메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 183-197

Low-energy photons in high-energy photon fields - Monte Carlo generated spectra and a new descriptive parameter

Author keywords

Detector responses; Low energy photons; Monte Carlo; Photon spectra; RBE

Indexed keywords

WATER;

EID: 84860389729     PISSN: 09393889     EISSN: 18764436     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2011.02.002     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (21)

References (52)
  • 1
    • 0003680967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absorbed dose determination in external beam radiotherapy: An international Code of Practice for dosimetry based on standards of absorbed dose to water
    • IAEA Technical Report Series No. 398 IAEA, Vienna
    • Andreo P, Burns DT, Hohlfeld K, Huq MS, Kanai T, Laitano F, Smyth VG and Vynckier S. Absorbed dose determination in external beam radiotherapy: An international Code of Practice for dosimetry based on standards of absorbed dose to water. IAEA Technical Report Series No. 398 IAEA, Vienna 2000.
    • (2000)
    • Andreo, P.1    Burns, D.T.2    Hohlfeld, K.3    Huq, M.S.4    Kanai, T.5    Laitano, F.6    Smyth, V.G.7    Vynckier, S.8
  • 2
    • 34247495233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the radiation quality of Co-60 therapy units by the fraction of air kerma attributable to scattered photons
    • Chofor N., Looe H.K., Kapsch R.-P., Harder D., Willborn K.C., Rühmann A., Poppe B. Characterization of the radiation quality of Co-60 therapy units by the fraction of air kerma attributable to scattered photons. Phys. Med. Biol. 2007, 52:N137-147.
    • (2007) Phys. Med. Biol. , vol.52
    • Chofor, N.1    Looe, H.K.2    Kapsch, R.-P.3    Harder, D.4    Willborn, K.C.5    Rühmann, A.6    Poppe, B.7
  • 4
    • 77954249348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photon-beam peripheral doses, their components, and some possibilities for their reduction
    • Chofor N., Harder D., Rühmann A., Willborn K., Wiezorek T., Poppe B. Photon-beam peripheral doses, their components, and some possibilities for their reduction. Phys. Med. Biol. 2010, 5:4011-4027.
    • (2010) Phys. Med. Biol. , vol.5 , pp. 4011-4027
    • Chofor, N.1    Harder, D.2    Rühmann, A.3    Willborn, K.4    Wiezorek, T.5    Poppe, B.6
  • 6
    • 17144381705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Off-axis chamber response in the depth of photon dose maximum
    • Dohm O.S., Fippel M., Christ G., Nuesslin F. Off-axis chamber response in the depth of photon dose maximum. Phys. Med. Biol. 2005, 50:1449-1457.
    • (2005) Phys. Med. Biol. , vol.50 , pp. 1449-1457
    • Dohm, O.S.1    Fippel, M.2    Christ, G.3    Nuesslin, F.4
  • 7
    • 57249116898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dosimetric characteristics of an unshielded p-type Si diode: linearity, photon energy dependence and spatial resolution
    • Djouguela A., Griessbach I., Harder D., Kollhoff R., Chofor N., Rühmann A., Willborn K., Poppe B. Dosimetric characteristics of an unshielded p-type Si diode: linearity, photon energy dependence and spatial resolution. Z. Med. Phys. 2008, 18:301-306.
    • (2008) Z. Med. Phys. , vol.18 , pp. 301-306
    • Djouguela, A.1    Griessbach, I.2    Harder, D.3    Kollhoff, R.4    Chofor, N.5    Rühmann, A.6    Willborn, K.7    Poppe, B.8
  • 8
    • 0036741110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer induction by radiotherapy: dose dependence and spatial relationship to irradiated volume
    • Dörr W., Herrmann Th. Cancer induction by radiotherapy: dose dependence and spatial relationship to irradiated volume. J. Radiol. Prot. 2002, 22:A117-A121.
    • (2002) J. Radiol. Prot. , vol.22
    • Dörr, W.1    Herrmann, T.2
  • 9
    • 4644348621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Near surface photon energy spectra outside a 6 MV field edge
    • Edwards C.R., Mountford P.J. Near surface photon energy spectra outside a 6 MV field edge. Phys. Med. Biol. 2004, 49:N293-N301.
    • (2004) Phys. Med. Biol. , vol.49
    • Edwards, C.R.1    Mountford, P.J.2
  • 10
    • 51849129582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fast modelling of spectra and stopping power ratios using differentiated fluence pencil kernels
    • Eklund K., Ahnesjö A. Fast modelling of spectra and stopping power ratios using differentiated fluence pencil kernels. Phys. Med. Biol. 2008, 53:4231-4247.
    • (2008) Phys. Med. Biol. , vol.53 , pp. 4231-4247
    • Eklund, K.1    Ahnesjö, A.2
  • 11
    • 70449099423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling silicon diode energy response factors for use in therapeutic photon beams
    • Eklund K., Ahnesjö A. Modeling silicon diode energy response factors for use in therapeutic photon beams. Phys. Med. Biol. 2009, 54:6135-6150.
    • (2009) Phys. Med. Biol. , vol.54 , pp. 6135-6150
    • Eklund, K.1    Ahnesjö, A.2
  • 12
    • 1642454600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of beam characteristics of a gold x-ray target and a tungsten replacement target
    • Faggedon B., Egley B., Steinberg T. Comparison of beam characteristics of a gold x-ray target and a tungsten replacement target. Med Phys. 2004, 31:91-97.
    • (2004) Med Phys. , vol.31 , pp. 91-97
    • Faggedon, B.1    Egley, B.2    Steinberg, T.3
  • 13
    • 84860398440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • German Commission on Radiological Protection. Evaluation of the Relative Biological Effectiveness of Different Types of Ionising Radiation. Publ. Elsevier ISBN 3-437-22327-5.
    • German Commission on Radiological Protection. Evaluation of the Relative Biological Effectiveness of Different Types of Ionising Radiation. Publ. Vol. 53, Elsevier 2005, ISBN 3-437-22327-5.
    • (2005) , vol.53
  • 14
    • 84894435938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procedures of dosimetry with probe-type detectors for photon and electron radiation - Part 2: Dosimetry of high-energy photon and electron radiation with ionisation chambers
    • German Institute of Standards, DIN 6800-2.
    • German Institute of Standards, DIN 6800-2. Procedures of dosimetry with probe-type detectors for photon and electron radiation - Part 2: Dosimetry of high-energy photon and electron radiation with ionisation chambers 2008.
    • (2008)
  • 16
    • 4444287900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spectra of scattered photons in large absorbers and their importance for the values of radiation weighting factor wR
    • Harder D., Petoussi-Henss N., Regulla D., Zankl M., Dietze G. Spectra of scattered photons in large absorbers and their importance for the values of radiation weighting factor wR. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 2004, 109:291-295.
    • (2004) Radiat. Prot. Dosim. , vol.109 , pp. 291-295
    • Harder, D.1    Petoussi-Henss, N.2    Regulla, D.3    Zankl, M.4    Dietze, G.5
  • 17
    • 84860421610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological dosimetry. in: World Congress of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Munich, edited by O. Dössel and W. C. Schlegel, Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-3-642-03897-6.
    • Harder D. Biological dosimetry. in: World Congress of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Munich, edited by O. Dössel and W. C. Schlegel, Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-3-642-03897-6.
    • Harder, D.1
  • 18
    • 13244251133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The variation in biological effectiveness of x-rays and gamma rays with energy
    • Hill M.A. The variation in biological effectiveness of x-rays and gamma rays with energy. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 2004, 112:471-481.
    • (2004) Radiat. Prot. Dosim. , vol.112 , pp. 471-481
    • Hill, M.A.1
  • 19
    • 84860416756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NIST X-ray data.
    • Hubbell JH and Seltzer SM. (http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/XrayMassCoef/cover.html) NIST X-ray data. 1999.
    • (1999)
    • Hubbell, J.H.1    Seltzer, S.M.2
  • 20
    • 84860397065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monte Carlo simulation of a Siemens Primus linear accelerator with 15 MV nominal photon energy
    • Bachelor Thesis, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg
    • Hussain KR. Monte Carlo simulation of a Siemens Primus linear accelerator with 15 MV nominal photon energy. Bachelor Thesis, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg 2009.
    • (2009)
    • Hussain, K.R.1
  • 21
    • 84860416373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ICRP Publication 92. Relative biological effectiveness (RBE), quality factor (Q), and radiation weighting factor (wR). J. Valentin Ed., Elsevier Inc. New York 2003.
    • ICRP Publication 92. Relative biological effectiveness (RBE), quality factor (Q), and radiation weighting factor (wR). J. Valentin Ed., Elsevier Inc. New York 2003.
  • 22
    • 84979714796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The EGSnrc code system: Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon transport
    • Kawrakow I and Rogers DWO. NRCC Report PIRS-701 2003, Ottawa, ON: NRCC.
    • Kawrakow I and Rogers DWO. The EGSnrc code system: Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon transport. NRCC Report PIRS-701 2003, Ottawa, ON: NRCC.
  • 23
    • 7244223252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large efficiency improvements in BEAMnrc using directional bremsstrahlung splitting
    • Kawrakow I., Rogers D.W.O., Walters B.R.B. Large efficiency improvements in BEAMnrc using directional bremsstrahlung splitting. Med. Phys. 2004, 31:2883-2898.
    • (2004) Med. Phys. , vol.31 , pp. 2883-2898
    • Kawrakow, I.1    Rogers, D.W.O.2    Walters, B.R.B.3
  • 24
    • 33746608072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient photon beam dose calculations using DOSXYZnrc with BEAMnrc
    • Kawrakow I., Walters B.R.B. Efficient photon beam dose calculations using DOSXYZnrc with BEAMnrc. Med. Phys. 2006, 33:3046-3056.
    • (2006) Med. Phys. , vol.33 , pp. 3046-3056
    • Kawrakow, I.1    Walters, B.R.B.2
  • 25
    • 34249749943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Monte Carlo study of the variation of electron fluence in water from a 6MV photon beam outside of the field
    • Kirkby C., Field C., MacKenzie M., Syme A., Fallone B.G. A Monte Carlo study of the variation of electron fluence in water from a 6MV photon beam outside of the field. Phys. Med. Biol. 2007, 52:3563-3578.
    • (2007) Phys. Med. Biol. , vol.52 , pp. 3563-3578
    • Kirkby, C.1    Field, C.2    MacKenzie, M.3    Syme, A.4    Fallone, B.G.5
  • 26
    • 58149269361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CALDose_X - a software tool for the assessment of organ and tissue absorbed doses, effective dose and cancer risk in diagnostic radiology
    • Kramer R., Khoury H.J., Viera J.W. CALDose_X - a software tool for the assessment of organ and tissue absorbed doses, effective dose and cancer risk in diagnostic radiology. Phys. Med Biol. 2008, 53:6437-6459.
    • (2008) Phys. Med Biol. , vol.53 , pp. 6437-6459
    • Kramer, R.1    Khoury, H.J.2    Viera, J.W.3
  • 29
    • 0031772476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The physical basis for empirical rules used to determine equivalent fields for phantom scatter
    • McDermott P.N. The physical basis for empirical rules used to determine equivalent fields for phantom scatter. Med. Phys. 1998, 25:2215-2219.
    • (1998) Med. Phys. , vol.25 , pp. 2215-2219
    • McDermott, P.N.1
  • 30
    • 0021849353 scopus 로고
    • Energy and angular distributions of photons from medical linear accelerators
    • Mohan R., Chen C. Energy and angular distributions of photons from medical linear accelerators. Med. Phys. 1985, 12:592-597.
    • (1985) Med. Phys. , vol.12 , pp. 592-597
    • Mohan, R.1    Chen, C.2
  • 31
    • 0025895699 scopus 로고
    • Photon energy dependence of the sensitivity of radiochromic film and comparison with silver halide film and LiF TLD's used for brachytherapy dosimetry
    • Muench P.J., Meigooni A.S., Nath R. Photon energy dependence of the sensitivity of radiochromic film and comparison with silver halide film and LiF TLD's used for brachytherapy dosimetry. Med. Phys. 1991, 18:769-775.
    • (1991) Med. Phys. , vol.18 , pp. 769-775
    • Muench, P.J.1    Meigooni, A.S.2    Nath, R.3
  • 32
    • 11244291999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting energy response of radiographic film in a 6 MV x-ray beam using Monte Carlo calculated fluence spectra and absorbed dose
    • Palm A., Kirov A.S., LoSasso T. Predicting energy response of radiographic film in a 6 MV x-ray beam using Monte Carlo calculated fluence spectra and absorbed dose. Med. Phys. 2004, 31:3168-3178.
    • (2004) Med. Phys. , vol.31 , pp. 3168-3178
    • Palm, A.1    Kirov, A.S.2    LoSasso, T.3
  • 33
    • 23944525811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of phantom material and phantom size on radiographic film response in therapy photon beams
    • Palm A., LoSasso T. Influence of phantom material and phantom size on radiographic film response in therapy photon beams. Med. Phys. 2005, 32:2434-2442.
    • (2005) Med. Phys. , vol.32 , pp. 2434-2442
    • Palm, A.1    LoSasso, T.2
  • 35
    • 58149234970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calculation of relative biological effectiveness of a low-energy electronic brachytherapy source
    • Reniers B., Liu D., Rusch T., Verhaegen F. Calculation of relative biological effectiveness of a low-energy electronic brachytherapy source. Phys. Med. Biol. 2008, 53:7125-7135.
    • (2008) Phys. Med. Biol. , vol.53 , pp. 7125-7135
    • Reniers, B.1    Liu, D.2    Rusch, T.3    Verhaegen, F.4
  • 37
    • 34247626996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy dependence of commercially available diode detectors for in-vivo dosimetry
    • Saini A.S., Zhu T.C. Energy dependence of commercially available diode detectors for in-vivo dosimetry. Med. Phys. 2007, 34:1704-1711.
    • (2007) Med. Phys. , vol.34 , pp. 1704-1711
    • Saini, A.S.1    Zhu, T.C.2
  • 38
    • 0037244156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erhöhung der Genauigkeit der Laplace-Transformationsmethode zur Bestimmung des Bremsstrahlungsspektrums klinischer Linearbeschleuniger
    • Scheithauer M., Schwedas M., Wiezorek T., Keller A., Wendt T.G., Harder D. Erhöhung der Genauigkeit der Laplace-Transformationsmethode zur Bestimmung des Bremsstrahlungsspektrums klinischer Linearbeschleuniger. Z. Med. Phys. 2003, 13:22-29.
    • (2003) Z. Med. Phys. , vol.13 , pp. 22-29
    • Scheithauer, M.1    Schwedas, M.2    Wiezorek, T.3    Keller, A.4    Wendt, T.G.5    Harder, D.6
  • 39
    • 54949138047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The depth-dependence of the biological effectiveness of 60Co gamma rays in a large absorber determined by dicentric chromosomes in human lymphocytes
    • Schmid E., Roos H., Kramer H.-M. The depth-dependence of the biological effectiveness of 60Co gamma rays in a large absorber determined by dicentric chromosomes in human lymphocytes. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 2008, 130:442-446.
    • (2008) Radiat. Prot. Dosim. , vol.130 , pp. 442-446
    • Schmid, E.1    Roos, H.2    Kramer, H.-M.3
  • 40
    • 34547411927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modell für das Ansprechen radiographischer Filme und Folgerungen für die Qualitätssicherung
    • Schönborn T., Cremers F., Schmidt R. Modell für das Ansprechen radiographischer Filme und Folgerungen für die Qualitätssicherung. Z. Med. Phys. 2007, 17:197-204.
    • (2007) Z. Med. Phys. , vol.17 , pp. 197-204
    • Schönborn, T.1    Cremers, F.2    Schmidt, R.3
  • 41
    • 0035045101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analytical scatter kernels for portal imaging at 6 MV
    • Spies L., Bortfeld T. Analytical scatter kernels for portal imaging at 6 MV. Med. Phys 2001, 28:553-559.
    • (2001) Med. Phys , vol.28 , pp. 553-559
    • Spies, L.1    Bortfeld, T.2
  • 42
    • 0032939747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral dose from a linear accelerator equipped with multileaf collimation
    • Stern R.L. Peripheral dose from a linear accelerator equipped with multileaf collimation. Med. Phys. 1999, 26:559-563.
    • (1999) Med. Phys. , vol.26 , pp. 559-563
    • Stern, R.L.1
  • 43
    • 0028799437 scopus 로고
    • High-energy gamma rays in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, implications for risk and wR
    • Straume T. High-energy gamma rays in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, implications for risk and wR. Health Phys. 1995, 69:954-956.
    • (1995) Health Phys. , vol.69 , pp. 954-956
    • Straume, T.1
  • 44
    • 0032965356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How much does film sensitivity increase at depth for larger field sizes?
    • Sykes J.R., James H.V., Williams P.C. How much does film sensitivity increase at depth for larger field sizes?. Med. Phys. 1999, 26:329-330.
    • (1999) Med. Phys. , vol.26 , pp. 329-330
    • Sykes, J.R.1    James, H.V.2    Williams, P.C.3
  • 45
    • 70449117837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative biological damage and electron fluence in and out of a 6 MV photon field
    • Syme A., Kirkby C., Mirzayans R., Field C., Fallone B.G. Relative biological damage and electron fluence in and out of a 6 MV photon field. Phys. Med. Biol. 2009, 54:6623-6633.
    • (2009) Phys. Med. Biol. , vol.54 , pp. 6623-6633
    • Syme, A.1    Kirkby, C.2    Mirzayans, R.3    Field, C.4    Fallone, B.G.5
  • 46
    • 33744801983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A flattening filter free photon treatment concept evaluation with Monte Carlo
    • Titt U., Vassiliev O.N., Pönisch F., Dong L., Liu H., Mohan R. A flattening filter free photon treatment concept evaluation with Monte Carlo. Med. Phys. 2006, 33:1595-1602.
    • (2006) Med. Phys. , vol.33 , pp. 1595-1602
    • Titt, U.1    Vassiliev, O.N.2    Pönisch, F.3    Dong, L.4    Liu, H.5    Mohan, R.6
  • 47
    • 62549118251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can we reduce the incidence of second primary malignancies occurring after radiotherapy? A critical review
    • Tubiana M. Can we reduce the incidence of second primary malignancies occurring after radiotherapy? A critical review. Radiother. Oncol. 2009, 91:4-15.
    • (2009) Radiother. Oncol. , vol.91 , pp. 4-15
    • Tubiana, M.1
  • 48
    • 0030586048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simple and generally applicable method to estimate the peripheral dose in radiation teletherapy with high energy X-rays or gamma radiation
    • Van de Giessen P.-H. A simple and generally applicable method to estimate the peripheral dose in radiation teletherapy with high energy X-rays or gamma radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996, 35:1059-1068.
    • (1996) Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys , vol.35 , pp. 1059-1068
    • Van de Giessen, P.-H.1
  • 49
    • 38949174993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental determination of peripheral doses for different IMRT techniques delivered by a Siemens linear accelerator
    • Wiezorek T., Voigt A., Metzger N., Georg D., Schwedas M., Salz H., Wendt T.G. Experimental determination of peripheral doses for different IMRT techniques delivered by a Siemens linear accelerator. Strahlenther. Onkol. 2008, 184:73-79.
    • (2008) Strahlenther. Onkol. , vol.184 , pp. 73-79
    • Wiezorek, T.1    Voigt, A.2    Metzger, N.3    Georg, D.4    Schwedas, M.5    Salz, H.6    Wendt, T.G.7
  • 50
    • 67349112426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental determination of peripheral photon dose components for different IMRT techniques and linear accelerators
    • Wiezorek T., Georg D., Schwedas M., Salz H., Wendt T.G. Experimental determination of peripheral photon dose components for different IMRT techniques and linear accelerators. Z. Med. Phys. 2009, 19:120-128.
    • (2009) Z. Med. Phys. , vol.19 , pp. 120-128
    • Wiezorek, T.1    Georg, D.2    Schwedas, M.3    Salz, H.4    Wendt, T.G.5
  • 51
    • 47649088991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of dosimetry studies on external-beam radiation treatment with respect to second cancer induction
    • Xu X.G., Bednarz B., Paganetti H. A review of dosimetry studies on external-beam radiation treatment with respect to second cancer induction. Phys. Med. Biol. 2008, 53:R193-R241.
    • (2008) Phys. Med. Biol. , vol.53
    • Xu, X.G.1    Bednarz, B.2    Paganetti, H.3
  • 52
    • 0037151130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organ dose conversion coefficients for external photon irradiation of male and female voxel models
    • Zankl M., Fill U., Petoussi-Henss N., Regulla D. Organ dose conversion coefficients for external photon irradiation of male and female voxel models. Phys. Med. Biol. 2002, 47:2367-2385.
    • (2002) Phys. Med. Biol. , vol.47 , pp. 2367-2385
    • Zankl, M.1    Fill, U.2    Petoussi-Henss, N.3    Regulla, D.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.