Reinforcing Spirals of Negative Affects and Selective Attention to Advertising in a Political Campaign

Communication Research

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 413-434

  Schemer, Christian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

ethnic minorities; intergroup emotions; political advertising; reinforcing spirals processes; research methods

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860172943     PISSN: 00936502     EISSN: 15523810     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0093650211427141     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Ahern J.,Galea S.,Resnick H.,Kilpatrick D.,Bucuvalas M.,Gold J.,Vlahov D.Television images and psychological symptoms after the September 11 terrorist attacks.Psychiatry. 2002;65:289-300.
2. Ansolabehere S.,Iyengar S.Going negative: How political advertising shrink and polarize the electorate. New York, NY: Free Press; 1997:.
3. Bollen K.A.,Curran P.J.Latent curve models. A structural equation perspective. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2006:.
4. Boyle M.P.,Schmierbach M.,Armstrong C.L.,McLeod D.M.,Shah D.V.,Pan Z.Information seeking and emotional reactions to September 11 terrorist attacks.Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 2004;81:155-167.
5. Brader T.Striking a responsive chord: How political ads motivate and persuade voters by appealing to emotions.American Journal of Political Science. 2005;49:388-405.
6. Brader T.,Valentino N.A.,Suhay E.What triggers public opposition to immigration? Anxiety, group cues, and immigration threat.American Journal of Political Science. 2008;52:959-978.
7. Bradley S.D.,Angelini J.R.,Lee S.Psychophysiological and memory effects of negative political ads.Journal of Advertising. 2007;36:115-127.
8. Statistisches Lexikon der Schweiz. Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Author; 2011:.
9. Cappella J.N.,Jamieson K.H.Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1997:.
10. Chang C.The impacts of emotion elicited by print political advertising on candidate evaluation.Media Psychology. 2001;3:91-118.
11. Cho J.,Boyle M.P.,Keum H.,Shevy M.D.,McLeod D.M.,Shah D.V.,Pan Z.Media, terrorism, and emotionality: Emotional differences in media content and public reactions to the September 11th terrorist attacks.Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media. 2003;47:309-327.
12. Cottrell C.A.,Richards D.A. R.,Nichols A.L.Predicting policy attitudes from general prejudice versus specific intergroup emotions.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2010;46:247-254.
13. Cottrell C.A.,Neuberg S.L.Different emotional reactions to different groups: A sociofunctional threat-based approach to "prejudice.".Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2005;88:770-789.
14. Craig C.S.,Sternthal B.,Leavitt C.Advertising wear out: An experimental analysis.Journal of Marketing Research. 1976;13:365-374.
15. Dillard J.P.,Wilson B.J.Communication and affect: Thoughts, feelings, and issues for the future.Communication Research. 1993;20:637-646.
16. Esses V.M.,Veenlivet S.,Hodson G.,Mihic L.Justice, morality, and the dehumanization of refugees.Social Justice Research. 2008;21:4-25.
17. Frijda N.H.The emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1986:.
18. Handbook of emotion regulation. Gross J.J., ed. New York, NY: Guilford; 2007:.
19. Holbert R.L.,Shah D.V.,Kwak N.Fear, authority, and justice: Crime-related TV viewing and endorsements of capital punishment and gun ownership.Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 2004;81:343-363.
20. Kinder D.R.,Sanders L.M.Divided by color: Racial politics and democratic ideals. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1996:.
21. Kinder D.R.Beliefs, reasoning, and decision making. Schank R.C.Langer E., ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1994:277-314.
22. Kriesi H., ed. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan; in press:.
23. Lang A.Involuntary attention and physiological arousal evoked by structural features and emotional content in TV commercials.Communication Research. 1990;17:275-299.
24. Lang A.The limited capacity model of mediated message processing.Journal of Communication. 2000;50:46-70.
25. Lang A.Television and political advertising: Psychological processes. Biocca F., ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1991:221-243.
26. Lavenex S.Handbook of Swiss politics. Klöti U.Knoepfel P.Kriesi H.Linder W.Papadopoulos Y.Sciarini P., ed. Zürich, Switzerland: Neue Zürcher Zeitung; 2007:621-644.
27. Mackie D.M.,Devos T.,Smith E.R.Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2000;79:602-616.
28. Marcus G.E.,MacKuen M.B.Anxiety, enthusiasm, and the vote: The emotional underpinnings of learning and involvement during presidential campaigns.American Political Science Review. 1993;87:672-685.
29. Mendelberg T.Public Opinion Quarterly. 1997 1988;61:134-157.
30. Nabi R.L.Exploring the framing effects of emotion: Do discrete emotions differentially influence information accessibility, information seeking, and policy preference?.Communication Research. 2003;30:224-247.
31. Pan Z.,Kosicki G.M.Voters' reasoning processes and media influences during the Persian Gulf War.Political Behavior. 1994;16:117-156.
32. Pan Z.,Kosicki G.M.Priming and media impact on the evaluations of the president's performance.Communication Research. 1997;24:3-30.
33. Peffley M.,Shields T.G.,Williams B.The intersection of race and crime in television news stories: An experimental study.Political Communication. 1996;13:309-327.
34. Peter J.,Valkenburg P.M.Adolescents' exposure to sexually explicit internet material and sexual satisfaction: A longitudinal study.Human Communication Research. 2009;35:171-194.
35. Reeves B.,Newhagen J.E.,Maibach E.,Basil M.,Kurz K.Negative and positive television messages: Effects of message type and context on attention and memory.American Behavioral Scientist. 1991;34:679-694.
36. Schneider S.L.Anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe: Outgroup size and perceived ethnic threat.European Sociological Review. 2008;24:53-67.
37. Sears D.O.Citizens and politics: Perspectives from political psychology. Kuklinski J.H., ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2001:14-40.
38. Slater M.D.Reinforcing spirals: The mutual influences of media selectivity and media effects and their impact on individual behavior and social identity.Communication Theory. 2007;17:281-303.
39. Slater M.D.,Hayes A.F.The influence of music television viewership on changes in cigarette use and association with smoking peers: A social identity, reinforcing spirals perspective.Communication Research. 2010;37:751-773.
40. Slater M.D.,Henry K.L.,Swaim R.C.,Anderson L.L.Violent media content and aggressiveness in adolescents: A downward spiral model.Communication Research. 2003;30:713-736.
41. Slater M.D.,Rasinski K.A.Media exposure and attention as mediating variables influencing social risk judgments.Journal of Communication. 2005;55:810-827.
42. Smith E.R.,Mackie D.M.Social identities: motivational, emotional, cultural influences. Brown R.Capozza D., ed. New York, NY: Psychology Press; 2006:173-187.
43. Talaska C.A.,Fiske S.T.,Chaiken S.Legitimating racial discrimination: Emotions, not beliefs, best predict discrimination in a meta-analysis.Social Justice Research. 2008;21:263-296.
44. Thorson E.,Christ W.G.,Caywood C.Effects of issue-image strategies, attack and support appeals, music, and visual content in political commercials.Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media. 1991;35:465-486.
45. Valentino N.A.,Hutchings V.L.,Banks A.J.,Davis A.K.Is a worried citizen a good citizen? Emotions, political information seeking, and learning via the Internet.Political Psychology. 2008;29:247-273.
46. Valentino N.A.,Traugott M.W.,Hutchings V.L.Group cues and ideological constraint: A replication of political advertising effects studies in the lab and in the field.Political Communication. 2002;19:29-48.
47. von Bertalanffy L.General systems theory: Foundations, development, applications. New York, NY: George Braziller; 1968:.
48. Wirth W.,Schemer C.,Matthes J.Political communication in direct democratic campaigns: Enlightening or manipulating?. Kriesi H., ed. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan; in press:205-224.
49. Witte K.,Allen M.A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns.Health Education & Behavior. 2000;27:591-615.