On-chip two-phase cooling of datacenters: Cooling system and energy recovery evaluation

Applied Thermal Engineering

Volumn 41, Issue , 2012, Pages 36-51

  Marcinichen, Jackson Braz ^a   Olivier, Jonathan Albert ^a   Thome, John Richard ^a  

^a EPFL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Datacenter; Energy recovery; Hybrid two phase cooling cycle; Micro evaporator; Microprocessor; Power plant

Indexed keywords

BLADE SERVERS; COAL POWER PLANTS; COOLING CYCLE; COOLING PROCESS; DATA CENTERS; DATACENTER; DIRECT COOLING; ELECTRICITY COSTS; ENERGY RECOVERY; ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY; EXERGETIC EFFICIENCY; HFC-134A; HYBRID COOLING; MICRO EVAPORATORS; ON CHIPS; POWER PLANT EFFICIENCY; PUMPING POWER CONSUMPTION; TOTAL ENERGY; WORKING FLUID;

CARBON DIOXIDE; ENERGY UTILIZATION; EVAPORATORS; METAL RECOVERY; MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS; POWER PLANTS;

ELECTRONIC COOLING;

EID: 84860433536     PISSN: 13594311     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.12.008     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (56)

1. B. Agostini, M. Fabbri, J.E. Park, L. Wojtan, J.R. Thome, and B. Michel State of the art of high heat flux cooling technologies Heat Transfer Engineering 28 2007 258 281
2. B. Agostini, M. Fabbri, J.R. Thome, and B. Michel High heat flux two-phase cooling in silicon multimicrochannels IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 31 3 2008 691 701
3. o bend pressure loss model Forschung im Ingenieurwesen 69 2005 120 130
4. A. Azzi, L. Friedel, and S. Belaadi Two-phase gas/liquid flow pressure loss in bends Forschung im Ingenieurwesen 65 2000 309 318
5. A. Barnea Transition from annular flow and from dispersed bubble flow - unified models for the whole range of pipe inclinations International Journal of Multiphase Flow 12 5 1986 733 744
6. D. Barnea, O. Shoham, and Y. Taitel Flow pattern transition for vertical downward two phase flow Chemical Engineering Science 37 5 1982 741 744
7. H. Blasius Das Ähnlichkeitsgesetz bei Reibungsvorgängen in Flussigkeiten 1913 Fors-chg. Arb. Ing. -Wes., 131 Berlin
8. Carbon Tax In Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Retrieved 08:12, July 26, 2010, 2010 Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon- tax&oldid=374709823
9. A. Cavallini, D. Del Col, L. Doretti, G.A. Longo, and L. Rossetto Heat transfer and pressure drop during condensation of refrigerants inside horizontal enhanced tubes International Journal of Refrigeration 23 2000 4 25
10. A. Cicchitti, C. Lombardi, M. Silvestri, G. Soldaini, and R. Zavattarelli Two-phase cooling experiments-pressure drop, heat transfer and burnout measurements Energia Nuclear 7 1960 407 425
11. F.W. Dittus, and L.M.K. Boelter Publications on Engineering vol. 2 1930 University of California Berkeley 443
12. V. Dupont, J.R. Thome, and A.M. Jacobi Heat transfer model for evaporation in microchannels. Part II: comparison with the database International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 2004 3387 3401
13. EPA Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency Public Law pp. 109-431 2007 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
14. P. Ganapati Water-Cooled Supercomputer Doubles as Dorm Space Heater Retrieved 12:12, February 18, 2011, 2009 Available from: http://www.wired.com/ gadgetlab/2009/06/ibm-supercomputer/
15. J.M. Gonçalves, C. Melo, C.J.L. Hermes, and J.R. Barbosa Experimental mapping of the thermodynamic losses in vapor compression refrigeration systems Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 33 2 2011 159 165
16. R. Hannemann, J. Marsala, and M. Pitasi Pumped liquid multiphase cooling Proceedings IMECE - International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Anaheim, CA, USA, Paper 60669 2004
17. C.J.L. Hermes, C. Melo, F.T. Knabben, and J.M. Gonçalves Prediction of the energy consumption of household refrigerators and freezers via steady-state simulation International Journal of Applied Energy 86 2009 1311 1319
18. IBM IBM BladeCenter: Build Smarter IT Retrieved 09:30, May 20, 2011, 2010 Available from: ftp://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/en/blb03002usen/ BLB03002USEN.PDF
19. J. Ishimine, Y. Ohba, S. Ikeda, and M. Suzuki Improving IDC cooling and air conditioning efficiency FUJITSU Scientific & Technical Journal 45 2009 123 133
20. J.G. Koomey Estimating Total Power Consumption by Servers in the U.S. and the World February 15, 2007 Analytics Press Oakland, CA Available from: http://enterprise.amd.com/us-en/AMD-Business/Technology-Home/Power-Management. aspx
21. J.B. Larson America's Energy Security Trust Fund Act of 2009 2009 H.R. 1337
22. J. Lee, and I. Mudawar Low-Temperature two-phase microchannel cooling for high-Heat-Flux thermal Management of Defense electronics IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 32 2 2009 453 465
23. P.L. Leonard, and A.L. Phillips The Thermal Bus Opportunity - A Quantum Leap in Data Center Cooling Potential 2005 ASHRAE Transactions Denver, CO
24. D. Liu, and S. Wang Flow pattern and pressure drop of upward two-phase flow in vertical capillaries Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 47 2008 243 255
25. Y. Madhour, J.A. Olivier, E. Costa-Patry, S. Paredes, B. Michel, and J.R. Thome Flow Boiling of R134a in a Multi-Microchannel Heat Sink with Hotspot Heaters for Energy-Efficient Microelectronic CPU Cooling Applications, IEEE Transactions on Components Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 1 6 2011 873 883
26. Marcinichen, J.B., Thome, J.R., 2010, "New Novel Green Computer Two-Phase Cooling Cycle: a Model for Its Steady-State Simulation", in Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems - ECOS2010, Lausanne, Switzerland.
27. J.B. Marcinichen, J.R. Thome, and B. Michel Cooling of microprocessors with micro-evaporation: a novel two-phase cooling cycle International Journal of Refrigeration 2010
28. J.B. Marcinichen, J.A. Olivier, V. Oliveira, and J.R. Thome A Review of On-Chip Micro-Evaporation: Experimental Evaluation of Liquid Pumping and Vapor Compression Driven Cooling Systems and Control International Journal of Applied Energy 92 2011 147 161
29. A.W. Mauro, J.R. Thome, D. Toto, and G.P. Vanoli Saturated critical heat flux in a multi-microchannel heat sink Fed by a split flow system Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 34 2010 81 92
30. J.P. Meyer, and J.A. Olivier Transitional flow inside enhanced tubes for fully developed and developing flow with different types of inlet disturbances: part II-heat transfer International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 2011 1598 1607
31. R.L. Mitchel Carbon tax could whack data centers Computerworld 2010 Available from: http://blogs.computerworld.com/16128/carbon-tax-could-whack- data-centers\
32. Mongia, R., Masahiro, K., DiStefano, E., Barry, J., Chen, W., Izenson, M., Possamai, F., Zimmermann, A. and Mochizuki, M., 2006, "Small scale refrigeration system for electronics cooling within a notebook computer", in Proceedings ITHERM, San Diego, CA.
33. M.J. Moran, I. Howard, and N. Shapiro Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics sixth ed. 2010 John Wiley & Sons 725 pages
34. H. Muller-Steinhagen, and K. Heck A simple pressure drop correlation for two-phase flow in pipes Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 20 1986 297 308
35. W. Nordhaus A Question of Balance - Weighing the Options of Global Warming Policies 2008 Yale University Press New Haven
36. Olivier, J.A., Marcinichen, J.B and Thome, J.R., 2010, "Two-phase cooling of datacenters: reduction in energy costs and improved efficiencies", in Proceedings of the 13th Brazilian congress of thermal sciences and engineering - ENCIT2010, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil.
37. C.L. Ong, and J.R. Thome Macro-to-microchannel transition in two-phase flow: part 2 - flow boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 2011 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2010.12.003
38. Park, J.E., 2008. "Critical heat flux in multi-microchannel copper elements with low pressure refrigerants", PhD Thesis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
39. J.E. Park, and J.R. Thome Critical heat flux in multi-microchannel copper elements with low pressure refrigerants International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 2010 110 122
40. Perez-Tellez, C., 2003, "Improved bottomhole pressure control for underbalanced drilling operations", Ph.D. Dissertation, Louisiana State University.
41. T.S. Ravigururajan, and A.E. Bergles General correlations for pressure drop and heat transfer for single-phase turbulent flow in internally ribbed tubes Augmentation of Heat Transfer in Energy Systems 52 1985 9 20
42. R. Revellin, and J.R. Thome A theoretical model for the prediction of the critical heat flux in heated microchannels International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 51 2008 1216 1225
43. G. Ribatski, L. Wojtan, and J.R. Thome An analysis of experimental data and prediction methods for two-phase frictional pressure drop and flow boiling heat transfer in micro-scale channels Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 31 2006 1 19
44. M.A. Rosen, I. Dincer, and M. Kanoglu Role of exergy in increasing efficiency and sustainability and reducing environmental impact Energy Policy 36 2008 128 137
45. M. Saini, and R.L. Webb Heat rejection limits of air cooled plane fin heat sinks for computer cooling IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 26 1 2003 71 79
46. E. Samadiani, S. Joshi, and F. Mistree The thermal design of a next generation data center: a conceptual exposition Journal of Electronic Packing 130 2008 041104 41111 041104-041108
47. R.R. Schmidt, and B.D. Notohardjono High-end server low-temperature cooling IBM Journal of Research and Development 46 2002 739 751
48. P.L. Spedding, E. Benard, and G.M. McNally Fluid flow through 90 degree bends Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing 12 2004 107 128
49. Y. Taitel, D. Bornea, and A.E. Dukler Modelling flow pattern transitions for steady upward gas-liquid flow in vertical tubes AIChE Journal 26 3 1980 345 355
50. Thome, J.R., Agostini, B., Revellin, R. and Park, J.E., 2007, "Recent advances in thermal modeling of micro-evaporators for cooling of microprocessors", in Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical engineering Congress and exposition (IMECE), Seattle, Washington.
51. Thome, J.R. and Bruch, A., 2008, "Refrigerated cooling of microprocessors with micro-evaporation heat sinks: new development and energy Conservation Prospects for green datacenters", in Proceedings Institute of refrigeration (IOR).
52. J. Thome, V. Dupont, and A. Jacobi Heat transfer model for evaporation in microchannels. Part I: presentation of the model International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 2004 3375 3385
53. S. Trutassanawin, E.A. Groll, S.V. Garimella, and L. Cremaschi Experimental investigation of a miniature-scale refrigeration system for electronics cooling IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 29 3 2006 678 687
54. S. Voss, and G. Gould The Rankine Cycle: Workhorse of the Coal-fired Utility Industry 2001 TechBriefs, Burns & McDonnell No 3, pp. 4-6
55. World-Coal-Association Coal & Electricity 2011 Available from: http://www.worldcoal.org /coal/uses-of-coal/coal-electricity/
56. R. Zhou, T. Zhang, J. Catano, J.T. Wen, G.J. Michna, Y. Peles, and M.K. Jensen The steady-state modeling and optimization of a refrigeration system for high heat flux removal Applied Thermal Engineering 30 2010 2347 2356