Abatement of organic pollutant concentrations in residual treatment sludges: A review of selected treatment technologies including drying

Drying Technology

Volumn 29, Issue 14, 2011, Pages 1601-1610

  Tunçal, Tolga ^a   Jangam, Sachin V ^b   Günes, Elçin ^a  

^a NAMIK KEMAL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Advanced oxidation process (aop); Drying; Persistent organic pollutants (pops); Regulations; Sludge; Sludge dewatering; Treatment methods

Indexed keywords

DEWATERING; DRYING; EFFLUENTS; HALOGEN COMPOUNDS; HEAVY METALS; ORGANIC CARBON; PHENOLS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; SLUDGE DISPOSAL; STABILIZATION; WATER ANALYSIS; WATER QUALITY;

ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; REGULATIONS; SLUDGE; SLUDGE DEWATERING; TREATMENT METHODS;

ORGANIC POLLUTANTS;

EID: 84860415488     PISSN: 07373937     EISSN: 15322300     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2011.602307     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Ying, G.G.; Williams, B.; Kookana, R. Environmental fate of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates-A review. Environment International 2002, 28, 215-226.
2. Stasinakis, A.S.; Thomaidis, N.S.; Nikolaou, A.; Kantifes, A. Aerobic biodegradation of organotin compounds in activated sludge batch reactors. Environmental Pollution 2005, 134, 431-438.
3. World Health Organization. Global assessment of the state-of-thescience of endocrinedisruptors. 2002. Available at: http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/newissues/endocrine_disruptors/en/ (accessed July 23, 2011).
4. Auirol, M.; Filali-Meknassi, Y.; Tyagi, R.D.; Adams, C.D.; Surampalli, R.Y. Endocrine disrupting compounds removal from wastewater: A new challenge. Process Biochemistry 2006, 41, 525-539.
5. Webber, M.D.; Roger, H.R.; Watts, C.D.; Boxall, A.B.A.; DaVis, R.D.; Scoffm, R. Monitoring and prioritisation of organic contaminants in sewage sludges using specific chemical analysis and predictive non-analytical methods. Science of the Total Environment 1996, 185, 27-44.
6. Bright, D.A.; Healey, N. Contaminant risks from biosolids land application: Contemporary organic contaminant levels in digested sewage sludge from five treatment plants in Greater Vancouver, British Columbia. Environmental Pollution 2003, 126, 39-49.
7. Stevens, J.; Northcott, G.; Stern, G.; Tomy, G.; Jones, K.C. PAHs, PCBs, PCNs, organochlorine pesticides, synthetic musks, and polychlorinated nalkanes in U.K. Sewage Sludge: Survey results and implications. Environmental Science and Technology 2003, 37, 462-467.
8. Katsoyiannis, A.; Samara, C. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the conventional activated sludge treatment process: fate and massbalance. Environmental Research 2005, 97, 245-257.
9. Katsoyiannis, A.; Samara, C. Persistent organic pollutants (POPS) in the sewage treatment plant of Thessaloniki, northern Greece: Occurrence and removal. Water Research 2004, 38, 2685-2698.
10. Blanchard, M.; Teil, M.J.; Ollivon, D.; Legenti, L.; Chevreuil, M. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorobiphenyls in wastewaters and sewage sludges from the Paris area (France). Environmental Research 2004, 95, 184-197.
11. Manoli, E.; Samara, C. Occurrence and mass balance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Thessaloniki sewage treatment plant. Journal of Environmental Quality 1999, 28, 176-187.
12. Byrns, G. The fate of xenobiotic organic compounds in wastewater treatment plants. Water Research 2001, 35, 2523-2533.
13. Bodzek, D.; Janoszka, B. Comparison of polycyclic aromatic compounds and heavy metals contents in sewage sludges fromindustrialized and nonindustrialized region. Water Air Soil Pollution 1999, 111, 359-369.
14. Barret, M.; Cea Barcia, G.; Guillon, A.; Carrere, H.; Patureau, D. Influence of feed characteristics on the removal of micropollutants during the anaerobic digestion of contaminated sludge. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2010, 181, 241-247.
15. Laturnus, F.; von Arnold, K.; Grø, C. Organic contaminants from sewage sludge applied to agricultural soils. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2007, 14, 53-60.
16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey Statistical Analysis Report; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water: Washington, DC, 2009. EPA-822-R-08-018.
17. Korner, W.; Bolz, U.; Süßmuth, B.; Hiller, G.; Schuller, W.; Hanf, V.; Hagenmaier, H. Input/output balance of estrogenic active compounds in a major municipal sewage plant in Germany. Chemosphere 2000, 40, 1131-1142.
18. Johnson, A.C.; Sumpter, J.P. Removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals in activated sludge treatment works. Environmental Science and Technology 2001, 35, 4697-4703.
19. Boyd, G.R.; Reemtsma, H.; Grimm, D.A.; Mitra, S. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface and treated waster of Louisiana, USA and Otario, Canada. Science of the Total Environment 2003, 311, 135-149.
20. Lee, W.J.; Liao, M.C.; Tsai, P.J.; Hsieh, L.T. Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from medical waste incinerators. Atmospheric Environment 2002, 36, 781-790.
21. Chen, S.-J.; Hsieh, L.-T.; Chiu, S.-C. Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from animal carcass incinerators. The Science of Total Environment 2003, 313, 61-76.
22. Mininni, G.; Sbrilli, A.; Guerriero, E.; Rotatori, M. Dioxins and furans formation in pilot incineration tests of sewage sludge spiked with organic chlorine. Chemosphere 2004, 54, 1337-1350.
23. Park, J.M.; Lee, S.B.; Kim, J.P.; Kim, M.J.; Kwon, O.S.; Jung, D. Behavior of PAHs from sewage sludge incinerators in Korea. Waste Management 2009, 29, 690-695.
24. Williams, P.T.; Horne, P.A. Analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons in pyrolytic oil derived from biomass. Journal Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 1995, 31, 15-37.
25. Dai, X.; Wu, C.; Li, H.; Chen, Y. The fast pyrolysis of biomass in CFB reactor. Energy Fuels 2000, 14, 552-557.
26. Laresgoiti, M.F.; Caballero, B.M.; de Marco, I.; Torres, A.; Cabrero, M.A.; Chomon, M.J. Characterization of the liquid products obtained in tyre pyrolysis. Journal Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2004, 71, 917-934.
27. Dominguez, A.; Menendez, J.A.; Inguanzo, M.; Pis, J.J. Investigations into the characteristics of oils produced from microwave pyrolysis of sewage sludge. Fuel Processing Technology 2005, 86, 1007-1020.
28. Tsai, W.T.; Mi, H.H.; Chang, Y.M.; Yang, S.Y.; Chang, J.H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bio-crudes from inductionheating pyrolysis of biomass wastes. Bioresource Technology 2007, 98, 1133-1137.
29. Arana, J.; Herrera Melian, J.A.; Dona Rodriguez, J.M.; Gonzalez Diaz, O.; Viera, A.; Perez Pena, J.; Marrero Sosa, P.M.; Espino Jimenez, V. TiO2-photocatalysis as a tertiary treatment of naturally treated wastewater. Catalysis Today 2002, 76, 279-289.
30. Al-Bastaki, N.M. Performance of advanced methods for treatment of wastewater: UV/TiO2, RO and UF. Chemical Engineering Processing 2004, 43, 935-940.
31. Chiang, K.; Lim, T.M.; Tsen, L.; Lee, C.C. Photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of bisphenol A by TiO2 and platinized TiO2. Applied Catalysis A 2004, 261, 225-237.
32. Coleman, H.M.; Chiang, K.; Amal, R. Effects of Ag and Pt on photocatalytic degradation of endocrine disrupting chemicals in water. Chemical Engineering Journal 2005, 113(1), 65-72.
33. Andreozzi, R.; Canterino, M.; Lo Giudice, R.; Marotta, R.; Pinto G.; Pollio, A. Lincomycin solar photodegradation, algal toxicity and removal from wastewaters by means of ozonation. Water Research 2006, 40, 630-638.
34. Belgiorno, V.; Rizzo, L.; Fatta, D.; Rocca, C.D.; Lofrano, G.; Nikolaou, A.; Naddeo, V.; Meric, S. Review on endocrine disrupting- emerging compounds in urban wastewater: occurrence and removal by photocatalysis and ultrasonic irradiation for wastewater reuse. Desalination 2007, 215, 166-176.
35. Tunçal, T. Improving thermal dewatering characteristics of mechanically dewatered sludge: Response surface analysis of combined lime- heat treatment. Water Environment Research 2011, 83, 405-410.
36. Tunçal, T. Comparing alkaline and thermal disintegration characteristics for mechanically dewatered sludge. Environmental Technology 2011, 32(14), 1581-1588.
37. Navaee-Ardeh, S.; Bertrand, F.; Stuart, P.R. Development and experimental evaluation of a 1D distributed model of transport phenomena in a continuous biodrying process for pulp and paper mixed sludge. Drying Technology 2011, 29(2), 135-152.
38. Apul, O.; Güven, A.; Ilgin, Z.; Gözde, T.; Sanin, F.D. The dewaterability of disintegrated sludge samples before and after anaerobic digestion. Drying Technology 2010, 28(7), 901-909.
39. Tunçal, T. Evaluating sludge drying potential of different sludge types: Effect of commonly used chemical addictives. Drying Technology 2010, 28, 1344-1349.
40. Chen, G.; Yue, P.L.; Mujumdar, A.S. Drying of sludges. In Handbook of Industrial Drying, 3rd enhanced Ed.; Mujumdar, A.S., Ed.; Taylor & Francis: New York, 2006; 887-904.
41. Seginer, I.; Bux, M. Modeling solar drying rate of wastewater sludge. Drying Technology 2006, 24, 1353-1363.
42. Seginer, I.; Ioslovich, I.; Bux, M. Optimal control of solar sludge dryer. Drying Technology 2007, 25, 401-415.
43. Li Hua, L.; Wu, W.; Liu, Y.; Chen, Y.; McBride, M.B. Effect of composting on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons removal in sewage sludge. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 2008, 193, 259-267.
44. Laturnus, F.; Arnold, K.; Gron, C. Organic contaminants from sewage sludge applied to agricultural soils. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2007, 14, 53-60.
45. Hayashi, N.; Koike, S.; Yasutomi, R.; Kasai, E. Weight and volume reduction of organic sludges and enhanced recovery of biomass resources using sonophotocatalysis. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology 2009, 31, 635-639.
46. Salihoglu, N.K.; Pinarli, V.; Salihoglu, G. Solar drying in sludge management in Turkey. Renewable Energy 2007, 32, 1661-1675.
47. Harrison, E.Z.; Oakes, S.R.; Hysell, M.; Hay, A. Organic chemicals in sewage sludges. Science of Total Environment 2006, 367, 481-497.
48. Schnaak, W.; Kuchler, T.; Kujawa, M.; Henschel, K.P.; Sussenbach, D.; Donau, R. Organic contaminants in sewage sludge and their ecotoxicological significance in the agricultural utilization of sewage sludge. Chemosphere 1997, 35, 5-11.
49. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Sewage sludge; use or disposal standards: Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds; numeric concentration limits. Federal Register 1999, 64, 246, 72045.
50. Miege, C.; Dugay, J.; Hennion, M.C. Optimization and validation of solvent and supercritical-fluid extractions for the trace-determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludges by liquid chromatography coupled to diode-array and fluorescence detection. Journal of Chromatography A 1998, 823, 219-230.
51. Perez, S.; Guillamon, M.; Barcelo, D. Quantitative analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants. Journal of Chromatography A 2001, 938, 57-65.
52. Grimvall, A.; de Leer, E.W.B., Eds. Naturally Produced Organohalogens. Environment and Chemistry, Vol. 1; Kluwer Academic Publishers:Dordrecht, 1995.
53. Planquart, P.; Bonin, G.; Prone, A.; Massiani, C. Distribution, movement and plant availability of trace metals in soils amended with sewage sludge composts: Application to low metal loadings. Science of Total Environment 1999, 241, 161-179.
54. Shomar, B. Sources of adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) in sludge of Gaza. Chemosphere 2007, 69, 1130-1135.
55. Jones, F.W.; Westmoreland, D.J. Degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates during the composting of sludges from wool scour effluents. Environmental Science and Technology 1998, 32, 2623-2627.
56. Lee, H.B.; Peart, T.E. Determination of 4-nonylphenol in effluent and sewage sludge from sewage treatment plants. Analytical Chemistry 1995, 67, 1976-1980.
57. Banat, F.A.; Prechtl, S.; Bischof, F. Aerobic thermophilic treatment of sewage sludge contaminated with 4-nonylphenol. Chemosphere 2000, 41, 297-302.
58. Jones, K.C.; Northcott, G.L. Organic Contaminants in Sewage Sludges: A Survey of UK Samples and a Consideration of their Significance-Final Report to the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions 2000 Water Quality Division. Lancaster University: Lancaster, UK, 2000.
59. Alzola, R.; Pons, B.; Bravo, D.; Arranz, A. Determination of linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LASs) in sewage sludge and carrots by capillary electrophoresis-UV detection. Environmental Technology 2009, 30(5), 463-468.
60. Tarr, B.D.; Barron, M.G.; Hayton, W.L. Effect of body size on the uptake and bioconcentration of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in rainbow trout. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 1990, 9, 989-995.
61. Staples, C.A.; Peterson, D.R.; Parkerton, T.F.; Adams, W.J. The environmental fate of phthalate esters: A literature review. Chemosphere 1997, 35, 667-749.
62. Huber, W.W.; Grasl, K.B.; Schulte, H.R. Hepatocarcinogenic potential of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in rodents and its implications on human risk. Critical Review in Toxicology 1996, 26, 365-481.
63. Cheng, H.F.; Kumar, M.; Lin, J.G. Assessment of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (dehp) in municipal and industrial sludges of Taiwan by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and gas chromatography with electron ionization detection. Separation Science and Technology 2008, 43, 132-146.
64. Wild, S.R.; Harrad, S.J.; Jones, K.C. The influence of sewage sludge applications to agricultural land on human exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs). Environmental Pollution 1994, 83(3), 357-369.
65. Wilson, S.C.; Burnett, V.; Waterhouse, K.S.; Jones, K.C. Volatile organic compounds in digested United Kingdom sewage sludges. Environmental Science and Technology 1994, 28(2), 259-266.
66. Cai, Q.Y.; Mo, C.H.; Wu, Q.T. Quantitative determination of organic priority pollutants in the composts of sewage sludge with rice straw by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 2007, 1143, 207-214.
67. Schaaf, H. Chlorinated hydrocarbons and PCBS in field soils, sediments and sewage sludges. In Effects of Organic Components in Sewage Sludge on Soil Fertility, Plants, and Animals; Hall, J.E., Sauerbeck, D.R., L'Hermite, P., Eds.; Commission of the European Communities: Luxembourg, 1992.
68. Paulsrud, B.; Wien, A.; Nedland, K.T. A Survey of Toxic Organics in Norwegian Sewage Sludge, Compost and Manure; Aquateam, Norwegian Water Technology Centre: Oslo, Norway, 2000.
69. ICON. Pollutants inUrbanWasteWater and Sewage Sludge. European Commission, I.C. Consultants Ltd.: London, 2001. Final Report.
70. Abad, E.; Martinez, K.; Planas, C.; Palacios, O.; Caixach, J.; Rivera, J. Priority organic pollutant assessment of sludges for agricultural purposes. Chemosphere 2005, 61, 1358-1369.
71. El-Hadj, T.B.; Dosta, J.; Torres, R.; Mata-Alvarez, J. PCB and AOX removal in mesophilic and thermophilic sewage sludge digestion. Biochemical Engineering Journal 2007, 36, 281-287.
72. Patureau, D.; Trably, E. Impact of anaerobic and aerobic processes on polychloro-biphenyl removal in contaminated sewage sludge. Biodegradation 2006, 17, 9-17.
73. Patureau, D.; Delgenes, N.; Delgenes, J.P. Impact of sewage sludge treatment processes on the removal of the endocrine disrupters nonylphenol ethoxylates. Chemosphere 2008, 72, 586-591.
74. Chang, B.V.; Chiang, F.; Yuan, S.Y. Anaerobic degradation of nonylphenol in sludge. Chemosphere 2005, 59, 1415-1420.
75. Hernandez-Raquet, G.; Soef, A.; Delgenes, N.; Balaguer, P. Removal of the endocrine disrupter nonylphenol and its estrogenic activity in sludge treatment processes. Water Research 2007, 41, 2643-2651.
76. Cai, Q.Y.; Mo, C.H.; Wu, Q.T.; Zeng, Q.Y.; Katsoyiannis, A.; Ferard, J.F. Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated sewage sludge by different composting processes. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2007, 142, 535-542.
77. Nicholls, T.P.; Lester, J.N.; Perry, R. The influence of heat treatment on the metallic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of sewage sludge. Science of the Total Environment 1979, 14, 19-30.
78. Chen, G.; Yue, P.L.; Mujumdar, A.S. Sludge dewatering and drying. Drying Technology 2002, 20, 883-916.
79. Chen, B.-H.; Lee, S.-J.; Lee, D.J.; Spinosa, L. Rheological behavior of wastewater sludge following cationic polyelectrolyte flocculation. Drying Technology 2006, 24, 1289-1295.
80. Sheng, W.-Y.; Peng, X.F.; Lee, D.J.; Su, A. Coagulation of particles through rapid mixing. Drying Technology 2006, 24, 1271-1276.
81. McIntyre, A.E.; Lester, J.N.; Perry, R. The influence of chemical conditioning and de-watering on the distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine insecticides in sewage sludges. Environmental Pollution Series B 1981, 2, 309-320.
82. Yoshida, H.; Okada, M. Influence of electric field application with decreasing one sided area of electrodes on electro-osmotic dewatering. Drying Technology 2006, 24, 1313-1316.
83. Mujumdar, A.S.; Yoshida, H. Electro-Osmotic Dewatering (EOD) of Bio-Materials. Electrotechnologies for Extraction from Food Plants and Biomaterials; Food Engineering Series; Springer: New York, 2009.
84. Pham-Anh, T.; Sillanpää, M. Fractionation of macro and trace metals due to off-time interrupted electrodewatering. Drying Technology 2010, 28, 762-772.
85. Lee, J.; Lee, J.K.; Choi, H.K. Filter press for electrodewatering of waterworks sludge. Drying Technology 2007, 25, 1649-1657.
86. Wu, Z.H.; Hu, Y.J.; Lee, D.J.; Mujumdar, A.S.; Li, Z.Y. Dewatering and drying in mineral processing industry: Potential for innovation. Drying Technology 2010, 28, 834-842.
87. Yu, G.-H.; He, P.-J.; Shao, L.-M.; Lee, D.-J.; Mujumdar, A.S. Extracellular polymeric substances (eps) and extracellular enzymesin aerobic granules. Drying Technology 2010, 28, 910-915.
88. Waje, S.S.; Mujumdar, A.S.; Thorat, B.N. Screw conveyor dryer: Process and equipment design. Drying Technology 2007, 25, 241-247.
89. Tsotsas, E.; Kwapinska, M.; Saage, G. Modeling of contact dryers. Drying Technology 2007, 25, 1377-1391.
90. Mujumdar, A.S.; Wu, Z. Thermal drying technologies- Cost-effective innovation aided by mathematical modeling approach. Drying Technology 2008, 26, 146-154.
91. Leon, A.M.; Kumar, S. Design and performance evaluation of a solar-assisted biomass drying system with thermal storage. Drying Technology 2008, 26, 936-947.
92. Yan, J.-H.; Deng, W.-Y.; Li, X.-D.; Wang, F.; Chi, Y.; Lu, S.-Y.; Cen, K.-F. Experimental and theoretical study of agitated contact drying of sewage sludge under partial vacuum conditions. Drying Technology 2009, 27, 787-796.
93. Gong, Z.X.; Mujumdar, A.S. Simulation of drying nonaqueous systems-An application of Simprosys software. Drying Technology 2010, 28(1-3), 111-115.
94. Peeters, B. Mechanical dewatering and thermal drying of sludge in a single apparatus. Drying Technology 2010, 28, 454-459.
95. Arlabosse, P.; Chitu, T. Identification of the limiting mechanism in contact drying of agitated sewage sludge. Drying Technology 2007, 25, 557-567.
96. Malhotra, K.; Mujumdar, A.S.; Imakoma, H.; Okazaki, M. Fundamental particle mixing studies in an agitated bed of granular materials in a cylindrical vessel. Powder Technology 1988, 55(2), 107-114.
97. Malhotra, K.; Mujumdar, A.S.; Okazaki, M. Particle flow patterns in a mechanically stirred two-dimensional cylindrical vessel. Powder Technology 1990, 60(2), 179-189.
98. Ferrasse, J.H.; Arlabosse, P.; Lecomte, D. Heat, momentum, and mass transfer measurements in indirect agitated sludge dryer. Drying Technology 2002, 20(4-5), 749-769.
99. Kudra, T.; Mujumdar, A.S. Impinging stream dryers for particles and pastes. Drying Technology 1989, 7, 219-266.
100. Kudra, T.; Mujumdar, A.S.; Meltser, V. Impinging stream dryers. In Handbook of Industrial Drying, 2nd ed.; Mujumdar, A.S., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1995; 539-566.
101. Kudra, T.; Mujumdar, A.S. Advanced Drying Technologies, 2nd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2009.
102. Choicharoen, K.; Devahastin, S.; Soponronnarit, S. Performance and energy consumption of an impinging stream dryer for high-moisture particulate materials. Drying Technology 2010, 28(1-3), 20-29.
103. Mujumdar, A.S. Superheated Steam Drying: Principles Practice and Potential for Use of Electricity; Canadian Electrical Association: Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1990. Report No. 817, U 671.
104. Mujumdar, A.S. Superheated steam drying of paper: Principles,status and potential. In Drying of Solids; Mujumdar, A.S., Ed.; International Science Publisher: New York, 1992; 208-220.
105. Mujumdar, A.S. Superheated steam drying. In Handbook of Industrial Drying, 3rd ed.; Mujumdar, A.S., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2007; 439-452.
106. Shibata, H. Fundamentals of Superheated Steam Drying; Kyushu University Press: Fukuoka, Japan, 2011.
107. Jensen, A.S. Industrial experience in pressurized steam drying of beet pulp, sewage sludge and wood chips. Drying Technology 1995, 13(5-7), 1377-1393.
108. Fitzpatrick, J. Sludge processing by anaerobic digestion and superheated steam drying. Water Research 1998, 32(10), 2897-2902.
109. Kudra, T. Pulse-combustion drying: Status and potentials. Drying Technology 2008, 26(12), 1409-1420.
110. Benali, M.; Kudra, T. Process intensification for drying and dewatering. Drying Technology 2010, 28(10), 1127-1135.
111. Peregrina, C.; Arlabosse, P.; Lecomte, D.; Rudolph, V. Heat and mass transfer during fry-drying of sewage sludge. Drying Technology 2006, 24(7), 797-818.
112. Park, K.-T.; Lim, B.-R.; Lee, S.-K. Drying characteristics of sewage sludge using vacuum evaporation and frying. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 2010, 12(3), 235-239.
113. Ohm, T.-I.; Chae, J.-S.; Kim, J.-E.; Kim, H.-K.; Moon, S.-H. A study on the dewatering of industrial waste sludge by frydrying technology. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2009, 168(1), 445-450.
114. Cambero, C.A.P.; Arlabosse, P.; Lecomte, D. Thermal efficiency in sewage sludge fry drying. In Proceedings of the 14th International Drying Symposium (IDS2004), San Paulo, Brazil, August 22-25, 2004; vol. B.
115. Hayashi, N.; Shimada, S. Study on drying organic sludges by thermal jet dryer-Part 1: Drying performance of thermal jet dryer. Drying Technology 2006, 24(12), 1601-1607.
116. Hayashi, N.; Shimada, S. Study on drying organic sludges by thermal jet dryer-Part 2: Characteristics of air-particle multiphase flow in thermal jet dryer. Drying Technology 2007, 25(12), 1935-1947.
117. Chen, S.H.; Liu, J.C.; Cheng, G.H.; Chang, W.-C. Conditioning and dewatering of phosphorus-rich biological sludge. Drying Technology 2006, 24(10), 1217-1223.
118. Lecomte, D.; Fudym, O.; Carrère-Gée, C.; Arlabosse, P.; Vasseur, J. Method for the design of a contact dryer-Application to sludge treatment in thin film boiling. Drying Technology 2004, 22, 2151-2172.
119. Chen, G.; Yue, P.L.; Mujumdar, A.S. Sludge dewatering and drying. Drying Technology 2002, 20(4), 883-916.
120. Hsu, J.-P.; Tao, T.; Su, A.; Mujumdar, A.S.; Lee, D.-J. Model for sludge cake drying accounting for developing cracks. Drying Technology 2010, 28(7), 922-926.
121. Tao, T.; Peng, X.F.; Lee, D.J. Structure of crack in thermally dried sludge cake. Drying Technology 2005, 23, 1555-1568.
122. Tao, T.; Peng, X.F.; Lee, D.J. Skin layer on thermally dried cake. Drying Technology 2006, 24, 1047-1052.
123. Papadaki, M.; Emery, R.; Abu-Hassan, M.; Diaz-Bustos, A.; Metcalfe, I.; Mantzavinos, D. Sonocatalytic oxidation processes for the removal of contaminants containing aromatic rings from aqueous effluents. Separation and Purification Technology 2004, 34, 35-42.
124. Doong, R.; Chang, W. Photoassisted titanium dioxide mediated degradation of organophosphorus pesticides by hydrogen peroxide. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 1997, 107, 239-244.
125. Farré, M.J.; Franch, M.I.; Malato, S.; Aylló;n, J.A.; Peral, J.; Doménech, X. Degradation of some biorecalcitrant pesticides by homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalytic ozonation. Chemosphere 2005, 58, 1127-1133.