Update on small cell carcinoma and its differentiation from squamous cell carcinoma and other non-small cell carcinomas

Modern Pathology

Volumn 25, Issue , 2012, Pages 18-30

  Travis, William D ^a  

^a MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Basaloid carcinoma; Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma; Small cell carcinoma

Indexed keywords

CANCER STAGING; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; LUNG SMALL CELL CANCER; LUNG TUMOR; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; REVIEW; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA;

CARCINOMA, NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; LUNG NEOPLASMS; NEOPLASM STAGING; SMALL CELL LUNG CARCINOMA;

EID: 84860589522     PISSN: 08933952     EISSN: 15300285     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2011.150     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Krapcho M, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2007, National Cancer Institute. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2007/2010. Ref Type: Internet Communication.
2. Travis WD, Travis LB, Devesa SS. Lung cancer [published erratum appears in Cancer 1995 Jun 15; 75(12):2979]. Cancer 1995;75:191-202.
3. Krug LM, Pietanza MC, Kris MG, et al. Small cell and other neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. In: DeVita VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA. (eds). DeVita, Hellman and Rosenberg’s Cancer, Principle and Practice of Oncology, 9th edn. Wolters Kluwer; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, 2011, pp 848-870.
4. Siegel R, Ward E, Brawley O, et al. Cancer statistics, 2011: the impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J Clin 2011;61:212-236.
5. Goldstraw P. IASLC Staging Manual in Thoracic Oncology. 1st edn. International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer; Editorial Rx Press: Orange Park, FL, 2009.
6. Rusch VW, Appleman HD, Blackstone E, et al. Lung. In: Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A. (eds). AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 7th edn. American Joint Commision on Cancer; Springer: Chicago, 2009, pp. 253-270.
7. Vallieres E, Shepherd FA, Crowley J, et al. The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: proposals regarding the relevance of TNM in the pathologic staging of small cell lung cancer in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2009;4:1049-1059.
8. Kreisman H, Wolkove N, Quoix E. Small cell lung cancer presenting as a solitary pulmonary nodule. Chest 1992;101:225-231.
9. Gephardt GN, Grady KJ, Ahmad M, et al. Peripheral small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung. Clinicopathologic features of 17 cases. Cancer 1988; 61:1002-1008.
10. Travis WD, Brambilla E, Müller-Hermelink HK, et al. Pathology and Genetics: Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart Vol 1. IARC: Lyon, 2004.
11. Nicholson SA, Beasley MB, Brambilla E. et al. Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC): a clinicopathologic study of 100 cases with surgical specimens. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:1184-1197.
12. Travis WD. Advances in neuroendocrine lung tumors. Ann Oncol 2010;21(Suppl 7):vii65-vii71.
13. Azzopardi JG. Oat-cell carcinoma of the bronchus. J Pathol Bacteriol 1959;78:513-519.
14. Tsubota YT, Kawaguchi T, Hoso T, et al. A combined small cell and spindle cell carcinoma of the lung. Report of a unique case with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Am J Surg Pathol 1992;16:1108-1115.
15. Fraire AE, Johnson EH, Yesner R, et al. Prognostic significance of histopathologic subtype and stage in small cell lung cancer. Hum Pathol 1992;23:520-528.
16. Sehested M, Hirsch FR, Osterlind K, et al. Morphologic variations of small cell lung cancer. A histopathologic study of pretreatment and posttreatment specimens in 104 patients. Cancer 1986;57:804-807.
17. Vollmer RT. The effect of cell size on the pathologic diagnosis of small and large cell carcinomas of the lung. Cancer 1982;50:1380-1383.
18. Bobos M, Hytiroglou P, Kostopoulos I, et al. Immunohistochemical distinction between merkel cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma of the lung. Am J Dermatopathol 2006;28:99-104.
19. Chu PG, Wu E, Weiss LM. Cytokeratin 7 and cytokeratin 20 expression in epithelial neoplasms: a survey of 435 cases. Mod Pathol 2000;13:962-972.
20. Maleki Z. Diagnostic issues with cytopathologic interpretation of lung neoplasms displaying high-grade basaloid or neuroendocrine morphology. Diagn Cytopathol 2011;39:159-167.
21. Guinee Jr DG, Fishback NF, Koss MN, et al. The spectrum of immunohistochemical staining of smallcell lung carcinoma in specimens from transbronchial and open-lung biopsies. Am J Clin Pathol 1994;102: 406-414.
22. Kontogianni K, Nicholson AG, Butcher D, et al. CD56: a useful tool for the diagnosis of small cell lung carcinomas on biopsies with extensive crush artefact. J Clin Pathol 2005;58:978-980.
23. Hiroshima K, Iyoda A, Shida T, et al. Distinction of pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma from small cell lung carcinoma: a morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular analysis. Mod Pathol 2006;19:1358-1368.
24. Folpe AL, Gown AM, Lamps LW, et al. Thyroid transcription factor-1: immunohistochemical evaluation in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Mod Pathol 1999;12:5-8.
25. Sturm N, Rossi G, Lantuejoul S, et al. Expression of thyroid transcription factor-1 in the spectrum of neuroendocrine cell lung proliferations with special interest in carcinoids. Hum Pathol 2002;33:175-182.
26. Sturm N, Lantuejoul S, Laverriere MH, et al. Thyroid transcription factor 1 and cytokeratins 1, 5, 10, 14 (34betaE12) expression in basaloid and large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung. Hum Pathol 2001;32:918-925.
27. Travis WD. Neuroendocrine lung tumors. Path Case Rev 2006;11:235-242.
28. Travis WD. Lung tumours with neuroendocrine differentiation. Eur J Cancer 2009;45(Suppl 1):251-266.
29. Agoff SN, Lamps LW, Philip AT, et al. Thyroid transcription factor-1 is expressed in extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas but not in other extrapulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Mod Pathol 2000; 13:238-242.
30. Pelosi G, Rodriguez J, Viale G, et al. Typical and atypical pulmonary carcinoid tumor overdiagnosed as small-cell carcinoma on biopsy specimens: a major pitfall in the management of lung cancer patients. Am J Surg Pathol 2005;29:179-187.
31. Travis WD, Linnoila RI, Tsokos MG, et al. Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung with proposed criteria for large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. An ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric study of 35 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1991;15:529-553.
32. Vollmer RT, Ogden L, Crissman JD. Separation of small-cell from non-small-cell lung cancer. The Southeastern Cancer Study Group pathologists’ experience. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1984;108:792-794.
33. Feld R, Sagman U, Leblanc M. Staging and prognostic factors for small cell carcinoma. In: Pass HI, Mitchell JB, Johnson DH, Turrisi AT, Minna JD. (eds). Lung Cancer, Principles and Practice, 2nd edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, 2000, pp. 612-627.
34. World Health Organization. Histological Typing of Lung Tumors, 2nd edn. World Health Organization: Geneva, 1981.
35. Marchevsky AM, Gal AA, Shah S, et al. Morphometry confirms the presence of considerable nuclear size overlap between ‘small cells’ and ‘large cells’ in highgrade pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms. Am J Clin Pathol 2001;116:466-472.
36. Viberti L, Bongiovanni M, Croce S, et al. 34betaE12 cytokeratin immunodetection in the differential diagnosis of small cell tumors of lung. Int J Surg Pathol 2000;8:317-322.
37. Tsuta K, Liu DC, Kalhor N, et al. Using the mitosisspecific marker anti-phosphohistone h3 to assess mitosis in pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas. Am J Clin Pathol 2011;136:252-259.
38. Devoe K, Weidner N. Immunohistochemistry of small round-cell tumors [in process citation]. Semin Diagn Pathol 2000;17:216-224.
39. Llombart-Bosch A, Machado I, Navarro S, et al. Histological heterogeneity of Ewing’s sarcoma/PNET: an immunohistochemical analysis of 415 genetically confirmed cases with clinical support. Virchows Arch 2009;455:397-411.
40. Chan JK, Suster S, Wenig BM, et al. Cytokeratin 20 immunoreactivity distinguishes Merkel cell (primary cutaneous neuroendocrine) carcinomas and salivary gland small cell carcinomas from small cell carcinomas of various sites. Am J Surg Pathol 1997;21: 226-234.
41. Leech SN, Kolar AJ, Barrett PD, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma can be distinguished from metastatic small cell carcinoma using antibodies to cytokeratin 20 and thyroid transcription factor 1. J Clin Pathol 2001;54: 727-729.
42. Shah IA, Netto D, Schlageter MO, et al. Neurofilament immunoreactivity in Merkel-cell tumors: a differentiating feature from small-cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol 1993;6:3-9.
43. Brambilla E, Moro D, Gazzeri S, et al. Cytotoxic chemotherapy induces cell differentiation in smallcell lung carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1991;9:50-61.
44. Shiao TH, Chang YL, Yu CJ, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in small cell lung cancer: a brief report. J Thorac Oncol 2011;6:195-198.
45. Travis WD, Brambilla E, Noguchi M, et al. The new IASLC/ATS/ERS international multidisciplinary lung adenocarcinoma classification. J Thoracic Oncol 2011;6:244-285.
46. Varlotto JM, Medford-Davis LN, Recht A, et al. Should large cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma be classified and treated as a small cell lung cancer or with other large cell carcinomas? J Thorac Oncol 2011;6:1050-1058.
47. Wiatrowska BA, Krol J, Zakowski MF. Large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung: proposed criteria for cytologic diagnosis. Diagn Cytopathol 2001;24:58-64.
48. Travis WD, Rush W, Flieder DB, et al. Survival analysis of 200 pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors with clarification of criteria for atypical carcinoid and its separation from typical carcinoid. Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22:934-944.
49. Du EZ, Goldstraw P, Zacharias J, et al. TTF-1 expression is specific for lung primary in typical and atypical carcinoids: TTF-1-positive carcinoids are predominantly in peripheral location. Hum Pathol 2004;35: 825-831.
50. Iyoda A, Hiroshima K, Moriya Y, et al. Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma demonstrates high proliferative activity. Ann Thorac Surg 2004;77: 1891-1895.
51. Skov BG, Holm B, Erreboe A, et al. ERCC1 and Ki67 in small cell lung carcinoma and other neuroendocrine tumors of the lung: distribution and impact on survival. J Thorac Oncol 2010;5:453-459.
52. D’Angelo SP, Pietanza MC. The molecular pathogenesis of small cell lung cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2010;10:1-10.
53. Nasgashio R, Sato Y, Matsumoto T, et al. The balance between the expressions of hASH1 and HES1 differs between large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small cell carcinoma of the lung. Lung Cancer 2011; e-pub ahead of print.
54. Onuki N, Wistuba II, Travis WD, et al. Genetic changes in the spectrum of neuroendocrine lung tumors. Cancer 1999;85:600-607.
55. Beasley MB, Lantuejoul S, Abbondanzo S, et al. The P16/cyclin D1/Rb pathway in neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. Hum Pathol 2003;34:136-142.
56. Badzio A, Wynes MW, Dziadziuszko R, et al. Increased insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor protein expression and gene copy number in small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2010;5:1905-1911.
57. Brambilla E, Negoescu A, Gazzeri S, et al. Apoptosisrelated factors p53, Bcl2, and Bax in neuroendocrine lung tumors. Am J Pathol 1996;149:1941-1952.
58. Hiroshima K, Iyoda A, Shibuya K, et al. Genetic alterations in early-stage pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Cancer 2004;100:1190-1198.
59. Jiang SX, Kameya T, Shinada J, et al. The significance of frequent and independent p53 and bcl-2 expression in large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung. Mod Pathol 1999;12:362-369.
60. Przygodzki RM, Finkelstein SD, Langer JC, et al. Analysis of p53, K-ras-2, and C-raf-1 in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Correlation with histological subtype and clinical outcome. Am J Pathol 1996;148: 1531-1541.
61. Sampietro G, Tomasic G, Collini P, et al. Gene product immunophenotyping of neuroendocrine lung tumors. No linking evidence between carcinoids and small-cell lung carcinomas suggested by multivariate statistical analysis. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2000;8:49-56.
62. Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, et al. p53 mutations in human cancers. Science 1991;253:49-53.
63. Igarashi T, Jiang SX, Kameya T, et al. Divergent cyclin B1 expression and Rb/p16/cyclin D1 pathway aberrations among pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Mod Pathol 2004;17:1259-1267.
64. Pelosi G, Masullo M, Leon ME, et al. CD117 immunoreactivity in high-grade neuroendocrine tumors of the lung: a comparative study of 39 large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas and 27 surgically resected small-cell carcinomas. Virchows Arch 2004;445:449-455.
65. Araki K, Ishii G, Yokose T, et al. Frequent overexpression of the c-kit protein in large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung. Lung Cancer 2003;40:173-180.
66. Casali C, Stefani A, Rossi G, et al. The prognostic role of c-kit protein expression in resected large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung. Ann Thorac Surg 2004;77:247-252.
67. Dong Q, Debelenko LV, Chandrasekharappa SC, et al. Loss of heterozygosity at 11q13: analysis of pituitary tumors, lung carcinoids, lipomas, and other uncommon tumors in subjects with familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:1416-1420.
68. Debelenko LV, Brambilla E, Agarwal SK, et al. Identification of MEN1 gene mutations in sporadic carcinoid tumors of the lung. Hum Mol Genet 1997;6: 2285-2290.
69. Debelenko LV, Swalwell JI, Kelley MJ, et al. MEN1 gene mutation analysis of high-grade neuroendocrine lung carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2000;28: 58-65.
70. Travis WD, Gal AA, Colby TV, et al. Reproducibility of neuroendocrine lung tumor classification. Hum Pathol 1998;29:272-279.
71. Kreyberg L. Histological lung cancer types. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [A] 1962;157:1.
72. World Health Organization. Histological Typing of Lung Tumours, 1st edn. World Health Organization: Geneva, 1967.
73. Hirsch FR, Matthews MJ, Aisner S, et al. Histopathologic classification of small cell lung cancer. Changing concepts and terminology. Cancer 1988;62:973-977.
74. Travis WD, Colby TV, Corrin B et al., in collaboration with L.H. Sobin and Pathologists from 14 Countries. Histological Typing of Lung and Pleural Tumors, 3rd edn. Springer: Berlin, 1999.