Ventricular arrhythmias in the absence of structural heart disease

Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Volumn 59, Issue 20, 2012, Pages 1733-1744

  Prystowsky, Eric N ^a   Padanilam, Benzy J ^a   Joshi, Sandeep ^a   Fogel, Richard I ^a  

^a ST VINCENT HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

implantable cardioverter defibrillator; structural heart disease; sudden cardiac death; ventricular fibrillation; ventricular tachycardia

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE; AJMALINE; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; FLECAINIDE; ISOPRENALINE; MEXILETINE; PROCAINAMIDE; QUINIDINE; RANOLAZINE; VERAPAMIL;

BRUGADA SYNDROME; CAROTID SINUS MASSAGE; CATECHOLAMINERGIC POLYMORPHIC VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; CATHETER ABLATION; CHANNELOPATHY; DEFIBRILLATOR; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; HEART ARREST; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE OUTFLOW TRACT; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE OUTFLOW TRACT; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HEART VENTRICLE EXTRASYSTOLE; HEART VENTRICLE FIBRILLATION; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HUMAN; IDIOPATHIC LEFT VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; LONG QT SYNDROME; POLYMORPHIC VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SHORT QT SYNDROME; SUDDEN DEATH; SYNCOPE; TACHYCARDIA INDUCED CARDIOMYOPATHY; VALSALVA MANEUVER;

ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ANIMALS; ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; BRUGADA SYNDROME; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; HEART CONDUCTION SYSTEM; HUMANS; VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION;

EID: 84860762819     PISSN: 07351097     EISSN: 15583597     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.01.036     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. D.P. Zipes, A.J. Camm, M. Borggrefe ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) J Am Coll Cardiol 48 2006 e247 e346
2. P. Kies, M. Bootsma, J. Bax Serial reevaluation for ARVD/C is indicated in patients presenting with left bundle branch block ventricular tachycardia and minor ECG abnormalities J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 17 2006 586 593
3. G.A. Ladyjanskaia, C. Basso, M.G.G. Hobbelink Sarcoid myocarditis with ventricular tachycardia mimicking ARVD/C J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 21 2010 94 98
4. J.S. Kim, M.A. Judson, R. Donnino Cardiac sarcoidosis Am Heart J 157 2009 9 21
5. K.S. Hoffmayer, O.N. Machado, G.M. Marcus Electrocardiographic comparison of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia J Am Coll Cardiol 58 2011 831 838
6. R.K. Yarlagadda, S. Iwai, K.M. Stein Reversal of cardiomyopathy in patients with repetitive monomorphic ventricular ectopy originating from the right ventricular outflow tract Circulation 112 2005 1092 1097 (Pubitemid 41216114)
7. M. Takemoto, H. Yoshimura, Y. Ohba Radiofrequency catheter ablation of premature ventricular complexes from right ventricular outflow tract improves left ventricular dilation and clinical status in patients without structural heart disease J Am Coll Cardiol 45 2005 1259 1265 (Pubitemid 40523147)
8. Y. Sekiguchi, K. Aonuma, Y. Yamauchi Chronic hemodynamic effects after radiofrequency catheter ablation of frequent monomorphic ventricular premature beats J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 16 2005 1057 1063
9. S. Niwano, Y. Wakisaka, H. Niwano Prognostic significance of frequent premature ventricular contractions originating from the ventricular outflow tract in patients with normal left ventricular function Heart 95 2009 1230 1237
10. C. Hasdemir, C. Ulucan, O. Yavuzgil Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy in patients with idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias: the incidence, clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics, and the predictors J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 22 2011 663 668
11. T.S. Baman, D.C. Lange, K.J. Ilg Relationship between burden of premature ventricular complexes and left ventricular function Heart Rhythm 7 2010 865 869
12. R.J. Kim, S. Iwai, S.M. Markowitz, B.K. Shah, K.M. Stein, B.B. Lerman Clinical and electrophysiological spectrum of idiopathic ventricular outflow tract arrhythmias J Am Coll Cardiol 49 2007 2035 2043 (Pubitemid 46734643)
13. S. Joshi, D. Wilber Ablation of idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia: current perspectives J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 16 Suppl 1 2005 52 58
14. S. Dixit, D. Lin, F.E. Marchlinski Ablation of ventricular outflow tract tachycardias S.K.S. Huang, M.A. Wood, Catheter Ablation of Cardiac Arrhythmias 2006 Saunders Elsevier Philadelphia, PA 473 490
15. Y. Sekiguchi, K. Aonuma, A. Takahashi Electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characteristics of ventricular tachycardia originating within the pulmonary artery J Am Coll Cardiol 45 2005 887 895 (Pubitemid 40342815)
16. Y. Yamauchi, K. Aonuma, A. Takahashi Electrocardiographic characteristics of repetitive monomorphic right ventricular tachycardia originating near the his-bundle J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 16 2005 1041 1048
17. L. Kanagaratnam, G. Tomassoni, R. Schweikert Ventricular tachycardias arising from the aortic sinus of Valsalva: an under-recognized variant of left outflow tract ventricular tachycardia J Am Coll Cardiol 37 2001 1408 1411
18. T. Yamada, H.T. McElderry, T. Okada Idiopathic left ventricular arrhythmias originating adjacent to the left aortic sinus of Valsava: electrophysiological rationale for the surface electrocardiogram J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 21 2010 170 176
19. M. Alasady, C.B. Singleton, A.D. McGavigan Left ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia originating from the noncoronary cusp: electrocardiographic and electrophysiological characterization and radiofrequency ablation J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 20 2009 1287 1290
20. K. Kumagai, K. Fukuda, Y. Wakayama Electrocardiographic characteristics of the variants of idiopathic left ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachyarrhythmias J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 19 2008 495 501 (Pubitemid 351623913)
21. H. Tada, A. Nogami, S. Naito Left ventricular epicardial outflow tract tachycardia - a new distinct subgroup of outflow tract tachycardia Jpn Circ J 65 2001 723 730
22. S.J. Asirvatham Correlative anatomy for the invasive electrophysiologist: outflow tract and supravalvar arrhythmia J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 20 2009 955 968
23. S. Iwai, D.J. Cantillon, R.J. Kim Right and left ventricular outflow tract tachycardias: evidence for a common electrophysiologic mechanism J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 17 2006 1052 1058 (Pubitemid 44401561)
24. N. Yamawake, M. Nishizaki, T. Hayashi Autonomic and pharmacological responses of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia arising from the left ventricular outflow tract J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 18 2007 1161 1166 (Pubitemid 47610625)
25. F. Brooks, H. Burgess Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia Medicine 67 1988 271 294
26. B.B. Lerman, K.M. Stein, S.M. Markowitz Mechanisms of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 8 1997 571 583 (Pubitemid 27216924)
27. B.B. Lerman, K.M. Stein, S.M. Markowitz Adenosine sensitive ventricular tachycardia: a conceptual approach J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 7 1996 559 569 (Pubitemid 26156426)
28. B.B. Lerman Response of nonreentrant catecholamine-mediated ventricular tachycardia to endogenous adenosine and acetylcholine Circulation 87 1993 382 390 (Pubitemid 23040906)
29. D.J. Wilber, J. Baerman, B. Olshansky Adenosine-sensitive ventricular tachycardia: clinical characteristics and response to catheter ablation Circulation 87 1993 126 134 (Pubitemid 23019342)
30. M. Nakagawa, N. Takahashi, S. Nobe Gender differences in various types of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 13 2002 633 638 (Pubitemid 34774895)
31. J.S. Gill, K. Prasad, K. Blaszyk Initiating sequences in exercise induced idiopathic ventricular tachycardia of left bundle branch-like morphology Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 21 1998 1873 1880 (Pubitemid 28455408)
32. H. Hayashi, A. Fujiki, M. Tani Circadian variation of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia originating from right ventricular outflow tract Am J Cardiol 84 1999 99 101
33. F.E. Marchlinski, M.P. Deely, E.S. Zado Sex-specific triggers for right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia Am Heart J 139 2000 1009 1013 (Pubitemid 30390329)
34. R. Lemery, P. Brugada, P.D. Bella Nonischemic ventricular tachycardia: clinical course and long-term follow-up in patients without clinically overt heart disease Circulation 79 1989 990 999 (Pubitemid 19129179)
35. J.J. Goy, F. Tauxe, M. Fromer Ten-years follow-up of 20 patients with idiopathic ventricular tachycardia Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 13 1990 1142 1147 (Pubitemid 20341835)
36. T. Noda, W. Shimizu, A. Taguchi Malignant entity of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia initiated by premature extrasystoles originating from the right ventricular outflow tract J Am Coll Cardiol 46 2005 1288 1294 (Pubitemid 41615551)
37. S. Viskin, R. Rosso, O. Rogowski, B. Belahssen The "short- coupled" variant of right ventricular outflow ventricular tachycardia: a not-so-benign ventricular tachycardia? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 16 2005 912 916 (Pubitemid 41623785)
38. N. Botoni, F. Quartieri, G. Lolli, M. Lori, N. Manari, C. Menozzi Sudden death in a patient with idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract arrhythmia J Cardiovasc Med 10 2009 801 803
39. M. Haissaguerre, M. Shoda, P. Jais Mapping and ablation of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation Circulation 106 2002 962 967 (Pubitemid 34925331)
40. B. Lerman Ventricular tachycardia in patients with structurally normal hearts D.P. Zipes, J. Jalife, Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to Bedside 5th ed. 2009 WB Saunders Philadelphia, PA 657 667
41. A.E. Buxton, F.E. Marchlinski, J.U. Doherty Repetitive, monomorphic ventricular tachycardia: clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics in patients with and patients without organic heart disease Am J Cardiol 54 1984 997 1002 (Pubitemid 15211580)
42. R. Krittayaphong, K. Bhuripanyo, K. Punlee, C. Kangkagate, S. Chaithiraphan Effect of atenolol on symptomatic ventricular arrhythmia without structural heart disease: a randomized placebo-controlled study Am Heart J 144 2002 e15
43. J.S. Gill, K. Blaszyk, D.E. Ward Verapamil for suppression of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia of left bundle branch-like morphology Am Heart J 126 1993 1126 1133 (Pubitemid 23330413)
44. G.T. Rahilly, E.N. Prystowsky, D.P. Zipes Clinical and electrophysiologic findings in patients with repetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and otherwise normal electrocardiogram Am J Cardiol 50 1982 459 468 (Pubitemid 13177380)
45. D.J. Callans Catheter ablation of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia arising from the aortic root J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 20 2009 969 972
46. Y. Yamashina, T. Yagi, A. Namekawa Clinical and electrophysiological difference between idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract arrhythmias and pulmonary artery arrhythmias J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 21 2010 163 169
47. D.E. Ward, A.W. Nathan, A.J. Camm Fascicular tachycardia sensitive to calcium antagonists Eur Heart J 5 1984 896 905 (Pubitemid 15152583)
48. F.C. Lin, D. Finley, S.H. Rahimtoola, D. Wu Idiopathic paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia with a QRS pattern of right bundle branch block and left axis deviation: a unique clinical entity with specific properties Am J Cardiol 52 1983 95 100 (Pubitemid 13065912)
49. A. Nogami, S. Naito, H. Tada Verapamil-sensitive left anterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia: results of radiofrequency ablation in six patients J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 9 1998 1269 1278 (Pubitemid 28565124)
50. A. Nogami Idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia: assessment and treatment Card Electrophysiol Rev 8 2002 448 457 (Pubitemid 36104462)
51. L. Toivonen, M. Nieminen Persistent ventricular tachycardia resulting in left ventricular dilatation treated with verapamil Int J Cardiol 13 1986 361 365 (Pubitemid 17172882)
52. B. Belhassen, H.H. Rotmensch, S. Laniado Response of recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia to verapamil Br Heart J 46 1981 679 682 (Pubitemid 12162114)
53. K. Okumura, K. Matsuyama, H. Miyagi Entrainment of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia of left ventricular origin with evidence for reentry with an area of slow conduction and effect of verapamil Am J Cardiol 62 1988 727 732
54. M. Maruyama, T. Tadera, S. Miyamoto, T. Ino Demonstration of the reentrant circuit of verapamil sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia: direct evidence for macroreentry as the underlying mechanism J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 12 2001 968 972 (Pubitemid 32751911)
55. T. Aiba, K. Suyama, N. Aihara The role of the Purkinje and pre-Purkinje potentials in the reentrant circuit of verapamil sensitive idiopathic LV tachycardia Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 24 2001 333 344 (Pubitemid 32281509)
56. B. Ramprakash, S. Jaishankar, B.R. Hygriv Catheter ablation of fascicular ventricular tachycardia Indian Pac Electrophysiol J 8 2008 193 201
57. A. Nogami, S. Naito, H. Tada Demonstration of diastolic and pre-systolic Purkinje potentials as critical potentials in a macroreentry circuit of verapamil-sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia J Am Coll Cardiol 36 2000 811 823
58. A. Nogami Diagnosis and ablation of fascicular tachycardia Eur Cardiol 6 2010 79 85
59. L.D. German, D.L.Bardy Packer, J.J. Gallagher Ventricular tachycardia induced by atrial stimulation in patients without symptomatic cardiac disease Am J Cardiol 52 1983 1202 1207 (Pubitemid 14243973)
60. T. Ohe, N. Aihara, S. Kamakura Long-term outcome of verapamil-sensitive sustained left ventricular tachycardia in patients without structural heart disease J Am Coll Cardiol 25 1995 54 58
61. G.J. Klein, P.J. Millman, R. Yee Recurrent ventricular tachycardia responsive to verapamil PACE 7 1984 938 948 (Pubitemid 15221582)
62. H. Nakagawa, K.J. Beckman, J.H. McClelland Radiofrequency catheter ablation of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia guided by a Purkinje potential Circulation 88 1993 2607 2617 (Pubitemid 23360185)
63. T. Tsuchiya, K. Okumura, T. Honda Significance of late diastolic potential preceding Purkinje potential in verapamil-sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia Circulation 99 1999 2408 2413 (Pubitemid 29218236)
64. D. Lin, H.H. Hsia, E.P. Gerstenfeld Idiopathic fascicular tachycardia: linear ablation lesion strategy for noninducible or nonsustained tachycardia Heart Rhythm 2 2005 934 939 (Pubitemid 41372280)
65. H. Tada, S. Ito, S. Naito, K. Kurosaki Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmia arising from the mitral annulus: a distinct subgroup of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias J Am Coll Cardiol 45 2005 877 886 (Pubitemid 40342814)
66. K. Kumagai, Y. Yamauchi, A. Takahashi Idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia originating from the mitral annulus J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 16 2005 1029 1036
67. H. Tada, K. Tadokoro, S. Ito Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias originating from the tricuspid annulus: prevalence, electrocardiographic characteristics, and results of radiofrequency catheter ablation Heart Rhythm 4 2007 7 16 (Pubitemid 46002622)
68. H. Doppalapudi, T. Yamada, T. McElderry, V. Plumb, A.E. Epstein, G.N. Kay Ventricular tachycardia originating from the posterior papillary muscle in the left ventricle - a distinct clinical syndrome Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol 1 2008 23 29
69. T. Yamada, H.T. McElderry, T. Okada Idiopathic focal ventricular arrhythmias originating from the anterior papillary muscle in the left ventricle J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 20 2009 866 872
70. D.V. Daniels, Y.Y. Lu, J.B. Morton Idiopathic epicardial left ventricular tachycardia originating remote from the sinus of Valsalva: electrophysiologic characteristics, catheter ablation, and identification from the 12-lead electrocardiogram Circulation 113 2006 1659 1666
71. P.J. Schwartz, A.J. Moss, G.M. Vincent Diagnostic criteria for the long QT syndrome An update Circulation 88 1993 782 784 (Pubitemid 23228078)
72. S.G. Priori, C. Napolitano Genetics of Channelopathies and Clinical Implications V. Fuster, Hurst's The Heart 13th edition 2011 McGraw Hill New York, NY 897 910
73. I. Splawski, J. Shen, K.W. Timothy Spectrum of mutations in long-QT syndrome genes KVLQT1, HERG, SCN5A, KCNE1, and KCNE2 Circulation 102 2000 1178 1185
74. S.E. Lehnart, M.J. Ackerman, D.W. Benson Jr. Inherited arrhythmias: a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Office of Rare Diseases workshop consensus report about the diagnosis, phenotyping, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches for primary cardiomyopathies of gene mutations affecting ion channel function Circulation 116 2007 2325 2345 (Pubitemid 350100339)
75. D.J. Tester, M.L. Will, C.M. Haglund Effect of clinical phenotype on yield of long QT syndrome genetic testing J Am Coll Cardiol 47 2006 764 768 (Pubitemid 43243098)
76. P.J. Schwartz, S.G. Priori, C. Spazzolini Genotype-phenotype correlation in the long-QT syndrome: gene-specific triggers for life-threatening arrhythmias Circulation 103 2001 89 95 (Pubitemid 32050441)
77. L. Zhang, K.W. Timothy, G.M. Vincent Spectrum of ST-T-wave patterns and repolarization parameters in congenital long-QT syndrome: ECG findings identify genotypes Circulation 102 2000 2849 2855
78. S.G. Priori, P.J. Schwartz, C. Napolitano Risk stratification in the long-QT syndrome N Engl J Med 348 2003 1866 1874 (Pubitemid 36532312)
79. S.G. Priori, C. Napolitano, P.J. Schwartz Association of long QT syndrome loci and cardiac events among patients treated with beta-blockers JAMA 292 2004 1341 1344 (Pubitemid 39223225)
80. G.M. Vincent, P.J. Schwartz, I. Denjoy High efficacy of beta-blockers in long-QT syndrome type 1: contribution of noncompliance and QT-prolonging drugs to the occurrence of beta-blocker treatment "failures." Circulation 119 2009 215 221
81. Y. Ruan, N. Liu, R. Bloise Gating properties of SCN5A mutations and the response to mexiletine in long-QT syndrome type 3 patients Circulation 116 2007 1137 1144 (Pubitemid 47360216)
82. A.J. Moss, J.R. Windle, W.J. Hall Safety and efficacy of flecainide in subjects with long QT-3 syndrome (DeltaKPQ mutation): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial Ann Noninvas Electrocardiol 10 Suppl 4 2005 59 66 (Pubitemid 44933555)
83. A.J. Moss, W. Zareba, K.Q. Schwarz Ranolazine shortens repolarization in patients with sustained inward sodium current due to type-3 long-QT syndrome J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 19 2008 1289 1293
84. P.J. Schwartz, S.G. Priori, M. Cerrone Left cardiac sympathetic denervation in the management of high-risk patients affected by the long-QT syndrome Circulation 109 2004 1826 1833 (Pubitemid 38509115)
85. M. Haïssaguerre, F. Extramiana, M. Hocini Mapping and ablation of ventricular fibrillation associated with long-QT and Brugada syndromes Circulation 108 2003 925 928 (Pubitemid 37048219)
86. P. Brugada, J. Brugada Right bundle branch block, persistent ST-segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: a distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome A multicenter report J Am Coll Cardiol 20 1992 1391 1396
87. C. Antzelevitch, P. Brugada, M. Borggrefe Brugada syndrome: report of the Second Consensus Conference Circulation 111 2005 659 670 (Pubitemid 40216496)
88. K. Nademanee, G. Veerakul, S. Nimmannit Arrhythmogenic marker for the sudden unexplained death syndrome in Thai men Circulation 96 1997 2595 2600 (Pubitemid 27451351)
89. R. Bai, C. Napolitano, R. Bloise Yield of genetic screening in inherited cardiac channelopathies: how to prioritize access to genetic testing Circ Arrhyth Electrophysiol 2 2009 6 15
90. C. Bezzina, M.W. Veldkamp, M.P. van Den Berg A single Na(+) channel mutation causing both long-QT and Brugada syndromes Circ Res 85 1999 1206 1213 (Pubitemid 30430627)
91. A.O. Grant, M.P. Carboni, V. Neplioueva Long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, and conduction system disease are linked to a single sodium channel mutation J Clin Invest 110 2002 1201 1209 (Pubitemid 35215901)
92. B. Belhassen, A. Glick, S. Viskin Efficacy of quinidine in high-risk patients with Brugada syndrome Circulation 110 2004 1731 1737 (Pubitemid 39299213)
93. S.G. Priori, C. Napolitano, M. Gasparini Natural history of Brugada syndrome: insights for risk stratification and management Circulation 105 2002 1342 1347 (Pubitemid 34260426)
94. M. Paul, J. Gerss, E. Schulze-Bahr Role of programmed ventricular stimulation in patients with Brugada syndrome: a meta-analysis of worldwide published data Eur Heart J 28 2007 2126 2133 (Pubitemid 47517430)
95. V. Probst, C. Veltmann, L. Eckardt Long-term prognosis of patients diagnosed with Brugada syndrome: results from the FINGER Brugada syndrome registry Circulation 121 2010 635 643
96. H. Morita, K.F. Kusano, D. Miura Fragmented QRS as a marker of conduction abnormality and a predictor of prognosis of Brugada syndrome Circulation 118 2008 1697 1704
97. J.S. Hermida, I. Denjoy, J. Clerc Hydroquinidine therapy in Brugada syndrome J Am Coll Cardiol 43 2004 1853 1860 (Pubitemid 38622526)
98. N.S. Mok, N.Y. Chan, A.C. Chiu Successful use of quinidine in treatment of electrical storm in Brugada syndrome Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 27 2004 821 823 (Pubitemid 38758770)
99. P. Maury, P. Couderc, M. Delay Electrical storm in Brugada syndrome successfully treated using isoprenaline Europace 6 2004 130 133 (Pubitemid 38950180)
100. K. Nademanee, G. Veerakul, P. Chandanamattha Prevention of ventricular fibrillation episodes in Brugada syndrome by catheter ablation over the anterior right ventricular outflow tract epicardium Circulation 123 2011 1270 1279
101. S.G. Priori, C. Napolitano, N. Tiso Mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor gene (hRyR2) underlie catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia Circulation 103 2001 196 200 (Pubitemid 32095402)
102. H. Lahat, M. Eldar, E. Levy-Nissenbaum Autosomal recessive catecholamine- or exercise-induced polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: clinical features and assignment of the disease gene to chromosome 1p13-21 Circulation 103 2001 2822 2827 (Pubitemid 32550071)
103. S.G. Priori, C. Napolitano, M. Memmi Clinical and molecular characterization of patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia Circulation 106 2002 69 74 (Pubitemid 34747444)
104. A. Leenhardt, V. Lucet, I. Denjoy Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in children A 7-year follow-up of 21 patients Circulation 91 1995 1512 1519
105. G. Katz, M. Arad, M. Eldar Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia from bedside to bench and beyond Curr Probl Cardiol 34 2009 9 43
106. R. Rosso, J.M. Kalman, O. Rogowski Calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers versus beta-blockers alone for preventing exercise-induced arrhythmias in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia Heart Rhythm 4 2007 1149 1154 (Pubitemid 47324118)
107. H. Watanabe, N. Chopra, D. Laver Flecainide prevents catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in mice and humans Nat Med 15 2009 380 383
108. C. Van der Werf, P.J. Kannankeril, F. Sacher Flecainide therapy reduces exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia J Am Coll Cardiol 57 2011 2244 2254
109. A.A. Wilde, Z.A. Bhuiyan, L. Crotti Left cardiac sympathetic denervation for catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia N Engl J Med 358 2008 2024 2029 (Pubitemid 351656456)
110. M.H. Gollob, C.J. Redpath, J.D. Roberts The short QT syndrome: proposed diagnostic criteria J Am Coll Cardiol 57 2011 802 812
111. P. Bjerregaard, I. Gussak Short QT syndrome: mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2 2005 84 87 (Pubitemid 40778859)
112. C. Wolpert, R. Schimpf, C. Giustetto Further insights into the effect of quinidine in short QT syndrome caused by a mutation in HERG J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 16 2005 54 58 (Pubitemid 40165452)
113. M. Haissaguerre, F. Sacher, A. Nogami Characteristics of recurrent ventricular fibrillation associated with inferolateral early repolarization role of drug therapy J Am Coll Cardiol 53 2009 612 619
114. S. Knecht, F. Sacher, N. Wright Long-term follow-up of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation ablation J Am Coll Cardiol 54 2009 522 528
115. M. Haissaguerre, N. Derval, F. Sacher Sudden cardiac arrest associated with early repolarization N Engl J Med 358 2008 2016 2023 (Pubitemid 351681636)
116. B. Benito, E. Guasch, L. Rivard, S. Nattel Clinical and mechanistic issues in early repolarization J Am Coll Cardiol 56 2010 1177 1186
117. M. Haissaguerre, S. Chatel, F. Sacher Ventricular fibrillation with prominent early repolarization associated with a rare variant of KCNJ8/KATP channel J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 20 2009 93 98
118. J.T. Tikkanen, J. Junttila, O. Anttonen Early repolarization: electrocardiographic phenotypes associated with favorable long-term outcome Circulation 123 2011 2666 2673