Epidemiologic research on interpersonal violence and common psychiatric disorders: Where do we go from here?

Depression and Anxiety

Volumn 29, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 359-385

  Cerdá, Magdalena ^a   Digangi, Julia ^b   Galea, Sandro ^a   Koenen, Karestan ^a  

^a Department of Medicine   (United States)

^b DEPAUL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY DISORDER; CHILD ABUSE; DEPRESSION; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MENTAL HEALTH; POPULATION RISK; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UNITED STATES; VIOLENCE;

EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH DESIGN; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MENTAL DISORDERS; VIOLENCE;

EID: 84860732997     PISSN: 10914269     EISSN: 15206394     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/da.21947     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Krug E,. World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2002.
2. McLaughlin KA, Green JG, Gruber MJ, et al. Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication II: associations with persistence of DSM-IV disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67 (2): 124-132.
3. Green JG, McLaughlin KA, Berglund PA, et al. Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication I: associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67 (2): 113-123.
4. Finkelhor D, Turner H, Ormrod R, Hamby SL,. Trends in childhood violence and abuse exposure: evidence from 2 national surveys. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010; 164 (3): 238-242.
5. Howard LM, Trevillion K, Agnew-Davies R,. Domestic violence and mental health. Int Rev Psychiatry 2010; 22 (5): 525-534.
6. O'Donnell ML, Creamer M, Pattison P, Atkin C,. Psychiatric morbidity following injury. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161 (3): 507-514. (Pubitemid 38326106)
7. Perepletchikova F, Kaufman J,. Emotional and behavioral sequelae of childhood maltreatment. Curr Opin Pediatr 2010; 22: 610-615.
8. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 593-602. (Pubitemid 40973434)
9. Galea S, Maxwell AR, Norris F,. Sampling and design challenges in studying the mental health consequences of disasters. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2008; 17 (Suppl 2): S21-S28.
10. Kessler RC, Keane TM, Ursano RJ, et al. Sample and design considerations in post-disaster mental health needs assessment tracking surveys. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2008; 17 (Suppl 2): S6-S20.
11. DiGangi J, Koenen KC, Jason L, Keys C,. Prospective longitudinal studies of posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review of the literature. Compr Psychiatry 2011; 52: e4-e5.
12. Bailey J, McCloskey L,. Pathways to adolescent substance use among sexually abused girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2005; 33 (1): 39-53. (Pubitemid 40558442)
13. Boney-McCoy S, Finkelhor D,. Is youth victimization related to trauma symptoms and depression after controlling for prior symptoms and family relationships? A longitudinal, prospective study. J Consult Clin Psychol 1996; 64 (6): 1406-1416.
14. Brown J, Cohen P, Johnson JG, Smailes EM,. Childhood abuse and neglect: specificity of effects on adolescent and young adult depression and suicidality. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38 (12): 1490-1496.
15. Buist A, Janson H,. Childhood sexual abuse, parenting and postpartum depressionâa 3-year follow-up study. Child Abuse Negl 2001; 25 (7): 909-921. (Pubitemid 32727684)
16. Cammack N, Lambert S, Ialongo N,. Discrepancies between community violence exposure and perceived neighborhood violence. J Community Psychol 2010; 39 (1): 106-120.
17. Copeland WE, Keeler G, Angold A, Costello EJ,. Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in childhood. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64 (5): 577-584. (Pubitemid 46718290)
18. Ethier LS, Lemelin JP, Lacharite C,. A longitudinal study of the effects of chronic maltreatment on children's behavioral and emotional problems. Child Abuse Negl 2004; 28: 1265-1278. (Pubitemid 39655971)
19. Fergusson D, Boden J, Horwood L,. The developmental antecedents of illicit drug use: evidence from a 25-year longitudinal study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 96: 165-177.
20. Johnson RM, Kotch JB, Catellier DJ, et al. Adverse behavioral and emotional outcomes from child abuse and witnessed violence. Child Maltreat 2002; 7 (3): 179-186.
21. Kennedy AC, Bybee D, Sullivan CM, Greeson M,. The effects of community and family violence exposure on anxiety trajectories during middle childhood: the role of family social support as a moderator. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2009; 38: 365-379.
22. Kennedy AC, Bybee D, Sullivan CM, Greeson M,. The impact of family and community violence on children's depression trajectories: examining the interactions of violence exposure, family social support, and gender. J Fam Psychol 2010; 24 (2): 197-207.
23. Klein DN, Shankman SA, Rose S,. Dysthymic disorder and double depression: prediction of 10-year course trajectories and outcomes. J Psychiatr Res 2008; 42 (5): 408-415. (Pubitemid 351253578)
24. Latzman R, Swisher R,. The interactive relationship among adolescent violence, street violence and depression. J Community Psychol 2005; 33: 355-371. (Pubitemid 40688204)
25. Margolin G, Vickerman KA, Oliver PH, Gordis EB,. Violence exposure in multiple interpersonal domains: cumulative and differential effects. J Adolesc Health 2010; 47: 198-205.
26. Mason WA, Kosterman R, Hawkins JD, et al. Predicting depression, social phobia, and violence in early adulthood from childhood behavior problems. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43 (3): 307-315. (Pubitemid 41615010)
27. Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Harrington H, et al. Generalized anxiety disorder and depression: childhood risk factors in a birth cohort followed to age 32. Psychol Med 2007; 37: 441-452.
28. Mrug S, Windle M,. Prospective effects of violence exposure across multiple contexts on early adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010; 51 (8): 953-961.
29. Noll J, Trickett P, Harris W, Putnam F,. The cumulative burden borne by offspring whose mothers were sexually abused as children: descriptive results from a multigenerational study. J Interpers Violence 2009; 24 (3): 424-449.
30. Roberts R, O'Connor T, Dunn J, Golding J,. The effects of child sexual abuse in later family life; mental health, parenting and adjustment of offspring. Child Abuse Negl 2004; 28 (5): 525-545. (Pubitemid 38680748)
31. Ruchkin V, Henrich C, Jones S, et al. Violence exposure and psychopathology in urban youth: the mediating role of posttraumatic stress. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2007; 35 (4): 578-593. (Pubitemid 47174624)
32. Schilling EA, Aseltine RH, Gore S,. Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: a longitudinal survey. BMC Public Health 2007; 7: 10.
33. Silverman AB, Reinherz HZ, Giaconia RM,. The long-term sequelae of child and adolescent abuse: a longitudinal community study. Child Abuse Negl 1996; 20 (8): 709-723. (Pubitemid 26306919)
34. Vaske J, Makarios M, Boisvert D, et al. The interaction of DRD2 and violent victimization on depression: an analysis by gender and race. J Affect Disord 2009; 112 (1-3): 120-125.
35. Wang Z, Inslicht SS, Metzler TJ, et al. A prospective study of predictors of depression symptoms in police. Psychiatry Res 2010; 175 (3): 211-216.
36. White K, Bruce S, Farrell A, Kliewer W,. Impact of exposure to community violence on anxiety: a longitudinal study of family social support as a protective factor for urban children. J Child Fam Stud 1998; 7 (2): 187-203.
37. Widom CS, DuMont K, Czaja SJ,. A prospective investigation of major depressive disorder and comorbidity in abused and neglected children grown up. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64 (1): 49-56. (Pubitemid 46041738)
38. Wu P, Bird HR, Liu XH, et al. Childhood depressive symptoms and early onset of alcohol use. Pediatrics 2006; 118 (5): 1907-1915. (Pubitemid 46393672)
39. Blasco-Rios C, Sanchez-Lorente S, Martinez M,. Recovery from depressive symptoms, state anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder in women exposed to physical and psychological, but not to psychological intimate partner violence alone: a longitudinal study. BMC Psychiatry 2010; 10 (98): 1-12.
40. Hogben M, Gange S, Watts D, et al. The effect of sexual and physical violence on risky sexual behavior and STDs among a cohort of HIV seropositive women. AIDS Behav 2001; 5 (4): 353-361. (Pubitemid 35364529)
41. Kivimaki M, Vahtera J, Elovainio M, et al. Death or illness of a family member, violence, interpersonal conflict, and financial difficulties as predictors of sickness absence: longitudinal cohort study on psychological and behavioral links. Psychosom Med 2002; 64 (5): 817-825.
42. Taft AJ, Watson LF,. Depression and termination of pregnancy (induced abortion) in a national cohort of young Australian women: the confounding effect of women's experience of violence. BMC Public Health 2008; 8: 75.
43. von, Eye A, Bogat G,. Mental health in women experiencing intimate partner violence as the efficiency goal of social welfare functions. Int J Soc Welf 2006; 15 (1): 531-540.
44. Gil-Rivas V, Fiorentine R, Anglin MD, Taylor E,. Sexual and physical abuse: do they compromise drug treatment outcomes? J Subst Abuse Treat 1997; 14 (4): 351-358. (Pubitemid 27488248)
45. Gil-Rivas V, Prause J, Grella CE,. Substance use after residential treatment among individuals with co-occurring disorders: the role of anxiety/depressive symptoms and trauma exposure. Psychol Addict Behav 2009; 23 (2): 303-314.
46. Rayburn NR, Wenzel SL, Elliott MN, et al. Trauma, depression, coping, and mental health service seeking among impoverished women. J Consult Clin Psychol 2005; 73 (4): 667-677. (Pubitemid 41368395)
47. Rothman K, Greenland S, Poole C, Lash T,. Causation and causal inference. In:, Rothman K, Greenland S, Lash T, editors. Modern Epidemiology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
48. Turner HA, Finkelhor D, Ormrod R,. Child mental health problems as risk factors for victimization. Child Maltreat 2010; 15 (2): 132-143.
49. Berkson J,. Limitations of the application of fourfold table analysis to hospital data. Biometrics 1946; 2 (3): 47-53.
50. Briere J,. Methodological issues in the study of sexual abuse effects. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992; 60 (2): 196-203.
51. Henry B, Moffitt T, Caspi A, et al. On the "Remembrance of Things Past": a longitudinal evaluation of the retrospective method. Psychol Assess 1994; 6 (2): 92-101. (Pubitemid 24281657)
52. Cohen L, Towbes L, Flocco R,. Effects of induced mood on self-reported life events and perceived and received social support. J Pers Soc Psychol 1988; 55: 669-674.
53. Lewinsohn PM, Rosenbaum M,. Recall of parental behavior by acute depressives, remitted depressives, and nondepressives. J Pers Soc Psychol 1987; 52 (3): 611-619.
54. Wessely S, Unwin C, Hotopf M, et al. Stability of recall of military hazards over time. Evidence from the Persian Gulf War of 1991. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 183: 314-322. (Pubitemid 37243902)
55. Roemer L, Litz BT, Orsillo SM, et al. Increases in retrospective accounts of war-zone exposure over time: the role of PTSD symptom severity. J Trauma Stress 1998; 11 (3): 597-605. (Pubitemid 28354351)
56. David AC, Akerib V, Gaston L, Brunet A,. Consistency of retrospective reports of peritraumatic responses and their relation to PTSD diagnostic status. J Trauma Stress 23 (5): 599-605.
57. King DW, King LA, Erickson DJ, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and retrospectively reported stressor exposure: a longitudinal prediction model. J Abnorm Psychol 2000; 109 (4): 624-633. (Pubitemid 32096222)
58. Southwick SM, Morgan CA, 3rd, Nicolaou AL, Charney DS,. Consistency of memory for combat-related traumatic events in veterans of Operation Desert Storm. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154 (2): 173-177. (Pubitemid 27053721)
59. Schwarz ED, Kowalski JM, McNally RJ,. Malignant memories-posttraumatic changes in memory in adults after a school shooting. J Trauma Stress 1993; 6 (4): 545-553. (Pubitemid 24208478)
60. White HR, Widom CS, Chen PH,. Congruence between adolescents' self-reports and their adult retrospective reports regarding parental discipline practices during their adolescence. Psychol Rep 2007; 101 (3): 1079-1094.
61. Bolen RM, Scannapieco M,. Prevalence of child sexual abuse: a corrective metanalysis. Soc Serv Rev 1999; 73 (3): 281-313.
62. Prescott A, Bank L, Reid JB,. The veridicality of punitive childhood experiences reported by adolescents and young adults. Child Abuse Negl 2000; 24 (3): 411-423. (Pubitemid 30089054)
63. Silvern L, Waelde LC, Baughan BM, et al. Two formats for eliciting retrospective reports of child sexual and physical abuse: effects on apparent prevalence and relationships to adjustment. Child Maltreat 2000; 5 (3): 236-250.
64. Suglia SF, Ryan L, Wright RJ,. Creation of a community violence exposure scale: accounting for what, who, where, and how often. J Trauma Stress 2008; 21 (5): 479-486.
65. Lynch M,. Consequences of children's exposure to community violence. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2003; 6 (4): 265-274. (Pubitemid 38979764)
66. Ward CL, Flisher AJ, Zissis C, et al. Exposure to violence and its relationship to psychopathology in adolescents. Inj Prev 2001; 7 (4): 297-301.
67. Glymour B, Glymour C, Glymour M,. Watching social scienceâthe debate about the effects of exposure to televised violence on aggressive behavior. Am Behav Sci 2008; 51 (8): 1231-1259.
68. Rubin D,. Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies. J Educ Psychol 1974; 66 (5): 688-701.
69. Rubin D,. Bayesian-inference for causal effectsârole of randomization. Ann Stat 1978; 6 (1): 34-58.
70. Mullen PE, Martin JL, Anderson JC, et al. Childhood sexual abuse and mental health in adult life. Br J Psychiatry 1993; 163: 721-732. (Pubitemid 23352964)
71. Paradise JE, Rose L, Sleeper LA, Nathanson M,. Behavior, family function, school performance, and predictors of persistent disturbance in sexually-abused children. Pediatrics 1994; 93 (3): 452-459. (Pubitemid 24067020)
72. Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P,. Risk factors for PTSD-related traumatic events: a prospective analysis. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 529-535.
73. Breslau N, Peterson EL, Schultz LR,. A second look at prior trauma and the posttraumatic stress disorder effects of subsequent trauma. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008; 65 (4): 431-437. (Pubitemid 351519892)
74. Brewin C, Andrews B, Valentine J,. Meta-anaysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68: 748-766.
75. Norris FH, Friedman MJ, Watson PJ, et al. 60000 disaster victims speak: part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981-2001. Psychiatry 2002; 65 (3): 207-239. (Pubitemid 35191281)
76. Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Newman DL, Silva PA,. Behavioral observations at age 3 years predict adult psychiatric disordersâlongitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53 (11): 1033-1039. (Pubitemid 26384672)
77. Cote S, Zoccolillo M, Tremblay RE, et al. Predicting girls' conduct disorder in adolescence from childhood trajectories of disruptive behaviors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001; 40 (6): 678-684. (Pubitemid 32473382)
78. Cote SM, Boivin M, Liu XC, et al. Depression and anxiety symptoms: onset, developmental course and risk factors during early childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2009; 50 (10): 1201-1208.
79. Breslau N, Davis GC, Peterson EL, Schultz L,. Psychiatric sequelae of posttraumatic stress disorder in women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54 (1): 81-87. (Pubitemid 27044702)
80. Orcutt HK, Erickson DJ, Wolfe J,. A prospective analysis of trauma exposure: the mediating role of PTSD symptomatology. J Trauma Stress 2002; 15 (3): 259-267.
81. Robins JM, Hernán MA, Brumback B,. Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology. Epidemiology 2000; 11 (5): 550-560. (Pubitemid 30660034)
82. Browning S, Erickson P,. Neighborhood disadvantage, alcohol use, and violent victimization. Youth Violence Juv Justice 2009; 7 (4): 331-349.
83. Kim J,. Neighborhood disadvantage and mental health: the role of neighborhood disorder and social relationships. Soc Sci Res 2010; 39 (2): 260-271.
84. Reef J, Diamantopoulou S, van Meurs I, et al. Child to adult continuities of psychopathology: a 24-year follow-up. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009; 120 (3): 230-238.
85. Fergusson D, Horwood L,. The Christchurch Health and Development Study: review of findings on child and adolescent mental health. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2001; 35: 285-296.
86. Hoeve M, Blokland A, Dubas JS, et al. Trajectories of delinquency and parenting styles. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2008; 36 (2): 223-235.
87. Earls F, Buka SL,. Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice; 1997.
88. Molnar B, Buka S, Brennan R, et al. A multilevel study of neighborhoods and parent-to-child physical aggression: results from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Child Maltreat 2003; 8 (2): 84-97. (Pubitemid 38586874)
89. Widom C,. Understanding the consequences of childhood victimization. In:, Reece R, editor. Treatment of Child Abuse. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2000.
90. Koenen KC, Stellman JM, Stellman SD, Sommer JF,. Risk factors for course of posttraumatic stress disorder among Vietnam veterans: a 14-year follow-up of American Legionnaires. J Consult Clin Psychol 2003; 71 (6): 980-986. (Pubitemid 37448888)
91. Maxfield MG, Weiler BL, Widom CS,. Comparing self-reports and official records of arrests. J Quant Criminol 2000; 16 (1): 87-110.
92. Frank LD, Schmid TL, Sallis JF, et al. Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban formâfindings from SMARTRAQ. Am J Prev Med 2005; 28 (2): 117-125. (Pubitemid 40203434)
93. Dohrenwend BP, Turner JB, Turse NA, et al. The psychological risks of Vietnam for US veterans: a revisit with new data and methods. Science 2006; 313 (5789): 979-982. (Pubitemid 44267391)
94. Lord F,. Applications of Item Response Theory to Practical Testing Problems. Routledge; 1980.
95. Rasch G,. Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for Educational Research; 1960.
96. Lazarsfeld P, Henry N,. Latent Structure Analysis. Boston: Houghton Mifflin; 1968.
97. Brennan RT, Molnar BE, Earls F,. Refining the measurement of exposure to violence (ETV) in urban youth. J Community Psychol 2007; 35: 603-618.
98. Suglia SF, Ryan L, Wright RJ,. Creation of a community violence exposure scale: accounting for what, who, where, and how often. J Trauma Stress 2008; 21 (5): 479-486.
99. Horton NJ, Roberts K, Ryan L, et al. A maximum likelihood latent variable regression model for multiple informants. Stat Med 2008; 27 (24): 4992-5004.
100. Yu QZ, Stasny EA, Li B,. Bayesian models to adjust for response bias in survey data for estimating rape and domestic violence rates from the NCVS. Ann Appl Stat 2008; 2 (2): 665-686.
101. Gerlach R, Stamey J,. Bayesian model selection for logistic regression with misclassified outcomes. Stat Model 2007; 7 (3): 255-273.
102. Rubin DB,. Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies. J Educ Psychol 1974; 66 (5): 688-701.
103. Rubin DB,. Bayesian-inference for causal effectsârole of randomization. Ann Stat 1978; 6 (1): 34-58.
104. Pesonen AK, Raikkonen K, Feldt K, et al. Childhood separation experience predicts HPA axis hormonal responses in late adulthood: a natural experiment of World War II. Psychoneuroendocrino 2010; 35 (5): 758-767.
105. Bennett DA,. An introduction to instrumental variables analysis: part 1. Neuroepidemiology 2010; 35 (3): 237-240.
106. Bennett DA,. An introduction to instrumental variablesâpart 2: Mendelian randomisation. Neuroepidemiology 2010; 35 (4): 307-310.
107. Lawlor DA, Harbord RM, Sterne JAC, et al. Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology. Stat Med 2008; 27 (8): 1133-1163. (Pubitemid 351395448)
108. Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S,. 'Mendelian randomization': can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int J Epidemiol 2003; 32 (1): 1-22. (Pubitemid 36503465)
109. Davey Smith G, Leary S, Ness A, Lawlor DA,. Challenges and novel approaches in the epidemiological study of early life influences on later disease. Adv Exp Med Biol 2009; 646: 1-14.
110. Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB,. Reducing bias in observational studies using subclassification on the propensity score. J Am Stat Assoc 1984; 79 (387): 516-524.
111. Stuart EA,. Matching methods for causal inference: a review and a look forward. Stat Sci 2010; 25 (1): 1-21.
112. Rosenbaum P,. Observational Studies. 2nd ed. Springer Verlag; 2002.
113. Bodnar L, Davidian M, Siega-Riz A, Tsiatis A,. Marginal structural models for analyzing causal effects of time-dependent treatments: an application in perinatal epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159 (10): 926-934. (Pubitemid 38608269)
114. Hernán MA, Brumback B, Robins JM,. Marginal structural models to estimate the causal effect of zidovudine on the survival of HIV-positive men. Epidemiology 2000; 11 (5): 561-570. (Pubitemid 30660035)
115. Cerda M, Diez-Roux AV, Tchetgen ET, et al. The relationship between neighborhood poverty and alcohol use: estimation by marginal structural models. Epidemiology 2010; 21 (4): 482-489.
116. Galea S, Hall C, Kaplan GA,. Social epidemiology and complex system dynamic modelling as applied to health behaviour and drug use research. Int J Drug Policy 2009; 20 (3): 209-216.
117. Galea S, Riddle M, Kaplan GA,. Causal thinking and complex system approaches in epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39 (1): 97-106.
118. Bonabeau E,. Agent-based modeling: methods and techniques for simulating human systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99 (Suppl 3): 7280-7287. (Pubitemid 34522724)
119. Tracy M, Cerdá M, Galea S,. Causal thinking and complex systems approaches for understanding the consequences of trauma. In:, Widom CS, editor. Trauma, Psychopathology and Violence: Causes, Consequences, or Correlates? New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2011.
120. Elder G,. Human lives in changing societies: life course and developmental insights. In:, Cairns R, Elder G, Glen, Jr., H, editors. Developmental Science. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1996.
121. Layne CM, Warren JS, Watson PJ, Shalev AY,. Risk, vulnerability, resistance, and resilience: toward an integrative conceptualization of post-traumatic adaptation. In:, Friedman M, Keane T, Resick P, editors. Handbook of PTSD: Science and Practice. New York: Guilford Press; 2007: 497-520.
122. Norris FH, Stevens SP, Pfefferbaum B, et al. Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. Am J Community Psychol 2008; 41 (1-2): 127-150.
123. Norris FH, Tracy M, Galea S,. Looking for resilience: understanding the longitudinal trajectories of responses to stress. Soc Sci Med 2009; 68 (12): 2190-2198.
124. Butler L, Morland L, Leskin G,. Psychological resilience in the face of terrorism. In:, Bongar B, Brown L, Beutler L, et al., editors. Psychology of Terrorism. NY: Oxford University Press; 2007: 400-417.
125. Egeland B, Carlson E, Sroufe L,. Resilience as process. Dev Psychopathol 1993; 5: 517-528.
126. Masten A, Best K, Garmezy N,. Resilience and development: contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Dev Psychopathol 1990; 2: 425-444.
127. Werner EE, Smith RS,. Vulnerable but Invincible: A Longitudinal Study of Resilient Children and Youth. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1982.
128. Bonnano G,. Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? Am Psychol 2004; 59: 20-28.
129. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52 (12): 1048-1060.
130. Blanchard EB, Hickling EJ, Forneris CA, et al. Prediction of remission of acute posttraumatic stress disorder in motor vehicle accident victims. J Trauma Stress 1997; 10 (2): 215-234. (Pubitemid 27224039)
131. Green BL, Grace MC, Lindy JD, et al. Risk factors for PTSD and other diagnoses in a general sample of Vietnam veterans. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147 (6): 729-733. (Pubitemid 20188511)
132. Havenaar JM, Rumyantzeva GM, van den Brink W, et al. Long-term mental health effects of the Chernobyl disaster: an epidemiologic survey in two former Soviet regions. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154 (11): 1605-1607. (Pubitemid 27471358)
133. McFarlane AC, Papay P,. Multiple diagnoses in posttraumatic stress disorder in the victims of a natural disaster. J Nerv Ment Dis 1992; 180 (8): 498-504.
134. North CS,. The course of post-traumatic stress disorder after the Oklahoma City bombing. Mil Med 2001; 166 (12 Suppl): 51-52. (Pubitemid 34015258)
135. North CS, Tivis L, McMillen JC, et al. Psychiatric disorders in rescue workers after the Oklahoma City bombing. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159 (5): 857-859. (Pubitemid 34465063)
136. Rothbaum B, Foa E, Riggs D, et al. A prospective examination of post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims. J Trauma Stress 1992; 5: 455-475.
137. Shalev AY, Freedman S, Peri T, et al. Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155 (5): 630-637. (Pubitemid 28225403)
138. Andrews B, Brewin CR, Philpott R, Stewart L,. Delayed-onset posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164 (9): 1319-1326. (Pubitemid 47461130)
139. de Graaf R, Bijl RV, ten Have M, et al. Pathways to comorbidity: the transition of pure mood, anxiety and substance use disorders into comorbid conditions in a longitudinal population-based study. J Affect Disord 2004; 82 (3): 461-467. (Pubitemid 39536180)
140. Hayatbakhsh MR, Najman JM, Jamrozik K, et al. Cannabis and anxiety and depression in young adults: a large prospective study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007; 46 (3): 408-417.
141. de Graaf R, Bijl RV, ten Have M, et al. Rapid onset of comorbidity of common mental disorders: findings from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004; 109 (1): 55-63. (Pubitemid 38161101)
142. Windle M, Davies PT,. Depression and heavy alcohol use among adolescents: concurrent and prospective relations. Dev Psychopathol 1999; 11 (4): 823-844.
143. Fergusson DM, Goodwin RD, Horwood LJ,. Major depression and cigarette smoking: results of a 21-year longitudinal study. Psychol Med 2003; 33 (8): 1357-1367. (Pubitemid 37483458)
144. Hettema JM, Kuhn JW, Prescott CA, Kendler KS,. The impact of generalized anxiety disorder and stressful life events on risk for major depressive episodes. Psychol Med 2006; 36 (6): 789-795. (Pubitemid 43744772)
145. Murray J, Farrington DP,. Parental imprisonment: long-lasting effects on boys' internalizing problems through the life course. Dev Psychopathol 2008; 20 (1): 273-290. (Pubitemid 351166716)
146. Muthen B,. Integrating categorical and dimensional approaches to substance use disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30 (6): 271 A-271 A.
147. Muthén B,. Latent variable modeling with longitudinal and multilevel data. In:, Rafter A, editor. Sociological Methodology. Boston, MA: Blackwell Publishers; 1997: 453-480.
148. Muthén B, Asparouhov T,. Beyond multilevel regression modeling: multilevel analysis in a general latent variable framework. In:, Hox J, Roberts J, editors. The Handbook of Advanced Multilevel Analysis. Routledge Academic; 2010.
149. Muthen B, Muthen LK,. Integrating person-centered and variable-centered analyses: growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24 (6): 882-891. (Pubitemid 30421740)
150. Nagin DS,. Group-Based Modeling of Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2005.
151. Nooner KB, Litrownik AJ, Thompson R, et al. Youth self-report of physical and sexual abuse: a latent class analysis. Child Abuse Negl 2010; 34 (3): 146-154.