in patients treated with alendronate: a register-based national cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. 2009; 24:1095-1102.
60. Black DM, Kelly MP, Genant HK, Palermo L, Eastell R, Bucci-Rechtweg C, Cauley J, Leung PC, Boonen S, Santora A, et al. Bisphosphonates and fractures of the subtrochanteric or diaphyseal femur. N Engl J Med. 2010; 362:1761-1771.
61. Odvina CV, Zerwekh JE, Rao DE, Maalouf N, Gottschalk FA, Pak CY. Severely suppressed bone turnover: a potential complication of alendronate therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:1294-1301.
62. Bone HG, Hosking D, Devogelaer JP, Tucci JR, Emkey RD, Tonino RP, Rodriguez-Portales JA, Downs RW, Gupta J, Santora AC, et al. Ten years experience with alendronate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. N Eng J Med. 2004; 350:1189-1199.
63. Charopoulos I, Orme S, Giannoudis PV. Fracture risk associated with chronic use of bisphosphonates: evidence today. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2011; 10 (1):67-76.
64. Goh SK, Yang KY, Koh JS, Wong MK, Chua SY, Chua DT, Howe TS. Subtrochanteric insufficiency fractures in patients on alendronate therapy: a caution. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007; 89:349-353.
65. Kwek EB, Goh SK, Koh JS, png MA, Howe TS. An emerging pattern of subtrochanteric stress fractures: a long term complication of alendronate therapy? Injury. 2008; 39:224-231.
66. Neviaser AS, Lane JM, Lenart BA, Edobor-Osula F, Lorich DG. Low-energy femoral shaft fractures associated with alendronate use. J Orthop Trauma. 2008; 22:346-350.
67. Lenart BA, Lorich DG, Lane JM. Atypical fractures of the femoral diaphysis in postmenopausal women taking alendronate. N Eng J Med. 2008; 358:1304-1306.
68. Visekruna M, Wilson D, McKiernan FE. Severely suppressed bone turnover and atypical skeletal fragility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 93:2948-2952.
69. Venkatanarasimha N, Miles G, Suresh P. Subtrochanteric femoral insufficiency fractures related to the use of long-term bisphosphonates: a pictorial review. Emerg Radiol. 2010; 17:511-515.
70. Lee JK. Bilateral atypical femoral diaphyseal fratctures in a patient treated with alendronate sodium. Int J Rheum Dis. 2009; 12:149-154.
71. Kim SY, Schneeweiss S, Katz JN, Levin R, Solomon DH. Oral bisphosphonates and risk of subtrochanteric or diaphyseal femur fractures in a population-based cohort. J Bone Miner Res. 2011; 26(5):993-1001.
72. Park-Wyllie LY, Mamdani MM, Juurlink DN, Hawker GA, Gunrai N, Austin PC, Whelan DB, Weiler PJ, Laupacis A. Bisphosphonate use and the risk of subtrochanteric or femoral shaft fractures in older women. JAMA 2011; 305 (8):783-789.
73. Ing-Lorenzini K, Desmeules J, Plachta O, Suva D, Dayer P, Peter R. Low-energy femoral fractures associated with the long-term use of bisphosphonates: a case series from a Swiss university hospital. Drug Saf. 2009; 32:775-785.
74. Capeci CM, Tejwani NC. Bilateral low-energy simultaneous or sequential femoral fractures in patients on long-tem alendronate therapy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009; 91:2556-2561.
75. Odvina CV, Levy S, Rao S, Zerwekh JE, Rao DS. Unusual mid-shaft fractures during long-term bisphosphonate therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010; 72:161-168.
76. Lenart BA, Neviaser AS, Lyman S, Chang CC, Edobor-Osula F, Steele B, van der Meulen MC, Lorich DG, Lane JM. Association of low-energy femoral fractures with prolonged bisphosphonate use: a case control study. Osteoporos Int. 2009; 20:1353-1362.
77. Isaacs JD, Shidiak L, Harris IA, Szomor ZL. Femoral insufficiency fractures associated with prolonged bisphosphonate therapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010; 468(12):3384-3392.
78. Girgis CM, Sher D, Siebel MJ. Atypical femoral fractures and bisphosphonate use. N Engl J Med. 2010; 362:1848-1849.
79. Schilcher J, Aspenberg P. Incidence of stress fractures of femoral shaft in women treated with bisphosphonate. Acta Orthop. 2009; 80:413-415.
80. Stepan JJ, Burr DB, Pavo I, Sipos A, Michalska D, Li J, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Petto H, Westmore M, Michalsky D, et al. Low bone mineral density is associated with bone microdamage accumulation in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Bone 2007; 41:378-385.
81. Chapurlat RD, Arlot M, Burt-Pichat B, Chavassieux P, Roux JP, Portero-Muzy N, delmas PD. Microcrack frequency and bone remodeling in postmenopausal osteoporotis women on long-term bisphosphonates: a bone biopsy study. J Bone Miner Res. 2007; 22:1502-1509.
82. Rizzoli R, Akesson K, Bouxsein M, Kanis JA, Napoli N, Papapoulos S, Reginster JY, Cooper C. Subtrochanteric fractures after long-term treatment with bisphosphonates: a European Society on Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis, and International Osteoporosis Foundation Working Group Report. Osteoporos Int. 2011; 22:373-390.
83. Coló-Emeric CS, Lyles KW, Su G, Pieper CF, Magaziner JS, Adachi JD, Bucci-Rechtweg CM, Haentiens P, Boonen S, HORIZON Recurrent Fracture Trial. Clinical risk factors for recurrent fracture after hip fracture: a prospective study. Calcif Tissue Int. 2011; 88:425-431.
84. Felsenberg D, Miller P, Armbrecht G, Wilson K, Schimmer RC, Papapoulos SE. Oral ibandronate significantly reduces the risk of vertebral fractures of greater severity after 1, 2, and 3 years in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Bone 2005; 37:651-654.
85. Mellström DD, Sörensen OH, Goemaere S, Roux C, Johnson TD, Chines AA. Seven years of treatment with risedronate in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int. 2004; 75:462-468.
86. Black DM, Schwartz AV, Ensrud KE, Cauley JA, Levis S, Quandt SA, Satterfield S, Wallace RB, Nauer DC, Palermo L, et al. Effects of continuing or stopping alendronate after 5 years of treatment. JAMA 2006; 296 (24):2927-2938.
87. Schwartz AV, Bauer DC, Cummings SR, Cauley JA, Ensrud KE, Palermo L, Wallace RB, Hochberg MC, Feldstein AC, Lombardi A, et al. Efficacy of continued alendronate for fractures in women with and without prevalent vertebral fracture: the FLEX Trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2010; 25 (5):976-982.
88. Makras P, Hamdy NA, Zwinderman AH, Ballieux BEPB, Papapoulos SE. Bisphosphonate dose and incidence of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone 2009; 44:766-771.
89. Cummings SR, Schwartz AV, Black DM. Alendronate and atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356:1895-1896.
90. Karam R, Camm J, McClung M. Yearly zoledronic acid in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357:712-713.
91. Anonymous. Early communication of an ongoing safety review. Bisphosphonates: alendronate (Fosamax, Fosamax Plus D), etidronate (Didronel), ibandronate (Boniva), pamidronate (Aredia), risedronate (Actonel, Actonel w/calcium), tiludronate (Skelid), and zoledronic acid (Reclast, Zometa). Availableat: http://www.fda.gov/Cder/Drug/early_comm/bisphosphonates.htm. Accessed March 13, 2008.
92. Heckbert SR, Li G, Cummings SR, Smith NL, Psaty BM. Use of elandronate and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women. Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168:826-831.
93. Abrahamsen B, Eiken P, Brixen K. Atrial fibrillation in fracture patients treated with an oral bisphosphonate. J Intern Med. 2009; 265:581-592.
94. Bunch TJ, Anderson JL, May HT, Nuhlestein JB, Horne BD, Crandall BG, Weiss JP, Lappé DL, Osborn JS, Day JD. Relation of bisphosphonate therapies and risks of developing atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2009; 103:824-828.
95. Vestergaard P, Schwartz K, Pinholt F, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L. Risk of atrial fibrillation associated with use of bisphosphonates and other drugs against osteoporosis: a cohort study. Calcif Tissue Int. 2010; 86:335-342.
96. Huang W, Tsai Y, Wen Y, Hsiao FY, Kuo KN, Tsai CR. Osteoporosis treatment and atrial fibrillation: alendronate versus raloxifene. Menopause. 2010; 17:57-63.
97. Sorensen HT, Christensen S, Mehnert F, Pedersen L, Chapurlat RD, Cummings SR, Baron JA. Use of bisphosphonates among women and risk of atrial fibrillation and flutter: population based case control study. BMJ. 2008; 336:813-816.
98. Grosso A, Douglas I, Hingorani A, MacAllister R, Smeeth L. Oral bisphosphonates and risk of atrial fibrillation and flutter in women: a self-controlled case-series safety analysis. PLoS ONE. 2009; 4(3):e4720.
99. Loke YK, Jeevanantham V, Singh S. Bisphosphonates and atrial fibrillation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Saf. 2009; 32:219-228.
100. Kim SY, Kim MJ, Cadarette SM, Solomon DH. Bisphosphonates and risk of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010; 12(1):R30.
101. Mak A, Cheung MW, Ho RC, Cheak AA, Lau CS. Bisphosphonates and atrial fibrillation: Bayesian meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and observational studies. BMC Musculoskeletal Disrders. 2009; 10:113.
102. Bhuriya R, Singh M, Molnar J, Arora R, Khosla S. Bisphosphonate use in women and the risk of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2010; 142 (3):213-217.
103. Pazanias M, Compston J, Huang CL. Atrial fibrillation and bisphosphonate therapy. J Bone Miner Res. 2010; 25:2-10.
104. John Camm A. Review of the cardiovascular safety of zoledronic acid and other bisphosphonates for the treatment of osteoporosis. Clin Ther. 2010; 32:426-436.
105. Lyles KW, Colón-Emeric CS, Magaziner JS, Adachi JD, Pieper CF, Mautalen C, Hyldstrup L, Recknor C, Nordsletten L, Moore KA, et al. For the HORIZON Recurrent Fracture Trial. Zoledronic acid in reducing clinical fracture and mortality after hip fracture. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357:1799-1809.
106. Boivin G, Farlay D, Bala y, Doublier A, Meunier PJ, Delmas PD. Influence of remodeling on the mineralization of bone tissue. Osteoporos Int. 2009; 20:1023-1026.
107. Allen MR, Reinwald S, Burr DB. Alendronate reduces bone toughness of ribs without significantly increasing microdamage accumulation in dogs following 3 years of daily treatment. Calcif Tissue Int. 2008; 82:354-360.
108. Recker RR, Delmas PD, Halse J, Reid IR, Boonen S, Garcia-Hernandez PA, Supronik J, Lewiecki EM, Ochoa L, Miller P, et al. Effects of intravenous zoledronic acid once yearly on bone remodeling and bone structure. J Bone Miner Res. 2008; 23:2-5.
109. Recker RR, Weinstein RS, Chesnut CH III, Schimmer RC, Mahoney P, Hughes C, Bonvoisin B, Meunier PJ. Histomorphometric evaluation of daily and intermittent oral ibandronate in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: results from the BONE study. Osteoporos Int. 2004; 15:231-237.
110. Allen MR, Iwata K, Phipps R, Burr DB. Alterations in canine vertebral bone turnover microdamage accumulation and biochemical properties following 1-year treatment with clinical treatment doses of risedronate or alendronate. Bone 2006; 39:872-879.
111. Mashiba T, Hui S, Turner CH, Mori S, Johnston CC, Burr DB. Bone remodeling at the iliac crest can predict the changes in remodeling dynamics microdamage accumulation and mechanical properties in the lumbar vertebrae of dogs. Calcif Tissue Int. 2005; 77:180-185.
112. Shiraki M, Yamazaki Y, Shiraki Y, Hosoi T, Tsugawa N, Okano T. High level of serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin in patients with incident fractures during bisphosphonate treatment. J Bone Miner Metab. 2010; 28:578-584.
113. Armamento-Villareal R, Napoli N, Diemer K, et al. Bone turnover in bone biopsies of patients with low-energy cortical fractures receiving bisphosphonates; a case series. Calcif Tissue Int. 2009; 85:37-44.
114. Iba K, Takada J, Sasaki K, Wada T, Yamashita T. Course of NTX changes under continuous bisphosphonate treatment in cases of NTX overreductio due to long-term treatment with bisphosphonates. J Orthop Sci. 2011; 16:71-76.
115. Shiraki M, Kuroda T, Shiraki Y, Tanaka S, Higuchi T, Saito M. Urinary pentosidine and plasma homocysteine levels at baseline predict future fractures in osteoporosis patients under bisphosphonate treatment. J Bone Miner Metab. 2011; 29:62-70.
116. Abelson A, Ringe JD, Gold DT, Lange JL, Thomas T. Longitudinal change in clinical fracture incidence after initiation of bisphosphonates. Osteoporos Int. 2010; 21:1021-1029.
117. Kim SH, Choi HS, Rhee Y, Kim KJ, Lim SK. Prevalent vertebral fractures predict subsequent radiographic vertebral fractures in postmenopausal Korean women receiving antiresorptive agent. Osteoporos Int. 2011; 22:781-787.
118. Adami S, Giannini S, Bianchi G, Sinigaglia L, Di Munno O, Flore CE, Minisola S, Rossini M. Vitamin D status and response to treatment in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2009; 20(2):239-244.
119. Sebba AI. Significance of a decline in bone mineral density while receiving oral bisphosphonate treatment. Clin Ther. 2008; 39(3):443-452.
120. Occhicone F, Quattrocchi CC, Napoli N, DellÁia P, DÁgostino F, Pozzilli P, Beomonte Zobel B. Incidence of new fractures in women with osteoporotic-induced vertebral fractures detected on routine lateral chest radiographs. Radiol Med. 2010; 115:815-825.
121. Hwang JS, Chin LS, Chen JF, Yang TS, Chen PQ, Tsai KS, Leung PC. The effects of intravenous zoledronic acid in Chinese women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2011; 29:328-333.