Clinical neurophysiology in peripheral nerve injuries

Surgical Disorders of the Peripheral Nerves

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 191-229

  Smith, Shelagh ^a   Knight, Ravi ^b  

^a NATIONAL HOSPITAL FOR NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY   (United Kingdom)

^b JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860336991     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84882-108-8_6     Document Type: Chapter

References (214)

1. Adrian ED (1925) Interpretation of the electromyogram: Oliver-Sharpey Lecture. Lancet 208:1229-1233
2. Aguayo A, Nair CP, Midgley R (1971) Experimental progressive compression neuropathy in the rabbit. Histologic and electrophysiologic studies. Arch Neurol 24:358-36
3. Akyuz G, Us O, Turan B, Kayhan O, Canbulat N, Yilmar IT (2000) Anteriortarsal tunnel syndrome. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 40(2):123-128
4. Alexander L (1941) Electrical injuries of the nervous system. J Nerv Ment Dis 94:622
5. Al Shekhlee A, Shapiro BE, Preston DC (2003) Iatrogenic complications and risks of nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography. Muscle Nerve 27:517-526
6. American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine Professional Practice Committee (1999) Risks in electrodiagnostic medicine. Muscle Nerve 22:S53-S58
7. Aminoff MJ (2004) Electrophysiologic testing for the diagnosis of peripheral nerve injuries. Anesthesiology 100:1298-1303
8. Aminoff MJ, Goodin DS, Parry GJ, Barbaro NM, Weinstein PR, Rosenblum ML (1985) Electrophysiological evaluation of lumbosacral radiculopathies: electromyography, late responses and somatosensory evoked potentials. Neurology 35:1514-1518
9. Aprile I, Caliandro P, La Torre G, Tonali P, Foschini M, Mondelli M, Bertolini C, Piazzini DB, Padua LJ (2005) Multicenter study of peroneal mononeuropathy: clinical, neurophysiologic, and quality of life assessment. Peripher Nerv Syst 10(3):259-268
10. Baba M, Fowler CJ, Jacobs JM, Gilliatt RW (1982) Changes in peripheral nerve fibres distal to a constriction. J Neurol Sci 54:197-208
11. Beatty RM, McGuire P, Moroney JM, Holladay FP (1995) Continuous intraoperative electromyographic recording during spinal surgery. J Neurosurg 82:40
12. Becker J, Nora DB, Gomes I, Stringari FF, Seitensus R, Panosso JS, Ehlers JC (2002) An evaluation of gender, obesity, age and diabetes mellitus as risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol 113(9):1429-1434
13. Beekman R, Wokke J H J, Schoemaker MC, Lee ML, Visser LH (2004) Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow: follow-up and prognostic factors determining outcome. Neurology 63:1675-1680
14. Birch R, Ahad N, Kono H, Smith SJ (2005) Repair of obstetric brachial plexus palsy: results in 100 children. J Bone Joint Surg Br 87:1089-1095
15. Birch R, Bonney G, Wynn Parry C (1998) Birth lesions of the brachial plexus. In: Birch R, Bonney G, Wynn Parry CB (eds) Surgical disorders of the peripheral nerves. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 209-233
16. Bisinella GL, Birch R, Smith S J M (2003) Neurophysiological predictions in slowly recovering obstetric lesions of the brachial plexus. J Hand Surg Br 28:148-152
17. Bland J (2005) The relationship of obesity, age, and carpal tunnel syndrome: more complex than was thought? Muscle Nerve 32(4):527-3
18. Bland J (2000) A neurophysiological grading scale for carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve 23:1280-128
19. Bland JD, Rudolfer SM (2003) Clinical surveillance of carpal tunnel syndrome in two areas of the United Kingdom, 1991-2001. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 12:1674-1679
20. Bleasel AF, Tuck RR (1991) Variability of repeated nerve conduction studies. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 81:417-420
21. Bonney G, Gilliat RW (1958) Sensory nerve conduction after traction lesion of the brachial plexus. Proc R Soc Med 51:365-367
22. Bostock H, Sears TA (1976) Continuous conduction in demyelinated mammalian nerve fibres. Nature 263(5580):786-787
23. Bouzaidi K, Ravard-Marsot C, Debroucker F (2005) Ganglion cyst at the spinoglenoid notch. A case report and literature review. Rev Méd Interne 26(4):335-338
24. Britton JM, Dunkerley DR (1990) Closed nailing of a femoral fracture followed by sciatic nerve palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Br 72:318
25. Brooke MH, Engel WK (1969) The histographic analysis of human muscle biopsies with regard to fiber types. 4. Children's biopsies. Neurology 19:591-605
26. Buchthal F, Guld C, Rosenfalck A (1957) Multielectrodes study of the territory of a motor unit. Acta Physiologica Scandinavia 39:83-104
27. Burkhart FL, Daly JW (1966) Sciatic and peroneal nerve injury: a complication of vaginal operations. Obstet Gynecol 28:99-102
28. Carlsted T, Anand P, Hallin R, Misra PV, Norén G, Seferlis T (2000) Spinal nerve root repair and reimplantation of avulsed ventral roots into the spinal cord after brachial plexus injury. J Neurosurg (Spine 2) 93:237-247
29. Campbell WW, Geiringer SR (1998) The value of inching techniques in the diagnosis of focal nerve lesions. Muscle Nerve 21:1554-1561
30. Campbell DW, Sahni SK, Pridgeon RM, Riaz G, Leshner RT (1988) Intraoperative electroneurography: management of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Muscle Nerve 11:75-81
31. Campbell WW, Carroll DJ, Greenberg MK et al (1999) Practice parameter: electrodiagnostic studies in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Neurology 52:688-690
32. Casazza BA, Young JL, Press JP, Heinemann AW (1998) Suprascapular nerve conduction: a comparative analysis in normal subjects. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 38:153-160
33. Chang M-H, Wei S-J, Chiang H-L, Wang H-M, Hsieh PF, Huang S-Y (2002) Comparison of motor conduction techniques in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Neurology 58:1603-1607
34. Chaudhry V, Cornblath DR (1992) Wallerian degeneration in human nerves: serial electrophysiological studies. Muscle Nerve 15:687-69
35. Chaudhry V, Corse AM, Cornblath DR, Kuncl RW, Freimer MV, Griffin JW (1994) Multifocal motor neuropathy: electrodiagnostic features. Muscle Nerve 17:198-205
36. Chauhan BM, Kim DJ, Wainapel SF (1981) Saphenous neuropathy: following coronary artery bypass surgery. NY State J Med 81:222-223
37. Chodoroff G, Lee DW, Honet JC (1985) Dynamic approach in the diagnosis of the thoracic outlet syndrome using somatosensory evoked responses. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 66:3-6
38. Chiodo A (2007) Neurologic injury associated with pelvic trauma: radiology and electrodiagnosis evaluation and their relationships to pain and gait outcome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 88:1171-1176
39. Chiou-Tan FY, Kemp K Jr, Elfenbaum M, Chan KT, Song J (2001) Lumbosacral plexopathy in gunshot wounds and motor vehicle accidents: comparison of electrophysiologic findings. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 80(4):280-285
40. Chokroverty S (1987) Diabetic amyotrophy. Muscle Nerve 10:679-684
41. Chokroverty S, Sachdeo R, Dilullo J, Duvoisin RC (1989) Magnetic stimulation in the diagnosis of lumbosacral radiculopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52:767-772
42. Cichy SW, Claussen GC, Oh SJ (1995) Electrohysiological studies in Joplin's neuroma. Muscle Nerve 18(6):671-672
43. Colon AJ, Vredeveld JW (2001) Denervation potentials shortly after obstetric brachial plexus palsy: no indication of intrauterine injury. Muscle Nerve 24:140
44. Colon AJ, Vredeveld JW, Blaauw G, Slooff AC, Richards R (2003) Extensive somatosensory innervation in infants with obstetric brachial palsy. Clin Anat 16:25-29
45. Cox SJ, Wellwood JM, Martin A (1974) Saphenous nerve injury caused by stripping the long saphenous vein. Br Med J 1:415-417
46. Cruz-Martinez A, Arpa J, Palau F (2000) Peroneal neuropathy after weight loss. J Peripher Nerv Syst 5:101-105
47. Cruz-Martinez A, Arpa J (2001) Electrophysiological assessment in neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 41:253-256
48. Cruz-Martinez A, Barrio M, Arpa J (2002) Neuralgic amyotrophy: variable expression in 40 patients. J Peripher Nerv Syst 7:198-204
49. Dahlin LB, Lundborg G (1990) The neurone and its response to peripheral nerve compression. J Hand Surg Br 15:5-10
50. Davies FA (1972) Impairment of repetitive impulse conduction in experimentally demyelinated and pressure-injured nerves. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 35:537-544.
51. Dawson GD, Scott JW (1949) The recognition of nerve action potentials through the skin in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 12:259-267
52. De Laat EA, Visser CP, Coene LN, Pahlplatz PV, Tavy DL (1994) Nerve lesions in primary shoulder dislocations and humeral neck fractures. J Bone Joint Surg 76 B: 381-383
53. Deletis V, Sala F (2007) Intra-operative neurophysiological monitoring of the spinal cord during spinal cord and spine surgery. Clin Neurophysiol 119:248-264
54. Denny Brown D, Brenner C (1944) Paralysis of nerve induced by direct pressure and by tourniquet. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 51:1-26
55. Denny-Brown D, Adams RD, Brenner C, Doherty MM (1945) The pathology of injury to nerve induced by cold. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 4:305
56. Denys EH (1991) The influence of temperature in clinical neurophysiology. Muscle Nerve 14:795-81
57. Di Risio D, Lazaro R, Popp AJ (1994) Nerve entrapment and calf atrophy caused by a Baker's cyst: case report. Neurosurgery 35:333-334
58. Donner TR, Kline DG (1993) Extracranial spinal accessory nerve injury. Neurosurgery 32:907-911
59. Dorfman LJ (1984) The distribution of conduction velocities (DCV) in peripheral nerves: a review. Muscle Nerve 7:2-11
60. Duncan C (2001) High-tension electrical burns: special problems and their management. Trauma 3:181-185
61. Dorfman LJ, Howard JE, McGill KC (1989) Clinical studies using automatic decomposition electromyography in needle and surface EMG. In: Desmedt JE (ed) Computer aided electromyography and expert systems. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 189-204
62. Dunselman HH, Visser LH (2008) The clinical, electrophysiological and prognostic heterogeneity of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79(12):1364-1367
63. Ebeling P, Gilliatt RW, Thomas PK (1960) The clinical and electrical study of ulnar nerve lesion in the hand. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 23:1-6
64. Edds MV (1949) Experiments on partially deneurotized nerves. J Exp Zool 1:211-226
65. Eng GD, Binder H, Getson P, O'donnell R (1996) Obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP) outcome with conservative management. Muscle Nerve 19:884-891
66. Eng GD, Koch B, Smokvina MD (1978) Brachial plexus palsy in neonates and children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 59:458-463
67. Felice KJ, Butler KB, Druckemiller WH (1999) Cervical root stimulation in a case of classic neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Muscle Nerve 22:1287-1292
68. Ferrante MA, Wilbourn AJ (1995) The utility of various sensory nerve conducion responses in assessing brachial plexopathies. Muscle Nerve 18:879-889
69. Fishman LM, Dombi GW, Michaelsen C, Ringel S, Rozbruch J, Rosner B, Weber C (2002) Piriformis syndrome: diagnosis, treatment and outcome-a 10 year study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83:295-301
70. Fishman LM, Zybert PA (1992) Electrophysiological evidence of piriifomis syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 73:359-364
71. Fisher MA (1993) Other mononeuropathies of the upper extremity. In: Brown W, Bolton C (eds) Clinical electromyography, 2nd edn. Butterworth-Heineman, Boston, pp 271-322
72. Fisher MA, Bajwa R, Somashekar KN (2008) Routine electrodiagnosis and multiparameter technique in lumbosacral radiculopathies. Acta Neurol Scand 118:99-105
73. Francis H, March L, Terenty T, Webb J (1987) Benign joint hypermobility with neuropathy: documentation and mechanism of tarsal tunnel syndrome. J Rheumatol 14(3):577-581
74. Franz DN, Iggo A (1968) Conduction failure in myelinated and nonmyelinated axons at low temperatures. J Physiol (Lond) 199:319-345
75. Fu PK, Hsu HY, Wang PY (2008) Delayed reversible motor neuronopathy caused by electrical injury. J Chin Med Assoc 71(3):152-154
76. Galloway KM, Greathouse DG (2006) Tibial nerve motor conduction with recording from the first dorsal interosseous: a comparison with standard tibial studies. Neurol Neurophysiol Neurosci 10:2
77. Geselschap JH, Van Gent WB, Wittens CH (2001) Complications in subfascial endoscopic perforating vein surgery: a report of two cases. J Vasc Surg 33(5):1108-1110
78. Gikas PD, Hanna SA, Aston W, Kalson NS, Tirabosco R, Saifuddin A, Cannon SR (2008) Post-radiation sciatic neuropathy: a case report and review of the literature. World J Surg Oncol 6:130
79. Gilliatt RW, Le Quesne PM, Logue V (1970) Wasting of the hand associated with a cervical rib or band. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 33:615-624
80. Gilliatt RW (1981) Physical injury to peripheral nerves. Mayo Clin Proc 56:361-370
81. Gilliatt RW, Sears TA (1958) Sensory nerve action potentials in patients with peripheral nerve lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 21:109-118
82. Gilliatt RW, Willison DM, Dietz V, Williams IR (1978) Peripheral nerve conduction in patients with a cervical rib or band. Ann Neurol 4:124-129
83. Ginanneschi F, Milani P, Reale F, Rossi A (2008) Short-term electrophysiological conduction change in median nerve fibres after carpal tunnel release. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 110(10):1025-1030
84. Gonick B, McCormick EM, Verweji BH, Rossman KM, Nigro MA (1998) The timing of congenital plexus injury: A study of electromyographic findings in the newborn piglet. Am J Obstet Gynecol 178:688-695
85. Gooch C, Azrieli Y, Weimer L, Lovelace R (2003) The utility of segmental nerve conduction studies in ulnar mononeuropathy at the elbow. Muscle Nerve 27(1):46-50
86. Goodman H V, Gilliatt RW (1961) The effect of treatment on median nerve conduction in patients with the carpal tunnel syndrome. Ann Phys Med 6:137-155
87. Gozal Y, Pomeranz S (1994) Sciatic nerve palsy as a complication after acoustic neurinoma resection in the sitting position. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 6:40-42
88. Guiloff RJ, Sherratt RM (1977) Sensory conduction in medial plantar nerve. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 40:1168-1181
89. Hashimoto T, Mitomo M, Hirabuki N, Miura T, Kawai R, Nakamura H, Kawai H, Onon K, Kozuka T (1991) Nerve root avulsion of birth palsy: comparison of myelography with CT myelography and somatosensory evoked potential. Radiology 178:841-845
90. Heise CO, Lorenzetti L, Marchese A J T, Gherpelli J L D (2004) Motor conduction studies for prognostic assessment of obstetrical plexopathy. Muscle Nerve 30:451-455
91. Hetreed MA, Howard LA, Birch R (1994) Evaluation of preoperative SEP recorded from nerve roots to the cervical epidural space during brachial plexus surgery. In: Jones SJ, Boyd S, Hetreed M, Smith NJ (eds) Handbook of spinal cord monitoring. Kluwer Academic, Lancaster, pp 171-178
92. Ho YH, Yan SH, Lin YT, Lo YK (2004) Sensory nerve conduction studies of the superficial peroneal nerve in L5 radiculopathy. Acta Neurol Taiwan 13(3):114-119
93. Hodes R, Larrabee MG, German W (1948) The human electromyogram in response to nerve stimulation and the conduction velocity of motor axons; studies on normal and on injured peripheral nerves. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 60(4):340-365
94. Hoffman H (1950) Local reinnervation in partially denervated muscle: a histophysiological study. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 28:383-397
95. Holland NR (1998) Intraoperative electromyography during thoracolumbar spinal surgery. Spine 23:1915-1922
96. Hyllienmark L, Ludvigsson J, Brismar T (1995) Normal values of nerve conduction in children and adolescents. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 97(5):208-214
97. Hynes JE, Jackson A (1994) Atraumatic gluteal compartment syndrome. Postgrad Med J 70:210-212
98. Ichikawa K, Nezu A (2005) Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies in childhood: report of a case and a brief review. Brain Dev 27(2):152-154
99. Irwin MS, Sanders R, Green CJ, Terenghi G (1997) Neuropathy in nonfreezing cold injury (trench foot). J R Soc Med 90(8):433-438
100. Iyer VG (1998) Palmaris brevis sign in ulnar neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 21:675-677
101. Jaeckle KA (2004) Neurogical manifestations of neoplastic and radiation induced plexopathies. Semin Neurol 24:385-393
102. Jablecki CK, Andary MT (2002) Practice parameter: electrodiagnostic studies in carpal tunnel syndrome. Report of the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American Academy of Neurology, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Neurology 58:1589-1592
103. Jellinek S (1960) The problem of electrical trauma placed on a new level as a result of basic research. Wien lin Wschr 72:501
104. Jones HR (1996) Plexus and nerve root lesions. In: Royden Jones H, Bolton CF, Harper CM (eds) Paediatric clinical electromyography. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 123-169
105. Jones HR, Herbison GJ, Jacobs SR, Kollross PR, Macones GA (1996) Intrauterine onset of a mononeuropathy in a newborn with electromyographic findings at day one compatible with prenatal onset. Muscle Nerve 19:88-91
106. Jones HR, Miller TA, Wilbourn A (2003) Brachial and lumbosacral plexopathies. The medico-legal debate. In: Jones HR, De Vivo DC, Darras BT (eds) Neuromuscular disorders of infancy, childhood and adolescence. A clinician's approach. Butterworth-Heinemann, Philadelphia, p 61
107. Kaeser HE, Lambert EH (1962) Nerve function studies in experimental polyneuritis. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 22:29-35
108. Kang PB, Preston DC, Raynor EM (2005) Involvement of superficial peroneal sensory nerve in common peroneal neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 31(6):725-729
109. Katifi HA, Sedgwick EM (1987) Evaluation of the dermatomal somatosensory evoked potential in the diagnosis of lumbo-sacral root compression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50:1204-1210
110. Katirji B, Wilbourn AJ (1988) Common peroneal mononeuropathy: a clinical and electrophysiologic study of 116 lesions. Neurology 38(11):1723-1728
111. Katirji B, Wilbourn AJ (1994) High sciatic lesion mimicking peroneal neuropathy at the fibular head. J Neurol Sci 121(2):172-175
112. Katirji B (2002) Electrodiagnostic approach to the patient with suspected mononeuropathy of the lower extremity. Neurol Clin 20:479-501
113. Kempster P, Gates P, Byrne E, Wilson A (1991) Painful sciatic neuropathy following cardiac surgery. Aust NZJ Med 21:732-735
114. Keykhah MM, Rosenberg H (1979) Bilateral footdrop after craniotomy in the sitting position. Anesthesiology 51:163-164
115. Kiernan MC, Burke D, Andersen KV, Bostock H (2000) Multiple measures of axonal excitability: a new approach in clinical testing. Muscle Nerve 23:399-409
116. Kiernan MC, Cikurel K, Bostock H (2001a) Effects of temperature on the excitability properties of human motor axons. Brain 124:816-825
117. Kiernan MC, Lin C S Y, Andersen KV, Murray NM, Bostock H (2001b) Clinical evaluation of excitability measures in sensory nerve. Muscle Nerve 24:883-892
118. Kiernan MC, Mogyoros I, Burke D (1999) Conduction block in carpal tunnel syndrome. Brain 122:933-941
119. King AJ (1946) Note on the pathology of Morton's metatarsalgia. Am J Clin Pathol 16:124
120. Kiss G, Komar J (1990) Suprascapular nerve compression at the spinoglenoid notch. Muscle Nerve 13:556-557
121. Kline DG, Dejonge BR (1968) Evoked potentials to evaluate peripheral nerve injuries. Surg Gynecol Obstet 127(6):1239-1248
122. Kline DG, Happel LT (1993) A quarter century's experience with intraoperative nerve action potential recording. Can J Neurol Sci 20:3-10
123. Ko SH, Wook C, Hyun CK (2004) Delayed spinal cord injury following electrical burns: a 7-year experience. Burns 30:691-695
124. Kothari MJ, Heistand M, Rutkove SB (1998a) Three ulnar nerve conduction studies in patients with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 79:87-89
125. Kothari MJ, Macintosh K, Heistand M, Logigian EL (1998b) Medial antebrachial cutaneous sensory studies in the evaluation of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Muscle Nerve 21:647-649
126. Kraft GH (1972) Axillary, musculocutaneous and suprascapular nerve latency studies. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 53:383-387
127. Kuhlman GS, McKeag DB (1999) The "Burner": a common nerve injury in contact sports. Am Family Phys 60(7):2035-2040
128. Kuntzer T, Van Melle G, Regli F (1997) Clinical and prognostic features of femoral neuropathies. Muscle Nerve 20:205-211
129. Lagueny A, Deliac MM, Deliac P, Durandeau A (1991) Diagnostic and prognostic value of electrophysiological tests in meralgia paraesthetica. Muscle Nerve 14:51-56
130. Lederman RJ, Wilbourn AJ (1984) Brachial plexopathy: recurrent cancer or radiation? Neurology 34:1331
131. Lee K-Y, Lee Y-J, Koh S-H (2009) Usefulness of the median terminal latency ratio in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol 120:765-769
132. Lee MJ, Lastayo PC (2004) Pronator syndrome and other nerve compressions that mimic carpal tunnel syndrome. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 34(10):601-609
133. Lee RC, Astumian RD (1996) The physicochemical basis for thermal and non-thermal 'burn' injuries. Burns 22:509-519
134. Le Forestier N, Moulonguet A, Maisonobe T, Leger J-M, Bouche P (1998) True neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: electrophysiological diagnosis in 6 cases. Muscle Nerve 21:1129-1134
135. Levin KH (1998) L5 radiculopathy with reduced superficial peroneal sensory responses: intraspinal and extraspinal causes. Muscle Nerve 21(1):3-7
136. Levin KH, Maggiano HJ, Wilbourn AJ (1996) Cervical radiculopathies: comparison of surgical and EMG localisation of single-root lesions. Neurology 46:1022-1025
137. Leffler A-S, Hansson P (2008) Painful traumatic peripheral partial nerve injury-sensory dysfunction profiles comparing outcomes of bedside examination and quantitative sensory testing. Eur J Pain 12:397-402
138. Lindner A, Schulte-Mattler W, Zierz S (1997) Postpartum obturator nerve syndrome: case report and review of the nervecompression syndrome during pregnancy and delivery. Zentralbl Gynäkol 119(3):93-99
139. Lo YL, Prakash KM, Leoh TH (2004) Posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve conduction study in radial neuropathy. J Neurol Sci 223(2):199-202
140. Love S (1983) An experimental study of peripheral nerve regeneration after x-irradiation. Brain 106(Pt 1):39-54
141. Mancias P, Slopias JM, Curtis CG, Zuker RM, Seifu Y, Andrews DF (1994) The natural history of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg 93:675-680
142. Makela JP, Ramstad R, Mattila V, Pihlajamaki H (2006) Brachial plexus lesions after backpack carriage in young adults. Clin Orthop Relat Res 452:205-206
143. McManis PG (1994) Sciatic nerve lesions during cardiac surgery. Neurology 44:684-687
144. McMomas AJ, Fawcett P R W, Campbell MJ, Sica R E P (1971) Electrophysiological estimation of the number of motor units within a human muscle. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 34:121-131
145. Miledi R, Slater CR (1970) On the degeneration of rat neuromuscular junctions after nerve section. J Physiol (Lond) 207:507-528
146. Mills KR (1985) Orthodromic sensory action potentials from palmar stimulation in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 48:250-255
147. Mochida H, Kikuchi S (1995) Injury to infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve in arthroscopic knee surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res 320:88-94
148. Moghekar AR, Moghekar AR, Karli N, Chaudhry VJ (2007) Brachial Plexopathies: etiology, frequency, and electrodiagnostic localization. Clin Neuromusc Dis 9:243-24
149. Morgan G, Wilbourn AJ (1998) Cervical radiculopathy and coexisting distal entrapment neuropathies - Double-crush syndromes? Neurology 50:78-83
150. Morgan SH, Rudge P, Smith S J M, Bronstein AM, Kendall BE, Holley E, Young EP, D'Acrawford M, Bannister R (1990) The neurological complications of Anderson-Fabry disease (alpha galactosidase A deficiency) - investigation of symptomatic and presymptomatic patients. QJ Med 75:491-508
151. Nakano KK (1977) Anterior interosseous syndrome. Arch Neurol 34:477
152. Nodera H, Kaji R (2006) Nerve excitability and its clinical application to neuromuscular diseases. Clin Neurophysiol 117:1902-1916
153. Ochoa J, Danta G, Fowler TJ, Gilliatt RW (1971) Nature of the nerve lesion caused by a pneumatic tourniquet. Nature 233(5317):265-266
154. Oh SJ (2007) Neuropathies of the foot. Clin Neurophysiol 118:954-980
155. Olsen NK, Pfeiffer P, Johannsen L, Schrøder H, Rose C (1993) Radiation-induced brachial plexopathy: neurological follow-up in 161 recurrence-free breast cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 26(1):43-49
156. Padua L, Padua R, Nazzaro M, Tonali P (1998) Incidence of bilateral symptoms in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg Br 23(5):603-606
157. Paintal AS (1965) Block of conduction in mammalian myelinated nerve fibres by low temperatures. J Physiol (Lond) 180:1-19
158. Papazian O, Alfonso I, Yalali I, Velez I, Jayakar P (2000) Neurophysiological evaluation of children with traumatic radiculopathy, plexopathy and peripheral neuropathy. Semin Pediatr Neurol 7:26-35
159. Paradiso G, Granana N, Maza E (1997) Prenatal brachial plexus injury. Neurology 49:261-262
160. Parsonage MJ, Turner JW (1948) Neuralgic amyotrophy; the shoulder-Girdle syndrome. Lancet 251:973-978
161. Pasila M, Jaroma H, Kiviluoto O, Sundholm A (1978) Early complications of primary shoulder dislocations. Acta Orthop Scand 49(3):260-263
162. Payne G (pers comm) Burners and stingers: shoulder injuries in rugby players. Conference Abstract. ABN/BSCN Joint Meeting, Croke Park, Dublin, 2008
163. Peccina M (1979) Contribution to the aetiologic explanation of the piriformis syndrome. Acta Anat 105:181-187
164. Pearce JM (2001) Emil Heinrich Du Bois-Reymond (1818-96). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71(5):620
165. Plewnia C, Wallace C, Zochodne D (1999) Traumatic sciatic neuropathy: a novel cause, local experience, and a review of the literature. J Trauma 47(5):986-989
166. Pitt M, Vredeveld JW (2005) The role of electromyography in the management of the brachial plexus palsy of the newborn. Clin Neurophysiol 116:1756-1761
167. Ratnayake B, Emmanuel ER, Walker CC (1996) Neurological sequelae following a high tension electrical burn. Burns 22(7):574-577
168. Raudino F (2004) The value of inching technique in evaluating the peroneal nerve entrapment at the fibular head. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 44(1):3-5
169. Rengachary SS, Neff JP, Singer PA, Brackett CE (1979) Suprascapular entrapment neuropathy: a clinical, anatomical, and comparative study. Part II: anatomical study. Neurosurgery 5:447-451
170. Rivner MH, Swift TR, Crout BO, Rhodes KP (1990) Toward more rational nerve conduction interpretations: the effect of height. Muscle Nerve 13:232-239
171. Rosen I, Werner CO (1980) Neurophysiological investigation of posterior interosseus nerve entrapment causing lateral elbow pain. Clin Neurophysiol 50:125-133
172. Ross D, Jones HR, Fisher J, Konkol RJ (1983) Isolated radial nerve lesion in the newborn. Neurology 33:1354-1356
173. Roy S, Levine AB, Herbison GJ, Jacobs SR (2002) Intraoperative positioning during caesarean section as a cause of sciatic neuropathy. Obstet Gynecol 99(4):652-653
174. Sances A, Larson SJ, Myklebust JB et al (1979) Electrical injuries. Surg Gynecol Obstet 149:97
175. Sala F, Niimi Y, Berenstein A, Deletis V (2001) Neuroprotective role of neurophysiological monitoring during endovascular procedure in the spinal cord. Ann NY Acad Sci 939:126-136
176. Sears TA, Bostock H (1981) Conduction failure in demyelination: is it inevitable? Adv Neurol 31:357-375
177. Seddon HJ (1943) Three types of nerve injury. Brain 66:237-288
178. Seror P (2004) Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve conduction study, a new tool to demonstrate mild lower brachial plexus lesions. A report of 16 cases. Clin Neurophysiol 115:2316-2322
179. Seror P (2002) Sural nerve lesions: a report of 20 cases. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81:876-880
180. Seror P, Seror R (2006) Meralgia paresthetica: clinical and electrophysiological diagnosis in 120 cases. Muscle Nerve 33(5):650-654
181. Sever JW (1916) Obstetric paralysis. Am J Dis Child 12(6):541
182. Seyffarth EA (2006) Julius Bernstein (1839-1917): pioneer neurobiologist and biophysicist. Biol Cybern 94(1):2-8
183. Seyffarth H (1951) Primary myoses in the pronator teres as a cause of the lesion of the median nerve. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 74(S):251
184. Simpson JA (1956) Electrical signs in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel and related syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 19(4):275-280
185. Slack JR, Williams MN (1981) The absence of nodal sprouts from partially denervated nerve trunks. Brain Rsr 226:291-297
186. Slooff AC (1993) Obstetric brachial plexus lesions and their neurosurgical treatment. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 95(suppl):73-77
187. Smith JW, Thesleff S (1976) Spontaneous activity in denervated mouse diaphragm muscle. J Physiol (Lond) 257:171-186
188. Smith HR (2004) Nerve conduction study results and treatment outcome in suprascapular neuropathy. Neurology 62(Suppl 5):A376
189. Sonck WA, Francx MM, Engels HL (1991) Innervation anomalies in upper and lower extremeties: potential clinical implications. Electromyog Clin Neurophysiol 31:67-80
190. Spindler HA, Dellon A (1990) Nerve conduction studies in the superficial radial entrapment syndrome. Muscle Nerve 13:1-5
191. Stecker MM, Baylor K (2009) Peripheral nerve at extreme low temperatures 1: effects of temperature on the action potential. Cryobiology 59:1-11
192. Stewart JD (1987) The variable clinical manifestations of ulnar neuropathies at the elbow. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50:252-258
193. Sumner AJ (2007) Parsonage Turner revisited. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 8(4):237-239
194. Sunderland S (1990) The anatomy and physiology of nerve injury. Muscle Nerve 13:771-784
195. Sunderland S (1991) Nerve injuries and their repair - a critical appraisal. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, p 103
196. Sutter M, Deletis V, Dvorak J, Eggspuehler A, Grob D, MacDonald D (2007) Current opinions and recommendations on multimodal intraoperative monitoring during spine surgeries. Eur Spine J 16:S232-S237
197. Tavee J, Mays M, Wilbourn AJ (2007) Pitfalls in the electrodiagnostic studies of sacral plexopathies. Muscle Nerve 35(6):725-729
198. Thomas JE, Cascino TL, Earle JD (1985) Differential diagnosis between radiation and tumour plexopathy of the pelvis. Neurology 35:1-7
199. Tsao BE, Shields RW, Wilbourn AJ (2008) True neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: electrodiagnostic analysis of 42 cases. Clin Neurophysiol 119:e45
200. Upton RM, McComas AJ (1973) The double crush in nerve entrapment syndromes. Lancet 11:359-362
201. Van Alfen N, Van Engelen BG (2006) The clinical spectrum of neuralgic amyotrophy in 246 cases. Brain 129(Pt 2):43
202. Van Dijk J, Pondaag W, Malessy MJ (2001) Obsetric lesions of the brachial plexus. Muscle Nerve 24:1451-1461
203. Vredeveld JW, Blaauw G, Slooff AC, Richards R, Rozeman SC (1996) The findings in paediatric brachial palsy differ from those in older patients: a suggested explanation. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 99:299
204. Vogel CM, Albin R, Alberts JW (1991) Lotus footdrop: sciatic neuropathy in the thigh. Neurology 41(4):605-606
205. Walters RJ, Murray NM (2001) Transcarpal motor conduction velocity in carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve 24:966-968
206. Watson WF, Brown BV (1993) Acute retrohumeral radial neuropathies. Muscle Nerve 16:706-711
207. Wilbourn AJ (2007) Plexopathies. Neurol Clin 25(1):166-167
208. Wilbourn AJ, Gilliatt RW (1997) Double crush syndrome: a critical analysis. Neurology 49:21-29
209. Wilbourn AJ, Aminoff M (1988) AAEM Minimonograph #32. Muscle Nerve 11:1099-1114
210. Wong CA, Scavone BM, Dugan S, Smith JC, Prather H, Ganchiff JN, McCarthy RJ (2003) Incidence of postpartum lumbosacral spine and lower extremity nerve injuries. Obstet Gynecol 101(2):279-288
211. Wu JS, Morris JD, Hogan GR (1985) Ulnar neuropathy at the wrist: case report and review of literature. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 66:785-788
212. Wulff CH, Gilliatt RW (1979) F waves in patient with hand wasting caused by a cervical rib and band. Muscle Nerve 2:452-457
213. Yuen EC, So YT, Olney RK (1995) The electrophysiologic features of sciatic neuropathy in 100 patients. Muscle Nerve 18(4):414-420
214. Yulmaz K, Cahskan M, Oge E, Aydmh N, Tunaci M, Ozmen M (1999) Clinical assessment, MRI and EMG in congenital brachial plexus palsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 21:705-710