Leukocytoclastic vasculitis

Textbook of Pediatric Rheumatology

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 483-497

  Brogan, Paul ^a,b   Bagga, Arvind ^c  

^a GREAT ORMOND STREET HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860834723     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-6581-4.10031-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (299)

1. Lie J.T. Illustrated histopathologic classification criteria for selected vasculitis syndromes. American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Classification of Vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990, 33:1074-1087.
2. Yalcindag A., Sundel R. Vasculitis in childhood. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 2001, 13:422-427.
3. Ozen S. The spectrum of vasculitis in children. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 2002, 16:411-425.
4. Kobayashi O., Wada H., Okawa K., et al. Schönlein-Henoch's syndrome in children. Contrib. Nephrol. 1975, 4:48-71.
5. Tizard E.J. Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Arch. Dis. Child. 1999, 80:380-383.
6. Murali N.S., George R., John G.T., et al. Problems of classification of Henoch Schönlein purpura: an Indian perspective. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2002, 27:260-263.
7. Ballinger S. Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 2003, 15:591-594.
8. Mrusek S., Kruger M., Greiner P., et al. Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Lancet 2004, 363:1116.
9. Willan R. On cutaneous diseases 1808, J Johnson, London.
10. Heberden W: Commentaries on the history and cure of diseases, London, 1896.
11. Schönlein J.L. Allegemeine und Specielle Pathologie und Therapie 1837, Literatur-Comptoir, Herisau, Germany. ed 3.
12. E.H. Henoch, About a peculiar form of purpura, Berlin. Reprinted in Am. J. Dis. Child. 128 (1974) 78-79.
13. Gairdner D. The Schönlein-Henoch syndrome (anaphylactoid purpura). Q. J. Med. 1948, 17:95.
14. Rieu P., Noel L.H. Henoch-Schönlein nephritis in children and adults. Morphological features and clinicopathological correlations. Ann. Med. Interne. (Paris) 1999, 150:151-159.
15. Saulsbury F.T. Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children. Report of 100 patients and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999, 78:395-409.
16. Rostoker G. Schönlein-Henoch purpura in children and adults: diagnosis, pathophysiology and management. Bio. Drugs 2001, 15:99-138.
17. Saulsbury F.T. Epidemiology of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Cleve. Clin. J. Med. 2002, 69:SII87-SII89.
18. Calvino M.C., Llorca J., Garcia-Porrua C., et al. Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children from northwestern Spain: a 20-year epidemiologic and clinical study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2001, 80:279-290.
19. Al Sheyyab M., El Shanti H., Ajlouni S., et al. The clinical spectrum of Henoch-Schönlein purpura in infants and young children. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1995, 154:969-972.
20. Ozen S., Pistorio A., Iusan M., et al. The EULAR/PRINTO/PRES criteria for Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Abstract presentation at EULAR, June 2009. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2009, In press.
21. Stewart M., Savage J.M., Bell B., et al. Long term renal prognosis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura in an unselected childhood population. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1988, 147:113-115.
22. Farley T.A., Gillespie S., Rasoulpour M., et al. Epidemiology of a cluster of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1989, 143:798-803.
23. Gardner-Medwin J.M., Dolezalova P., Cummins C., et al. Incidence of Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Kawasaki disease, and rare vasculitides in children of different ethnic origins. Lancet 2002, 360:1197-1202.
24. Atkinson S.R., Barker D.J. Seasonal distribution of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 1976, 30:22-25.
25. Levy M., Broyer M., Arsan A., et al. Anaphylactoid purpura nephritis in childhood: natural history and immunopathology. Adv. Nephrol. Necker. Hosp. 1976, 6:183-228.
26. Allen D.M., Diamond L.K., Howell D.A. Anaphylactoid purpura in children (Schönlein-Henoch syndrome): review with a follow-up of the renal complications. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1960, 99:833-854.
27. Al Sheyyab M., Batieha A., El Shanti H., et al. Henoch-Schönlein purpura and streptococcal infection: a prospective case-control study. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 1999, 19:253-255.
28. Masuda M., Nakanishi K., Yoshizawa N., et al. Group A streptococcal antigen in the glomeruli of children with Henoch-Schönlein nephritis. Am. J. Kidney. Dis. 2003, 41:366-370.
29. Matsukura H., Ohtsuki A., Fuchizawa T., et al. Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis mimicking Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Clin. Nephrol. 2003, 59:64-65.
30. Courtney P.A., Patterson R.N., Lee R.J. Henoch-Schönnlein purpura following meningitis C vaccination. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001, 40:345-346.
31. Lambert E.M., Liebling A., Glusac E., et al. Henoch-Schönlein purpura following a meningococcal vaccine. Pediatrics 2003, 112:e491.
32. Minohara Y. Studies on the relationship between anaphylactoid purpura and human parvovirus B19. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1995, 69:928-933.
33. Watanabe T., Oda Y. Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis associated with human parvovirus B19 infection. Pediatr. Int. 2000, 42:94-96.
34. Eisenstein E.M. Lack of evidence for herpesvirus, retrovirus, or parvovirus infection in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2002, 20:734.
35. Heegaard E.D., Taaning E.B. Parvovirus B19 and parvovirus V9 are not associated with Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2002, 21:31-34.
36. Meadow S.R., Glasgow E.F., White R.H., et al. Schönlein-Henoch nephritis. Q. J. Med. 1972, 41:241-258.
37. Pedersen F.K., Petersen E.A. Varicella followed by glomerulonephritis. Treatment with corticosteroids and azathioprine resulting in recurrence of varicella. Acta. Paediatr. Scand. 1975, 64:886-890.
38. Kalyoncu M., Odemis E., Yaris N., et al. Association of Henoch-Schönlein purpura with varicella zoster. Indian Pediatr. 2003, 40:274-275.
39. Maggiore G., Martini A., Grifeo S., et al. Hepatitis B virus infection and Schönlein-Henoch purpura. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1984, 138:681-682.
40. Islek I., Kalayci A.G., Gok F., et al. Henoch-Schönlein purpura associated with hepatitis A infection. Pediatr. Int. 2003, 45:114-116.
41. Liew S.W., Kessel I. Mycoplasmal pneumonia preceding Henoch-Schönlein purpura [letter]. Arch. Dis. Child. 1974, 49:912-913.
42. Kaneko K., Fujinaga S., Ohtomo Y., et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis. Pediatr. Nephrol. 1999, 13:1000-1001.
43. Ayoub E.M., McBride J., Schmiederer M., et al. Role of Bartonella henselae in the etiology of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2002, 21:28-31.
44. Hoshino C. Adult onset Schonlein-Henoch purpura associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Intern. Med. 2009, 48:847-851.
45. Ackroyd J.F. Allergic purpura, including purpura due to foods, drugs and infections. Am. J. Med. 1953, 14:605-632.
46. Giangiacomo J., Tsai C.C. Dermal and glomerular deposition of IgA in anaphylactoid purpura. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1977, 131:981-983.
47. Yang Y.H., Huang M.T., Lin S.C., et al. Increased transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-secreting T cells and IgA anti-cardiolipin antibody levels during acute stage of childhood Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2000, 122:285-290.
48. Lau K.K., Suzuki H., Novak J., et al. Pathogenesis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2010, 25:19-26.
49. Brendel-Muller K., Hahn A., Schneppenheim R., et al. Laboratory signs of activated coagulation are common in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2001, 16:1084-1088.
50. Gunasekaran T.S., Berman J., Gonzalez M. Duodenojejunitis: is it idiopathic or is it Henoch-Schönlein purpura without the purpura?. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2000, 30:22-28.
51. Kamitsuji H., Tani K., Yasui M., et al. Activity of blood coagulation factor XIII as a prognostic indicator in patients with Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Efficacy of factor XIII substitution. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1987, 146:519-523.
52. Kawasaki K., Komura H., Nakahara Y., et al. Factor XIII in Henoch-Schönlein purpura with isolated gastrointestinal symptoms. Pediatr. Int. 2006, 48:413-415.
53. Demircin G., Oner A., Unver Y., et al. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity and plasma malondialdehyde levels in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Acta. Pediatr. 1998, 87:848-852.
54. Yoruk A., Cizmecioglu F., Yukselgungor H., et al. Methotrexate-induced systemic vasculitis. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 2002, 38:139-140.
55. Livermore P.A., Murray K.J. Anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy associated with cutaneous vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002, 41:1450-1452.
56. Levy-Khademi F., Korman S.H., Amitai Y. Henoch-Schönlein purpura: simultaneous occurrence in two siblings. Pediatr. Dermatol. 2000, 17:139-140.
57. Grech V., Vella C. Henoch-Schönlein purpura with nephritis in two siblings following infectious mononucleosis. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 2002, 22:297-298.
58. Amoli M.M., Thomson W., Hajeer A.H., et al. HLA-B35 association with nephritis in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. J. Rheumatol. 2002, 29:948-949.
59. Amoli M.M., Thomson W., Hajeer A.H., et al. HLA-DRB1 01 association with Henoch-Schönlein purpura in patients from northwest Spain. J. Rheumatol. 2001, 28:1266-1270.
60. Peru H., Soylemezoglu O., Gonen S., et al. HLA class 1 associations in Henoch Schönlein purpura: increased and decreased frequencies. Clin. Rheumatol. 2008, 27:5-10.
61. Lie J.T. Illustrated histopathologic classification criteria for selected vasculitis syndromes. American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Classification of Vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990, 33:1074-1087.
62. Yalcindag A., Sundel R. Vasculitis in childhood. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 2001, 13:422-427.
63. Ozen S. The spectrum of vasculitis in children. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 2002, 16:411-425.
64. Kobayashi O., Wada H., Okawa K., et al. Schönlein-Henoch's syndrome in children. Contrib. Nephrol. 1975, 4:48-71.
65. Tizard E.J. Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Arch. Dis. Child. 1999, 80:380-383.
66. Murali N.S., George R., John G.T., et al. Problems of classification of Henoch Schönlein purpura: an Indian perspective. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2002, 27:260-263.
67. Ballinger S. Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 2003, 15:591-594.
68. Mrusek S., Kruger M., Greiner P., et al. Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Lancet 2004, 363:1116.
69. Willan R. On cutaneous diseases 1808, J Johnson, London.
70. Heberden W: Commentaries on the history and cure of diseases, London, 1896.
71. Schönlein J.L. Allegemeine und Specielle Pathologie und Therapie 1837, Literatur-Comptoir, Herisau, Germany. third ed.
72. E.H. Henoch, About a peculiar form of purpura, Berlin. Reprinted in Am. J. Dis. Child 128 (1974) 78-79.
73. Gairdner D. The Schönlein-Henoch syndrome (anaphylactoid purpura). Q. J. Med. 1948, 17:95.
74. Rieu P., Noel L.H. Henoch-Schönlein nephritis in children and adults. Morphological features and clinicopathological correlations. Ann. Med. Interne. (Paris) 1999, 150:151-159.
75. Saulsbury F.T. Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children. Report of 100 patients and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999, 78:395-409.
76. Rostoker G. Schönlein-Henoch purpura in children and adults: diagnosis, pathophysiology and management. BioDrugs 2001, 15:99-138.
77. Saulsbury F.T. Epidemiology of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Cleve. Clin. J. Med. 2002, 69:SII87-SII89.
78. Calvino M.C., Llorca J., Garcia-Porrua C., et al. Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children from northwestern Spain: a 20-year epidemiologic and clinical study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2001, 80:279-290.
79. Al Sheyyab M., El Shanti H., Ajlouni S., et al. The clinical spectrum of Henoch-Schönlein purpura in infants and young children. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1995, 154:969-972.
80. Ozen S., Pistorio A., Iusan M., et al. The EULAR/PRINTO/PRES criteria for Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Abstract presentation at EULAR, June 2009. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2009, In press.
81. Stewart M., Savage J.M., Bell B., et al. Long term renal prognosis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura in an unselected childhood population. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1988, 147:113-115.
82. Farley T.A., Gillespie S., Rasoulpour M., et al. Epidemiology of a cluster of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1989, 143:798-803.
83. Gardner-Medwin J.M., Dolezalova P., Cummins C., et al. Incidence of Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Kawasaki disease, and rare vasculitides in children of different ethnic origins. Lancet 2002, 360:1197-1202.
84. Atkinson S.R., Barker D.J. Seasonal distribution of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 1976, 30:22-25.
85. Levy M., Broyer M., Arsan A., et al. Anaphylactoid purpura nephritis in childhood: natural history and immunopathology. Adv. Nephrol. Necker. Hosp. 1976, 6:183-228.
86. Allen D.M., Diamond L.K., Howell D.A. Anaphylactoid purpura in children (Schönlein-Henoch syndrome): review with a follow-up of the renal complications. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1960, 99:833-854.
87. Al Sheyyab M., Batieha A., El Shanti H., et al. Henoch-Schönlein purpura and streptococcal infection: a prospective case-control study. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 1999, 19:253-255.
88. Masuda M., Nakanishi K., Yoshizawa N., et al. Group A streptococcal antigen in the glomeruli of children with Henoch-Schönlein nephritis. Am. J. Kidney. Dis. 2003, 41:366-370.
89. Matsukura H., Ohtsuki A., Fuchizawa T., et al. Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis mimicking Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Clin. Nephrol. 2003, 59:64-65.
90. Courtney P.A., Patterson R.N., Lee R.J. Henoch-Schönlein purpura following meningitis C vaccination. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001, 40:345-346.
91. Lambert E.M., Liebling A., Glusac E., et al. Henoch-Schönlein purpura following a meningococcal vaccine. Pediatrics 2003, 112:e491.
92. Minohara Y. Studies on the relationship between anaphylactoid purpura and human parvovirus B19. Kansenshogaku. Zasshi 1995, 69:928-933.
93. Watanabe T., Oda Y. Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis associated with human parvovirus B19 infection. Pediatr. Int. 2000, 42:94-96.
94. Eisenstein E.M. Lack of evidence for herpesvirus, retrovirus, or parvovirus infection in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2002, 20:734.
95. Heegaard E.D., Taaning E.B. Parvovirus B19 and parvovirus V9 are not associated with Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2002, 21:31-34.
96. Meadow S.R., Glasgow E.F., White R.H., et al. Schönlein-Henoch nephritis. Q. J. Med. 1972, 41:241-258.
97. Pedersen F.K., Petersen E.A. Varicella followed by glomerulonephritis. Treatment with corticosteroids and azathioprine resulting in recurrence of varicella. Acta. Paediatr. Scand. 1975, 64:886-890.
98. Kalyoncu M., Odemis E., Yaris N., et al. Association of Henoch-Schönlein purpura with varicella zoster. Indian Pediatr. 2003, 40:274-275.
99. Maggiore G., Martini A., Grifeo S., et al. Hepatitis B virus infection and Schönlein-Henoch purpura. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1984, 138:681-682.
100. Islek I., Kalayci A.G., Gok F., et al. Henoch-Schönlein purpura associated with hepatitis A infection. Pediatr. Int. 2003, 45:114-116.
101. Liew S.W., Kessel I. Mycoplasmal pneumonia preceding Henoch-Schönlein purpura [letter]. Arch. Dis. Child. 1974, 49:912-913.
102. Kaneko K., Fujinaga S., Ohtomo Y., et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis. Pediatr. Nephrol. 1999, 13:1000-1001.
103. Ayoub E.M., McBride J., Schmiederer M., et al. Role of Bartonella henselae in the etiology of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2002, 21:28-31.
104. Hoshino C. Adult onset Schönlein-Henoch purpura associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Intern. Med. 2009, 48:847-851.
105. Ackroyd J.F. Allergic purpura, including purpura due to foods, drugs and infections. Am. J. Med. 1953, 14:605-632.
106. Giangiacomo J., Tsai C.C. Dermal and glomerular deposition of IgA in anaphylactoid purpura. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1977, 131:981-983.
107. Yang Y.H., Huang M.T., Lin S.C., et al. Increased transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-secreting T cells and IgA anti-cardiolipin antibody levels during acute stage of childhood Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2000, 122:285-290.
108. Lau K.K., Suzuki H., Novak J., et al. Pathogenesis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2010, 25:19-26.
109. Brendel-Muller K., Hahn A., Schneppenheim R., et al. Laboratory signs of activated coagulation are common in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2001, 16:1084-1088.
110. Gunasekaran T.S., Berman J., Gonzalez M. Duodenojejunitis: is it idiopathic or is it Henoch-Schönlein purpura without the purpura?. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2000, 30:22-28.
111. Kamitsuji H., Tani K., Yasui M., et al. Activity of blood coagulation factor XIII as a prognostic indicator in patients with Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Efficacy of factor XIII substitution. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1987, 146:519-523.
112. Kawasaki K., Komura H., Nakahara Y., et al. Factor XIII in Henoch-Schönlein purpura with isolated gastrointestinal symptoms. Pediatr. Int. 2006, 48:413-415.
113. Demircin G., Oner A., Unver Y., et al. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity and plasma malondialdehyde levels in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Acta. Paediatr. 1998, 87:848-852.
114. Yoruk A., Cizmecioglu F., Yukselgungor H., et al. Methotrexate-induced systemic vasculitis. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 2002, 38:139-140.
115. Livermore P.A., Murray K.J. Anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy associated with cutaneous vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002, 41:1450-1452.
116. Levy-Khademi F., Korman S.H., Amitai Y. Henoch-Schönlein purpura: simultaneous occurrence in two siblings. Pediatr. Dermatol. 2000, 17:139-140.
117. Grech V., Vella C. Henoch-Schönlein purpura with nephritis in two siblings following infectious mononucleosis. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 2002, 22:297-298.
118. Amoli M.M., Thomson W., Hajeer A.H., et al. HLA-B35 association with nephritis in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. J. Rheumatol. 2002, 29:948-949.
119. Amoli M.M., Thomson W., Hajeer A.H., et al. HLA-DRB1 01 association with Henoch-Schönlein purpura in patients from northwest Spain. J. Rheumatol. 2001, 28:1266-1270.
120. Peru H., Soylemezoglu O., Gonen S., et al. HLA class 1 associations in Henoch Schönlein purpura: increased and decreased frequencies. Clin. Rheumatol. 2008, 27:5-10.
121. Amoli M.M., Mattey D.L., Calvino M.C., et al. Polymorphism at codon 469 of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 locus is associated with protection against severe gastrointestinal complications in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. J. Rheumatol. 2001, 28:1014-1018.
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144. Bulun A., Topaloglu R., Duzova A., et al. Ataxia and peripheral neuropathy: rare manifestations in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2001, 16:1139-1141.
145. Wu T.T., Sheu S.J., Chou L.C., et al. Henoch-Schönlein purpura with bilateral central retinal artery occlusion. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2002, 86:351-352.
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147. Vats K.R., Vats A., Kim Y., et al. Henoch-Schönlein purpura and pulmonary hemorrhage: a report and literature review. Pediatr. Nephrol. 1999, 13:530-534.
148. Matsubayashi R., Matsubayashi T., Fujita N., et al. Pulmonary hemorrhage associated with Henoch-Schönlein purpura in a child. Clin. Rheumatol. 2008, 27:803-805.
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