How environmental uncertainty affects the link between business strategy and performance in SMEs: Evidence from China, Turkey, and the USA

Management Decision

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 546-568

  Parnell, John A ^a   Lester, Donald L ^b   Long, Zhang ^c   Köseoglu, Mehmet Ali ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT PEMBROKE   (United States)

^b MIDDLE TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c CHINA UNIVERSITY OF GEOSCIENCES   (China)

^d CANKIRI KARATEKIN UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Business strategy; Cross cultural management; Strategic groups; Uncertainty

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860380258     PISSN: 00251747     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/00251741211220129     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Aguilar, F.J. (1967), Scanning and Business Environment, Macmillan, New York, NY, pp. 69-70.
2. Allen, R.S. and Helms, M.M. (2006), “Linking strategic practices and organizational performance to Porter's generic strategies”, Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 12, pp. 433-54.
3. Altay, A. and Aksaraylı, M. (2007), “KOBİ Destek Programlarının Kuramsal Boyutunun Analizi”, 4. KOBİ'ler ve Verimlilik Kongresi, İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi, 7–8 Aralık, pp. 35-49.
4. Arslan, M. (2001), “A cross-cultural comparison of achievement and power orientation as leadership dimensions in three European countries: Britain, Ireland and Turkey”, Business Ethics: A European Review, Vol. 10 No. 4, pp. 340-5.
5. Atkinson, H. (2006), “Strategy implementation: a role for the Balanced Scorecard?”, Management Decision, Vol. 44, pp. 1441-60.
6. Augier, M. and Teece, D. (2009), “Dynamic capabilities and the role of managers in business strategy and economic performance”, Organization Science, Vol. 20, pp. 410-21.
7. Aytekin, M., Kaya, N. and Özkan, B. (2006), “KOBİ Sahip ve Yöneticilerinin Rekabet Stratejilerini Farklı Performans Ölçütleri Açısından Değerlendirmesine Yönelik Bir Saha Araştırması”, Dumlıpınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Vol. 15, Ağustos, pp. 77-94.
8. Barca, M. and Dirlik, S. (2009), “Türkiye Sanayi İşletmeleri Elitlerinin Strateji geliştirme yetkinliklerinin işletme stratejisi türüne ve işletme performansına etkisi”, 17. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İşletme Bölümü, Eskişehir, Turkey, pp. 645-53.
9. Barca, M., Karayormuk, K. and Köseoğlu, M.A. (2006), “To what extent do top managers differ in terms of levels of strategic thinking?”, Knowledge, Economy and Management Congress Proceedings, 2, Kocaeli, Turkey, pp. 288-300.
10. Barney, J.B. (1991), “Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage”, Journal of Management, Vol. 17, pp. 99-120.
11. Barney, J.B. and Hoskisson, R.E. (1990), “Strategic groups: untested assertions and research proposals”, Managerial and Decision Economics, Vol. 11, pp. 187-98.
12. Barney, J.B. and Ouchi, W.G. (1986), Organizational Economics, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
13. Başer, G.G. and Arıcı, E.D. (2006), “Aile işletmelerinin rekabet stratejileri ile işletme performansları arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesine yönelik karşılaştırmalı bir araştırma”, 2. Aile İşletmeleri Kongresi Kongre Kitabı, İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Turkey, pp. 212-8.
14. Berber, A. (2008), “İş Modellerinin Değer Yaratmadaki Yeni Rolü: Stratejik Inovasyon”, 16. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 962-5.
15. Bowman, C. (2008), “Generic strategies: a substitute for thinking?”, Ashridge Journal, Spring, pp. 6-11.
16. Bowman, C. and Ambrosini, V. (2003), “How the resource-based view and the dynamic capability views of the firm inform corporate-level strategy”, British Journal of Management, Vol. 14, pp. 289-303.
17. Brunk, S.E. (2003), “From theory to practice: applying Miles and Snow's ideas to understand and improve firm performance”, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 105-8.
18. Cao, Z. (2007), “Current situation, reasons, and management of strategic management in medium-and-small companies”, Chinese and Foreign Enterprises, March, pp. 81-2.
19. Capps, C.J. III, Jackson, G.K. and Hazen, S.E. (2002), “Strategic management synergy in the 21st century”, Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 76-93.
20. Cavalieri, S., Gaiardelli, P. and Ierace, S. (2007), “Aligning strategic profiles with operational metrics in after-sales service”, Review of International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Vol. 56, pp. 436-55.
21. Çelik, C. and Karadal, H. (2007), “KOBİ'lerin Sorunları Ve Çözüm Stratejilerinin Algılanan Performans Üzerine Etkileri: (Aksaray Ve Mersin Örneği)”, Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 119-38.
22. Chaganti, R., Chaganti, R. and Mahajan, V. (1989), “Profitable small business strategies under different types of competition”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 13, pp. 21-35.
23. Chen, X. (2007), “Current situation analysis and development measures to Chinese business strategic management”, Chinese Business, No. 23, pp. 8-28.
24. Chong, L.C. (1987), “History and managerial culture in Singapore: pragmatism, openness, and paternalism”, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 133-43.
25. Claver-Cortes, E., Molina-Azorin, J.F. and Quer-Ramon, D. (2004), “The linkage between strategic groups and firm performance”, Management Research, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 81-9.
26. Conant, J.S., Mokwa, M.P. and Varadarajan, P.R. (1990), “Strategic types, distinctive marketing competencies and organizational performance: a multiple-measures-based study”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 11, pp. 365-83.
27. Cool, K. and Schendel, D. (1988), “Performance differences among strategic group members”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 9, pp. 207-13.
28. D'Souza, R. and Kemelgor, B. (2008), “Does expertise matter in an ever-changing and uncertain environment? A study of the entrepreneurial process of serial and novice entrepreneurs”, Journal of Small Business Strategy, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 69-87.
29. DeSarbo, W. and Grewel, R. (2008), “Hybrid strategic groups”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 29, pp. 293-317.
30. DeSarbo, W., Di Benedetto, A., Song, M. and Sinha, I.J. (2005), “Revisiting the Miles and Snow strategic framework: uncovering interrelationships between strategic types, capabilities, environmental uncertainty, and firm performance”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 26, pp. 47-74.
31. Derajtys, J.M., Chrisman, J.J. and Bauerschmidt, A. (1993), “The shakeout in microcomputers: causes and consequences”, Long Range Planning, Vol. 26, pp. 86-97.
32. Dess, G.G. and Davis, P.S. (1984), “Porter's generic strategies as determinants of strategic group membership and performance”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 26, pp. 467-88.
33. Dess, G., Lumpkin, G. and Eisner, A. (2010), Strategic Management, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York, NY, p. 71.
34. Di Benedetto, C.A. and Song, M. (2003), “The relationship between strategic type and firm capabilities in Chinese firms”, International Marketing Review, Vol. 20, pp. 514-33.
35. Diffenbach, J. (1983), “Corporate environmental analysis in large US corporations”, Long Range Planning, Vol. 16 No. 3, pp. 109-13.
36. Dinçer, Ö. (2010), Stratejik Yönetim ve Işletme Politikasi, Beta Basim, Istanbul.
37. Dinçer, Ö. and Tatoglu, E. (2002), “Türkiye'de Faaliyet Gösteren İşletmelerde Strateji Geliştirme Süreç ve Uygulamaları”, 10. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Kongre Kitabı, Akdeniz Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 23-25 Mayıs, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 387-401.
38. Dincer, O., Tatoğlu, E. and Glaister, K.W. (2006), “The strategic planning process: evidence from Turkish firms”, Management Research News, Vol. 29 No. 4, pp. 206-19.
39. Dollinger, M. and Golden, P. (1992), “Inter-organizational and collective strategies in small firms: environmental effects and performance”, Journal of Management, Vol. 18, pp. 695-715.
40. Dranove, D., Peteraf, M. and Shanley, M. (1998), “Do strategic groups exist? An economic framework for analysis”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 19, pp. 1029-44.
41. Droege, S. and Marvel, M. (2009), “Perceived strategic uncertainty and strategy formation in emerging markets”, Journal of Small Business Strategy, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 43-60.
42. Duncan, R.B. (1972), “Characteristics of perceived environments and perceived environmental uncertainty”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 17, pp. 313-27.
43. Dutta, S. and Reichelstein, S. (2005), “Stock price, earnings, and book value in managerial performance measures”, Accounting Review, Vol. 80, pp. 1069-100.
44. Dye, R. (2004), “Strategy selection and performance measurement choice when profit drivers are uncertain”, Management Science, Vol. 50, pp. 1624-37.
45. Eraslan, İ.H. (2008), “The effects of competitive strategies on firm performance: a study in Turkish textile and apparel industry considering the mediating role of value chain activities”, Doktora Tezi, Boğazici Unıversity, İstanbul.
46. Eren, E., Aren, S. and Alpkan, L. (2000), “Evaluation of strategic management in businesses”, Doğuş University Journal, Vol. 1, January, pp. 1-28.
47. Evans, G. (2003), “Why some stores strike me as special”, Furniture Today, Vol. 27 No. 24, p. 91.
48. Fiş, A.M. and Çetindamar, D. (2009), “Kurumsal Girişimcilik ve Performans İlişkisi”, 17. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İşletme Bölümü, Eskişehir, Turkey, pp. 320-5.
49. Freeman, R. and McVae, J. (2001), “A stakeholder approach to strategic management”, in Hitt, M., Freeman, R. and Harrison, J. (Eds), Handbook of Strategic Management, Blackwell, Malden, MA.
50. Fulghieri, P. and Hodrick, L.S. (2006), “Synergies and internal agency conflicts: the double-edged sword of mergers”, Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, Vol. 15, pp. 549-76.
51. Garrigos-Simon, F.J., Marques, D.P. and Narangajavana, Y. (2005), “Competitive strategies and performance in Spanish hospitality firms”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 22-38.
52. Ghobadian, A. and O'Regan, N. (2006), “The impact of ownership on small firm behavior and performance”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 24 No. 6, pp. 555-86.
53. Glaister, K.W., Dincer, O., Tatoglu, E., Demirbag, M. and Zaim, S. (2008), “A causal analysis of formal strategic planning and firm performance: evidence from an emerging country”, Management Decision, Vol. 46 No. 3, pp. 365-91.
54. Gürpınar, K. and Barca, M. (2007), “Türk Mobilya Sektörünün Uluslararası Rekabet Gücü Düzeyi ve Nedenleri”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 41-61.
55. Hatten, T. (2009), Small Business Management, 4th ed., Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
56. Hawes, J.M. and Crittendon, W.F. (1984), “A taxonomy of competitive retailing strategies”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 5, pp. 275-87.
57. Hill, C.W.L. (1988), “Differentiation versus low cost or differentiation and low cost: a contingency framework”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 401-12.
58. Hillman, A.J. and Keim, G.D. (2001), “Shareholders, stakeholders and social issue”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 22, pp. 125-39.
59. Hodgetts, R. and Kuratko, D. (2008), Small Business Management, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
60. Hofstede, G. (2003), Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
61. Hoque, Z. (2004), “A contingency model of the association between strategy, environmental uncertainty and performance measurement: impact on organizational performance”, International Business Review, Vol. 13, pp. 485-502.
62. İrmiş, A. and Akça, B. (2003), Sektörlerin Araştirma-Geliştirme ve Yenilik Yaratma Eğilimleri: Denizli Örneği, 11. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Kongre Kitabi, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 22-24 Mayis, Afyon, Turkey, pp. 777-94.
63. Jusoh, R. and Parnell, J.A. (2008), “Competitive strategy and performance measurement in the Malaysian context: an exploratory study”, Management Decision, Vol. 46, pp. 5-31.
64. Kamaşak, R. (2010), Jenerik Rekabet Stratejilerinin İşletme karliliği ve Pazar Performansina Etkisi, Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, İşletme Bölümü, Adana, Turkey, pp. 387-95.
65. Kaplan, R.S. and Norton, D.P. (1996), The Balanced Scorecard: Translating Strategy into Action, Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA.
66. Karabağ, S.F. (2008), “Strateji ve Endüstrinin Firma Performansına Etkisi: Türkiye'nin Öncü Sanayi İşletmeleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Adana.
67. Katobe, M. and Duhan, D.F. (1993), “Strategy clusters in Japanese markets: firm performance implications”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 21, pp. 21-31.
68. Kim, J. and Mahoney, J.T. (2005), “Property rights theory, transaction costs theory, and agency theory: an organizational economics approach to strategic management”, Management and Decision Economics, Vol. 26, pp. 223-42.
69. Kim, W.C. and Mauborgne, R. (2005), Blue Ocean Strategy, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
70. Kling, K. and Goteman, I. (2003), “IKEA CEO Andres Dahlvig on international growth and IKEA's unique corporate culture and brand identity”, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 31-7.
71. Korkmaz, T., Sarı, B. and Uygurtürk, H. (2009), “Kobi'lerde Büyüme Stratejisinin Önemi: Çaycuma Bölgesinde Bir Anket Uygulaması”, 8. Anadolu İşletmecilik Kongresi, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Manisa, Turkey, pp. 356-62.
72. Köseoglu, M.A., Parnell, J.A. and Karayormuk, K. (2009), “Strategic philosophy among future managers and engineers in Turkey”, Journal for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 191-206.
73. Köseoglu, M.A., Karayormuk, K., Parnell, J.A. and Menefee, M.L. (2010), “Competitive intelligence: evidence from Turkish SMEs”, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 333-49.
74. Kılınç, İ., Öncü, M.A. and Tasgit, Y.E. (2009), “Türkiye' deki Havayolu Yolcu Taşıma Şirketlerinin Rekabet Stratejilerini Etkileyen Faktörler”, 17. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İşletme Bölümü, Eskişehir, Turkey, pp. 419-24.
75. Kısacık, S. (2005), “Küçük ve Orta Ölçekli İşletmelerin İzledikleri Rekabet Stratejileri: Adana'daki KOBİ'ler Üzerinde Bir Çalışma”, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Adana.
76. Laitinen, E.K. (2002), “A dynamic performance measurement system: evidence from small Finnish technology companies”, Scandinavian Journal of Management, Vol. 18, pp. 65-99.
77. Lawrence, P. and Lorsch, J. (1975), Organization and Environment, Harvard Graduate School of Business, Boston, MA.
78. Lester, D. and Parnell, J. (2007), Organizational Theory: A Strategic Approach, Thomson, Mason, OH, pp. 43-4.
79. Lester, D., Parnell, J., Crandall, W. and Menefee, M. (2008), “Organizational life cycle and performance among SMEs: generic strategies for high and low performers”, International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 18 No. 4, pp. 313-30.
80. Leung, T. and Yeung, L.L. (1995), “Negotiation in the People's Republic of China: results of a survey of small business in Hong Kong”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 33 No. 1, pp. 70-7.
81. Liu, C. and Xiong, Y. (2008), “Current situation and measures to strategic management in medium-and-small companies”, Guangxi Quality Supervision, No. 4, pp. 41-2.
82. Lockett, M. (1988), “Culture and the problems of Chinese management”, Organisation Studies, Vol. 914, pp. 475-96.
83. Longenecker, J., Petty, J., Palich, L. and Moore, C. (2010), Small Business Management, 15th ed., Southwestern Cengage Learning, Mason, OH, p. 79.
84. Lopez, S.V. (2005), “Competitive advantage and strategy formulation: the role of dynamic capabilities”, Management Decision, Vol. 43, pp. 661-9.
85. Luo, Y. and Zhao, H. (2004), “Corporate link and competitive strategy in multinational enterprises: a perspective from subsidiaries seeking host market penetration”, Journal of International Management, Vol. 10, pp. 77-105.
86. McGahan, A.M. and Porter, M.E. (1997), “How much does industry matter, really?”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18, pp. 15-30.
87. McGuinness, T. and Morgan, R.E. (2000), “Strategy, dynamic capabilities and complex science: management rhetoric vs reality”, Strategic Change, Vol. 9, pp. 209-20.
88. Merrilees, B. and Miller, D. (1999), “Direct selling in the west and east: the relative roles of product and relationship”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 45 No. 3, pp. 267-73.
89. Miles, R.E. and Snow, C.C. (1978), Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process, West, St Paul, MN.
90. Miles, R.E. and Snow, C.C. (1986), “Organizations: new concepts for new forms”, California Management Review, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 62-73.
91. Mintzberg, H. (1994), The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning, The Free Press, New York, NY.
92. Mintzberg, H. and Waters, J. (1985), “Of strategies, deliberate and emergent”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 6, pp. 257-72.
93. Moore, M. (2005), “Towards a confirmatory model of retail strategy types: an empirical test of Miles and Snow”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 58, pp. 696-704.
94. Nwokah, N.G. (2008), “Strategic market orientation and business performance: the study of food and beverages organizations in Nigeria”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 42, pp. 279-86.
95. O'Regan, M. and Ghobadian, A. (2006), “Perceptions of generic strategies of small and medium sized engineering and electronics manufacturers in the UK: the applicability of the Miles and Snow typology”, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, Vol. 17, pp. 603-20.
96. Pandza, K. and Thorpe, R. (2009), “Creative search and strategic sense-making: missing dimensions in the concept of dynamic capabilities”, British Journal of Management, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 118-31.
97. Parnell, J.A. (1997), “New evidence in the generic strategy and business performance debate: a research note”, British Journal of Management, Vol. 8, pp. 175-81.
98. Parnell, J.A. (2008), “Assessing theory and practice in competitive strategy: challenges and future directions”, Journal of Centrum Cathedra, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 12-27.
99. Parnell, J.A. and Köseoglu, M.A. (2010), “A comparison of competitive strategy and organizational performance in Turkey and the United States”, International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 46-61.
100. Parnell, J., Lester, D. and Menefee, M. (2000), “Strategy as a response to organizational uncertainty: an alternative perspective”, Management Decision, Vol. 38 No. 8, pp. 520-30.
101. Parnell, J.A., O'Regan, N. and Ghobadian, A. (2006), “Measuring performance in competitive strategy research”, International Journal of Management and Decision Making, Vol. 7, pp. 408-17.
102. Peng, M. (2003), “Institutional transitions and strategic choices”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 28, pp. 275-96.
103. Peng, M., Wang, D. and Jiang, Y. (2008), “An institution-based view of international business strategy: a focus on emerging markets”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 39, pp. 920-36.
104. Phelan, S.E., Ferreira, M. and Salvador, R. (2002), “The first twenty years of the Strategic Management Journal”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 23, pp. 1161-8.
105. Pongatichat, P. and Johnston, R. (2008), “Exploring strategy-misaligned performance measurement”, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Vol. 57 No. 3, pp. 207-22.
106. Porter, M.E. (1980), Competitive Strategy, Free Press, New York, NY.
107. Porter, M.E. (1981), “The contributions of industrial organization to strategic management”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 6, pp. 609-20.
108. Punnett, B.J. and Shenkar, O. (1994), “International management research: toward a contingency approach”, Advances in International Comparative Management, Vol. 9, pp. 39-55.
109. Ramanujam, V. and Venkatraman, N. (1987), “Planning system characteristics and planning effectiveness”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 8, pp. 453-68.
110. Rugman, A.M. and Verbeke, A. (2008), “The theory and practice of regional strategy: a response to Osegowitsch and Sammartino”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 39, pp. 326-32.
111. Seth, A. and Thomas, H. (1994), “Theories of the firm: implications for strategy research”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 31, pp. 165-91.
112. Sheehan, N.T. and Foss, N.J. (2007), “Enhancing the prescriptiveness of the resource-based view through Porterian activity analysis”, Management Decision, Vol. 45, pp. 450-61.
113. Short, J., Ketchen, D., Palmer, T. and Hult, T. (2007), “Firm, strategic group, and industry influences on performance”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 147-67.
114. Shortell, S.M. and Zajac, E.J. (1990), “Perceptual and archival measures of Miles and Snow's strategic types: a comprehensive assessment of reliability and validity”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 33, pp. 817-32.
115. Spanos, Y.E., Zaralis, G. and Lioukas, S. (2004), “Strategy and industry effects on profitability: evidence from Greece”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 25, pp. 139-65.
116. Spillan, J.E. and Parnell, J.A. (2006), “An exploratory assessment of marketing resources and firm performance among SMEs”, European Management Journal, Vol. 24, pp. 236-45.
117. Starbuck, W. (1976), “Organizations and their environments”, in Dunette, M.D. (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial Psychology, Rand McNally, Chicago, IL, pp. 1069-123.
118. Su, Y. (2001), “The changing management style for SOEs in China”, China and World Economy, No. 4, pp. 48-51.
119. Tang, J. and Ward, A. (2003), The Changing Face of Chinese Management, Routledge, London, pp. 51-4.
120. Tang, Y., Wang, P. and Zhang, Y. (2007), “Marketing and business performance of construction SMEs in China”, Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, Vol. 22, pp. 118-25.
121. Taşgit, Y.E. (2008), “Havayolu Yolcu Taşıma Şirketlerinde Uygulanan Rekabet Stratejileri: Türk Şirketlerine Yönelik Nitel Bir Araştırma”, Düzce Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Turizm ve Otel İşletmeciliği Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Düzce.
122. Tracey, P. and Phillips, N. (2011), “Entrepreneurship in emerging markets: strategies for new venture creation in uncertain institutional contexts”, Management International Review, Vol. 51, pp. 23-39.
123. Van der Stede, W.A., Chow, C.W. and Lin, T.W. (2006), “Strategy, choice of performance measures, and performance”, Behavioral Research in Accounting, Vol. 18, pp. 185-205.
124. Veett, N.M.K., Ghobadian, A. and Gallear, D. (2009), “Business-level strategy and performance – evidence from manufacturing firms”, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Chicago, IL.
125. Venkatraman, N. and Ramanujam, V. (1986), “Measurement of business performance in strategy research: a comparison of approaches”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 11, pp. 801-14.
126. Wah, S.S. (2001), “Chinese cultural values and their implication to Chinese management”, Singapore Management Review, Vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 75-83.
127. Watkins, D.G. (1986), “Toward a competitive advantage: a focus strategy for small retailers”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 10, pp. 9-15.
128. Wernerfelt, B. (1984), “A resource-based theory of the firm”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 5, pp. 171-80.
129. Wolff, J.A. and Pett, T.L. (2000), “Internationalization of small firms: an examination of export competitive patterns, firm size and export performance”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 38, pp. 34-47.
130. Wright, P. (1987), “A refinement of Porter's strategies”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 93-101.
131. Wright, P., Kroll, M., Pringle, C. and Johnson, J. (1990), “Organizational types, conduct, profitability, and risk in the semiconductor industry”, Journal of Management Systems, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 33-48.
132. Xia, C. and Xu, J. (2006), “Current situation and measures to strategic management in Chinese companies”, Liaoning Economics, No. 3, p. 91.
133. Yin, E. and Choi, C. (2005), “The globalization myth: the case of China”, Management International Review, Vol. 45, pp. 103-20.
134. Zahra, S.A. and Covin, J.G. (1993), “Business strategy, technology policy and firm performance”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 14, pp. 451-78.
135. Zhang, X. (2005), “Study on the strategic management of strengthening small and medium-sized enterprises”, Master's dissertation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, pp. 5-8.
136. Zhang, X. (2009), “Current situation and measures to strategic management in Chinese companies”, Modern Business, No. 29, pp. 123-4.
137. Zhu, Y. (2009), “Management business relationships in New Zealand and China: a semantic perspective”, Management International Review, Vol. 49, pp. 225-48.
138. Acar, A.Z. and Zehir, C. (2009), “Rekabet Avantajı Yaratmada Lojistik Yeteneklerin Rolü ve İşletme Performansına etkileri”, 17. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İşletme Bölümü, Eskişehir, Turkey, pp. 411-8.
139. Alpay, G., Bodur, M. and Yılmaz, C. (2008), “Performance implications of institutionalization process in family-owned businesses: evidence from an emerging economy”, Journal of World Business, Vol. 43, pp. 435-48.
140. Erdil, O. and Kitapçı, H. (2004), “İşletmede Bilgi Yönetimi, Stratejik Yetenek Ve Rekabet Yoğunluğunun Işletme Etkinliği Ile Ilişkisi”, 12. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Kongre Kitabı, Uludağ Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi İşletme Bölümü, 27-29 Mayıs, Bursa, Turkey, pp. 76-80.
141. James, W.L. and Hatten, K.J. (1995), “Further evidence on the validity of the self typing paragraph approach: Miles and Snow strategic archetypes in banking”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 16, pp. 161-8.