A Cognitive neuroscience approach to generalized anxiety disorder and social Phobia

Emotion Review

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 133-138

  Blair, Karina S ^a   Blair, R J R ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

conditioning; emotion regulation; generalized anxiety disorder; social phobia; social threat processing

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860553228     PISSN: 17540739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1754073911430251     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Amaral D. G., Price J. L., Pitkanen A., Carmichael S. T. The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction. Aggleton J. P., ed. New York, NY: Wiley ; 1992: 1-66.
2. Berthoz S., Armony J., Blair R. J. R., Dolan R.. Neural correlates of violation of social norms and embarrassment. Brain. 2002 ; 125: 1696-1708
3. Birbaumer N., Grodd W., Diedrich O., Klose U., Erb M., Lotze M.,... Flor H.. fMRI reveals amygdala activation to human faces in social phobics. Neuroreport. 1998 ; 9: 1223-1226
4. Blair K. S., Geraci M., DeVido J., McCaffrey D., Vythilingam M., Ng P.,... Pine D. S.. Neural response to self- and other referential praise and criticism in Generalized Social Phobia. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2008 ; 65: 1176-1184
5. Blair K. S., Geraci M., Hollon N., Otero M., DeVido J., Majestic C.,... Pine D. S.. Social norm processing in adult social phobia: Atypically increased ventromedial frontal cortex responsiveness to unintentional (embarrassing) transgressions. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2010 ; 167: 1526-1532
6. Blair K. S., Geraci M., Korelitz K., Otero M., Towbin K., Ernst M.,... Pine D. S.. The pathology of social phobia is independent of developmental changes in face processing. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2011 ; 168: 1202-1209
7. Blair K. S., Geraci M., Majestic K., Odenheimer S., Jacobs M., Blair R. J. R., Pine D. S.. Atypical modulation of medial prefrontal cortex to self-referential comments in generalized social phobia. Psychiatry Research. 2011 ; 193: 38-45
8. Blair K. S., Shaywitz J., Morton J., Smith B. W., Rhodes R., Geraci M.,... Blair R. J. R.. Response to emotional expressions in generalized social phobia (GSP) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): Evidence for separate disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2008 ; 165: 1193-1202
9. BlairK. S.SmithB. W.HollonN.GeraciM.DeVidoJ.OteroM.. Reduced dorsal anterior cingulate cortical activity during emotional regulation and top-down attentional control in Generalized Social Phobia (GSP), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and comorbid GSP/GAD. Under review.
10. Blair K. S., Smith B. W., Morton J., Mitchell D. G., Vythilingam M., Pessoa L.,... Blair R. J. R.. Modulation of emotion by cognition and cognition by emotion. Neuroimage. 2007 ; 35: 430-440
11. Blair R. J. R.. Facial expressions, their communicatory functions and neuro-cognitive substrates. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 2003 ; 358: 561-572
12. Borkovec T. D., Alcaine O., Behar E. Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in theory and practice. Heimberg R. G. Turk C. L. Mennin D. S., ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press ; 2004: 77-108.
13. Bradley B. P., Mogg K., White J., Groom C., de Bono J.. Attentional bias for emotional faces in generalized anxiety disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1999 ; 38: 267-278
14. Cooney R. E., Atlas L. Y., Joormann J., Eugene F., Gotlib I. H.. Amygdala activation in the processing of neutral faces in social anxiety disorder: Is neutral really neutral?. Psychiatry Research. 2006 ; 148: 55-59
15. Craske M. G., Rauch S. L., Ursano R., Prenoveau J., Pine D. S., Zinbarg R. E.. What is an anxiety disorder?. Depression and Anxiety. 2009 ; 26: 1066-1085
16. Desimone R., Duncan J.. Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 1995 ; 18: 193-222
17. Etkin A., Prater K. E., Hoeft F., Menon V., Schatzberg A. F.. Failure of anterior cingulate activation and connectivity with the amygdala during implicit regulation of emotional processing in generalized anxiety disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2010 ; 167: 545-554
18. Evans K. C., Wright C. I., Wedig M. M., Gold A. L., Pollack M. H., Rauch S. L.. A functional MRI study of amygdala responses to angry schematic faces in social anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety. 2008 ; 25: 496-505
19. Goldin P. R., Manber T., Hakimi S., Canli T., Gross J. J.. Neural bases of social anxiety disorder: Emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation during social and physical threat. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2009 ; 66: 170-180
20. Goldin P. R., Manber-Ball T., Werner K., Heimberg R., Gross J. J.. Neural mechanisms of cognitive reappraisal of negative self-beliefs in social anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 2009 ; 66: 1091-1099
21. Grillon C., Pine D. S., Lissek S., Rabin S., Bonne O., Vythilingam M.. Increased anxiety during anticipation of unpredictable aversive stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder but not in generalized anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 2009 ; 66: 47-53
22. Guyer A. E., Lau J.Y., McClure-Tone E. B., Parrish J., Shiffrin N. D., Reynolds R. C.,... Nelson E. E.. Amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex function during anticipated peer evaluation in pediatric social anxiety. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2008 ; 65: 1303-1312
23. Hermann C., Ziegler S., Birbaumer N., Flor H.. Psychophysiological and subjective indicators of aversive pavlovian conditioning in generalized social phobia. Biological Psychiatry. 2002 ; 52: 328-337
24. Hoehn-Saric R., McLeod D. R., Zimmerli W. D.. Somatic manifestations in women with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychophysiological responses to psychological stress. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1989 ; 46: 1113-1119
25. Hoehn-Saric R., Schlund M. W., Wong S. H.. Effects of citalopram on worry and brain activation in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Research. 2004 ; 131: 11-21
26. Lissek S., Powers A. S., McClure E. B., Phelps E. A., Woldehawariat G., Grillon C., Pine D. S.. Classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Behavior Research and Therapy. 2005 ; 43: 1391-1424
27. Lorberbaum J. P., Kose S., Johnson M. R., Arana G. W., Sullivan L. K., Hamner M. B.,... George M. S.. Neural correlates of speech anticipatory anxiety in generalized social phobia. Neuroreport. 2004 ; 15: 2701-2705
28. Martin E. I., Ressler K. J., Binder E., Nemeroff C. B.. The neurobiology of anxiety disorders: Brain imaging, genetics, and psychoneuroendocrinology. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine. 2010 ; 30: 865-891
29. McClure E. B., Monk C. S., Nelson E. E., Parrish J. M., Adler A., Blair R. J.,... Pine D. S.. Abnormal attention modulation of fear circuit function in pediatric generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2007 ; 64: 97-106
30. McTeague L. M., Lang P. J., Laplante M. C., Cuthbert B. N., Strauss C. C., Bradley M. M.. Fearful imagery in social phobia: Generalization, comorbidity, and physiological reactivity. Biological Psychiatry. 2009 ; 65: 374-382
31. Mennin D. S., Holaway R. M., Fresco D. M., Moore M. T., Heimberg R. G.. Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology. Behavior Therapy. 2007 ; 38: 284-302
32. Milad M. R., Rauch S. L.. The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in anxiety disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2007 ; 1121: 546-561
33. Mogg K., Bradley B. P.. Selective orienting of attention to masked threat faces in social anxiety. Behavior Research and Therapy. 2002 ; 40: 1403-1414
34. Monk C. S., Telzer E. H., Mogg K., Bradley B. P., Mai X., Louro H. M. C.,... Pine D. S.. Amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation to masked angry faces in children and adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2008 ; 65: 568-76
35. Murphy F. C., Nimmo-Smith I., Lawrence A. D.. Functional neuroanatomy of emotions: A meta-analysis. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience. 2003 ; 3: 207-233
36. Nakao T., Sanematsu H., Yoshiura T., Togao O., Murayama K., Tomita M.,... Kanba S.. fMRI of patients with social anxiety disorder during a social situation task. Neuroscience Research. 2011 ; 69: 67-72
37. Nitschke J. B., Sarinopoulos I., Oathes D. J., Johnstone T., Whalen P. J., Davidson R. J., Kalin N. H.. Anticipatory activation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate in generalized anxiety disorder and prediction of treatment response. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2009 ; 166: 302-310
38. Northoff G., Heinzel A., de Greck M., Bermpohl F., Dobrowolny H., Panksepp J.. Self-referential processing in our brain-A meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self. Neuroimage. 2006 ; 31: 440-457
39. Ochsner K. N., Ray R. D., Cooper J. C., Robertson E. R., Chopra S., Gabrieli J. D., Gross J. J.. For better or for worse: Neural systems supporting the cognitive down- and up-regulation of negative emotion. Neuroimage. 2004 ; 23: 483-499
40. Palm M. E., Elliott R., McKie S., Deakin J. F. W., Anderson I. M.. Attenuated responses to emotional expressions in women with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychological Medicine. 2011 ; 41: 1009-1018
41. Paulesu E., Sambugaro E., Torti T., Danelli L., Ferri F., Scialfa G.,... Sassaroli S.. Neural correlates of worry in generalized anxiety disorder and in normal controls: A functional MRI study. Psychological Medicine. 2010 ; 40: 117-124
42. Pessoa L., McKenna M., Gutierrez E., Ungerleider L. G.. Neural processing of emotional faces requires attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 2002 ; 99: 11458-11463
43. Pessoa L., Ungerleider L. G.. Neuroimaging studies of attention and the processing of emotion-laden stimuli. Progress in Brain Research. 2004 ; 144: 171-182
44. Phan K. L., Fitzgerald D. A., Nathan P. J., Tancer M. E.. Association between amygdala hyperactivity to harsh faces and severity of social anxiety in generalized social phobia. Biological Psychiatry. 2006 ; 59: 424-429
45. Pitman R. K., Orr S. P.. Test of the conditioning model of neurosis: Differential aversive conditioning of angry and neutral facial expressions in anxiety disorder patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1986 ; 95: 208-213
46. Schneider F., Weiss U., Kessler C., Muller-Gartner H. W., Posse S., Salloum J. B.,... Birbaumer N.. Subcortical correlates of differential classical conditioning of aversive emotional reactions in social phobia. Biological Psychiatry. 1999 ; 45: 863-871
47. Stein M. B., Goldin P. R., Sareen J., Zorrilla L. T., Brown G. G.. Increased amygdala activation to angry and contemptuous faces in generalized social phobia. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 ; 59: 1027-1034
48. Straube T., Kolassa I. T., Glauer M., Mentzel H. J., Miltner W. H.. Effect of task conditions on brain responses to threatening faces in social phobics: An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biological Psychiatry. 2004 ; 56: 921-930
49. Straube T., Mentzel H. J., Miltner W. H.. Common and distinct brain activation to threat and safety signals in social phobia. Neuropsychobiology. 2005 ; 52: 163-168
50. Thayer J. F., Friedman B. H., Borkovec T. D., Johnsen B. H., Molina S.. Phasic heart period reactions to cued threat and nonthreat stimuli in generalized anxiety disorder. Psychophysiology. 2000 ; 37: 361-368
51. Tillfors M., Furmark T., Marteinsdottir I., Fredrikson M.. Cerebral blood flow during anticipation of public speaking in social phobia: A PET study. Biological Psychiatry. 2002 ; 52: 1113-1119
52. van Ameringen M., Mancini C., Szechtman H., Nahmias C., Oakman J. M., Hall G. B.,... Farvolden P.. A PET provocation study of generalized social phobia. Psychiatry Research. 2004 ; 132: 13-18
53. Veit R., Flor H., Erb M., Hermann C., Lotze M., Grodd W., Birbaumer N.. Brain circuits involved in emotional learning in antisocial behavior and social phobia in humans. Neuroscience Letters. 2002 ; 328: 233-236
54. Waters A. M., Mogg K., Bradley B. P., Pine D. S.. Attentional bias for emotional faces in children with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2008 ; 47: 435-442
55. Watson J. B., Rayner R.. Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1920 ; 3: 1-14
56. Whalen P. J., Johnstone T., Somerville L. H., Nitschke J. B., Polis S., Alexander A. L.,... Kalin N. H.. A functional magnetic resonance imaging predictor of treatment response to venlafaxine in generalized anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 2008 ; 63: 858-863