Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia - The past, the present and the future

Indian Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 54, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 73-80

  Varambally, Shivarama ^a   Venkatasubramanian, Ganesan ^a   Gangadhar, Bangalore N ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH AND NEUROSCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

Cognitive dysmetria; endophenotype; neurological soft signs; schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

ARTICLE; BRAIN; BRAIN SIZE; CAMBRIDGE NEUROLOGICAL INVENTORY; CEREBELLUM; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DISEASE COURSE; DYSMETRIA; ENDOPHENOTYPE; FOLLOW UP; FRONTAL LOBE; HEIDELBERG SCALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MENTAL DISEASE; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NEUROLOGICAL EVALUATION SCALE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PSYCHOSIS; QUESTIONNAIRE; RATING SCALE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCORING SYSTEM; SYMPTOM; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THALAMUS;

EID: 84859802117     PISSN: 00195545     EISSN: 19983794     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.94653     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Woods BT. Is schizophrenia a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder? Toward a unitary pathogenetic mechanism. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:1661-70.
2. Lewis DA. Schizophrenia and disordered neural circuitry. Schizophr Bull 1997;23:529-31.
3. Pearlson GD, Petty RG, Ross CA, Tien AY. Schizophrenia: A disease of heteromodal association cortex? Neuropsychopharmacology 1996;14:1-17.
4. Buchanan RW, Francis A, Arango C, Miller K, Lefkowitz DM, McMahon RP, et al. Morphometric assessment of the heteromodal association cortex in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:322-31.
5. Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS, Cizadlo T, Arndt S, Rezai K, Ponto LL, et al. Schizophrenia and cognitive dysmetria: A positive emission tomography study of dysfunctional prefrontal-thalamic-cerebellar circuitry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:9985-90.
6. Andreasen NC, Paradiso S, O'Leary DS. "Cognitive dysmetria" as an integrative theory of schizophrenia: a dysfunction in cortical- subcorticalcerebellar circuitry? Schizophr Bull. 1998;24:203-18.
7. Andreasen NC, Nopoulos P, O'Leary DS, Miller DD, Wassink T, Flaum M. Defining the phenotype of schizophrenia: cognitive dysmetria and its neural mechanisms. Biol Psychiatry 1999;46:908-20.
8. Volz H, Gaser C, Sauer H. Supporting evidence for the model of cognitive dysmetria in schizophrenia-a structural magnetic resonance imaging study using deformation-based morphometry. Schizophr Res 2000;46:45-56.
9. Kraepelin E. Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia In: GM R, editor. New York: Robert Ekreiger; 1919. p. 77-83.
10. Sanders RD, Keshavan MS. The neurologic examination in adult psychiatry: from soft signs to hard science. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998;10:395-404.
11. Bombin I, Arango C, Buchanan RW. Significance and meaning of neurological signs in schizophrenia: Two decades later. Schizophr Bull 2005;31:962-77.
12. Chan RC, Gottesman, II. Neurological soft signs as candidate endophenotypes for schizophrenia: a shooting star or a Northern star? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008;32:957-71.
13. Tsuang MT, Faraone SV. The concept of target features in schizophrenia research. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1999;395:2-11.
14. Heinrichs DW, Buchanan RW. Significance and meaning of neurological signs in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1988;145:11-8.
15. Nizamie SH NA, Sangama MW, Sharma PL. Soft neurological signs and minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia. Indian J Psychiatry 1989;31:230-7.
16. Torrey EF. Neurological abnormalities in schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1980;15:381-8.
17. Woods BT, Kinney DK, Yurgelun-Todd D. Neurologic abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and their families. I. Comparison of schizophrenic, bipolar, and substance abuse patients and normal controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:657-63.
18. Chan RC, Xu T, Heinrichs RW, Yu Y, Wang Y. Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 2009;36:1089-104.
19. Kinney DK, Woods BT, Yurgelun-Todd D. Neurologic abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and their families. II. Neurologic and psychiatric findings in relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:665-8.
20. Chan RC, Xu T, Heinrichs RW, Yu Y, Gong QY. Neurological soft signs in non-psychotic first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009;34:889-96.
21. Buchanan RW, Heinrichs DW. The Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES): A structured instrument for the assessment of neurological signs in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 1989;27:335-50.
22. Chen EY, Shapleske J, Luque R, McKenna PJ, Hodges JR, Calloway SP, et al. The Cambridge Neurological Inventory: a clinical instrument for assessment of soft neurological signs in psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Res 1995;56:183-204.
23. Schröder J NR, Geider FJ, Reitz C, Binkert M, Jauß M, Sauer H. Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1992:25-30.
24. Jahn T, Cohen R, Hubmann W, Mohr F, Kohler I, Schlenker R, et al. The Brief Motor Scale (BMS) for the assessment of motor soft signs in schizophrenic psychoses and other psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Res 2006;142:177-89.
25. Trouillas P, Takayanagi T, Hallett M, Currier RD, Subramony SH, Wessel K, et al. International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale for pharmacological assessment of the cerebellar syndrome. The Ataxia Neuropharmacology Committee of the World Federation of Neurology. J Neurol Sci. 1997;145:205-11.
26. Kolakowska T, Williams AO, Jambor K, Ardern M. Schizophrenia with good and poor outcome. III: Neurological 'soft' signs, cognitive impairment and their clinical significance. Br J Psychiatry 1985;146:348-57.
27. Smith RC, Kadewari RP, Rosenberger JR, Bhattacharyya A. Nonresponding schizophrenia: Differentiation by neurological soft signs and neuropsychological tests. Schizophr Bull 1999;25:813-25.
28. Arango C, Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW. Neurological signs and the heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:560-5.
29. Gupta S, Andreasen NC, Arndt S, Flaum M, Schultz SK, Hubbard WC, et al. Neurological soft signs in neuroleptic-naive and neuroleptictreated schizophrenic patients and in normal comparison subjects. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:191-6.
30. Sanders RD, Keshavan MS, Schooler NR. Neurological examination abnormalities in neuroleptic-naive patients with first-break schizophrenia: Preliminary results. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:1231-3.
31. Dazzan P, Murray RM. Neurological soft signs in first-episode psychosis: A systematic review. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 2002;43:s50-7.
32. Venkatasubramanian G, Latha V, Gangadhar BN, Janakiramaiah N, Subbakrishna DK, Jayakumar PN, et al. Neurological soft signs in nevertreated schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003;108:144-6.
33. Whitty P, Clarke M, Browne S, McTigue O, Kamali M, Feeney L, et al. Prospective evaluation of neurological soft signs in first-episode schizophrenia in relation to psychopathology: State versus trait phenomena. Psychol Med 2003;33:1479-84.
34. Bachmann S, Bottmer C, Schroder J. Neurological soft signs in first-episode schizophrenia: A follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:2337-43.
35. Chen EY, Hui CL, Chan RC, Dunn EL, Miao MY, Yeung WS, et al. A 3-year prospective study of neurological soft signs in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2005;75:45-54.
36. Prikryl R, Ceskova E, Kasparek T, Kucerova H. Neurological soft signs, clinical symptoms and treatment reactivity in patients suffering from first episode schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2006;40:141-6.
37. Mittal VA, Hasenkamp W, Sanfilipo M, Wieland S, Angrist B, Rotrosen J, et al. Relation of neurological soft signs to psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2007;94:37-44.
38. Chen EY, Kwok CL, Au JW, Chen RY, Lau BS. Progressive deterioration of neurological signs in chronic schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000;102:342-9.
39. Madsen AL, Vorstrup S, Rubin P, Larsen JK, Hemmingsen R. Neurological abnormalities in schizophrenic patients: a prospective follow-up study 5 years after first admission. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999;100:119-25.
40. Browne S, Clarke M, Gervin M, Lane A, Waddington JL, Larkin C, et al. Determinants of neurological dysfunction in first episode schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2000;30:1433-41.
41. Levin S, Holzman PS, Rothenberg SJ, Lipton RB. Saccadic eye movements in psychotic patients. Psychiatry Res 1981;5:47-58.
42. Chaudhury SG, Mishra RK. Saccadic Eyeball Movements in Schizophrenia. NIMHANS Journal 1997:243-7.
43. Kinney DK, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Woods BT. Neurologic signs of cerebellar and cortical sensory dysfunction in schizophrenics and their relatives. Schizophr Res 1999;35:99-104.
44. Sears LL, Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS. Cerebellar functional abnormalities in schizophrenia are suggested by classical eyeblink conditioning. Biol Psychiatry 2000;48:204-9.
45. Avila MT, Weiler MA, Lahti AC, Tamminga CA, Thaker GK. Effects of ketamine on leading saccades during smooth-pursuit eye movements may implicate cerebellar dysfunction in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1490-6.
46. Deshmukh A, Rosenbloom MJ, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV. Clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction in schizophrenia, alcoholism, and their comorbidity. Schizophr Res 2002;57:281-91.
47. Martin P, Albers M. Cerebellum and schizophrenia: A selective review. Schizophr Bull 1995;21:241-50.
48. Guy W, editor. Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS).: US Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare; 1976.
49. Simpson GM, Angus JW. A rating scale for extrapyramidal side effects. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1970;212:11-9.
50. Varambally S, Venkatasubramanian G, Thirthalli J, Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN. Cerebellar and other neurological soft signs in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006;114:352-6.
51. Mohr F, Hubmann W, Cohen R, Bender W, Haslacher C, Honicke S, et al. Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia: assessment and correlates. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1996;246:240-8.
52. Mohr F, Hubmann W, Albus M, Franz U, Hecht S, Scherer J, et al. Neurological soft signs and neuropsychological performance in patients with first episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2003;121:21-30.
53. Sanders RD, Schuepbach D, Goldstein G, Haas GL, Sweeney JA, Keshavan MS. Relationships between cognitive and neurological performance in neuroleptic-naive psychosis. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004;16:480-7.
54. Chan RC, Chen EY, Cheung EF, Cheung HK. Executive dysfunctions in schizophrenia. Relationships to clinical manifestation. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004;254:256-62.
55. Flashman LA, Flaum M, Gupta S, Andreasen NC. Soft signs and neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:526-32.
56. Jahn T, Hubmann W, Karr M, Mohr F, Schlenker R, Heidenreich T, et al. Motoric neurological soft signs and psychopathological symptoms in schizophrenic psychoses. Psychiatry Res 2006;142:191-9.
57. Dazzan P, Lloyd T, Morgan KD, Zanelli J, Morgan C, Orr K, et al. Neurological abnormalities and cognitive ability in first-episode psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 2008;193:197-202.
58. Johnstone EC, Crow TJ, Frith CD, Husband J, Kreel L. Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet 1976;2:924-6.
59. Rubin P, Vorstrup S, Hemmingsen R, Andersen HS, Bendsen BB, Stromso N, et al. Neurological abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder at first admission to hospital: correlations with computerized tomography and regional cerebral blood flow findings. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994;90:385-90.
60. Ward KE, Friedman L, Wise A, Schulz SC. Meta-analysis of brain and cranial size in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1996;22:197-213.
61. Lawrie SM, Abukmeil SS. Brain abnormality in schizophrenia. A systematic and quantitative review of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies. Br J Psychiatry 1998;172:110-20.
62. Lewis S. Psychopathology and brain dysfunction: Structural-imaging studies. 1st ed. Keshavan MS MRM, editor. Cambridge University Press; 1997.
63. Keshavan MS, Rosenberg D, Sweeney JA, Pettegrew JW. Decreased caudate volume in neuroleptic-naive psychotic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:774-8.
64. Corson PW, Nopoulos P, Andreasen NC, Heckel D, Arndt S. Caudate size in first-episode neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients measured using an artificial neural network. Biol Psychiatry 1999;46:712-20.
65. McCreadie RG, Padmavati R, Thara R, Srinivasan TN. Spontaneous dyskinesia and parkinsonism in never-medicated, chronically ill patients with schizophrenia: 18-month follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 2002;181:135-7.
66. Keshavan MS, Sanders RD, Sweeney JA, Diwadkar VA, Goldstein G, Pettegrew JW, et al. Diagnostic specificity and neuroanatomical validity of neurological abnormalities in first-episode psychoses. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1298-304.
67. Dazzan P, Morgan KD, Orr KG, Hutchinson G, Chitnis X, Suckling J, et al. The structural brain correlates of neurological soft signs in AESOP firstepisode psychoses study. Brain 2004;127:143-53.
68. Thomann PA, Wustenberg T, Santos VD, Bachmann S, Essig M, Schroder J. Neurological soft signs and brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2009;39:371-9.
69. Venkatasubramanian G, Jayakumar PN, Gangadhar BN, Keshavan MS. Neuroanatomical correlates of neurological soft signs in antipsychoticnaive schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2008;164:215-22.
70. Gourion D, Goldberger C, Bourdel MC, Bayle FJ, Millet B, Olie JP, et al. Neurological soft-signs and minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia: Differential transmission within families. Schizophr Res 2003;63:181-7.
71. John JP, Arunachalam V, Ratnam B, Isaac MK. Expanding the schizophrenia phenotype: a composite evaluation of neurodevelopmental markers. Compr Psychiatry 2008;49:78-86.
72. Behere RV, Venkatasubramanian G, Arasappa R, Reddy N, Gangadhar BN. Effect of risperidone on emotion recognition deficits in antipsychoticnaive schizophrenia: A short-term follow-up study. Schizophr Res 2009;113:72-6.