'Worse than HIV' or 'not as serious as other diseases'? Conceptualization of cervical cancer among newly screened women in Zambia

Social Science and Medicine

Volumn 74, Issue 10, 2012, Pages 1486-1493

  White, Heather L ^a   Mulambia, Chishimba ^b   Sinkala, Moses ^c   Mwanahamuntu, Mulindi H ^d,e   Parham, Groesbeck P ^d,e,f   Moneyham, Linda ^a   Grimley, Diane M ^a   Chamot, Eric ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA   (Zambia)

^c Catholic Medical Mission Board   (Zambia)

^d CENTRE FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASE RESEARCH IN ZAMBIA   (Zambia)

^e UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL   (Zambia)

^f University of Alabama at Birmingham   (United States)

Author keywords

Access to care; Cervical cancer; HIV; Mass screening; Retention into care; Social representations; Stigma; Women; Zambia

Indexed keywords

ACETIC ACID; ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; CANCER; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; DEVELOPING WORLD; HEALTH CARE; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; WOMENS HEALTH;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADULT; ARTICLE; CANCER SCREENING; CONTROLLED STUDY; CRYOTHERAPY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; HEALTH BELIEF; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT; HEALTH CARE PRACTICE; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE STATUS; KNOWLEDGE; MEDICAL INFORMATION; MORTALITY; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; SOCIAL ASPECT; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; ZAMBIA;

EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER; FEMALE; FOCUS GROUPS; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INTERVIEWS AS TOPIC; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; SOCIAL STIGMA; UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS; ZAMBIA;

LUSAKA [ZAMBIA]; ZAMBIA;

EID: 84859751265     PISSN: 02779536     EISSN: 18735347     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.01.028     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Agurto I., Bishop A., Sanchez G., Betancourt Z., Robles S. Perceived barriers and benefits to cervical cancer screening in Latin America. Prevention Medicine 2004, 39(1):91-98.
2. Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention. (2007). Cervical cancer prevention fact sheet: 10 key findings and recommendations for effective cervical cancer screening and treatment programs. Retrieved from: . http://www.alliance-cxca.org/files/ACCP_recs_2007_factsheet_final.pdf.
3. Arbyn M., Castellsagué X., de Sanjosé S., Bruni L., Saraiya M., Bray F., et al. Worldwide burden of cervical cancer in 2008. Annals of Oncology 2011, 22(12):2675-2686.
4. Ashing-Giwa K.T., Kagawa-Singer M., Padilla G.V., Tejero J.S., Hsiao E., Chhabra R., et al. The impact of cervical cancer and dysplasia: a qualitative, multiethnic study. Psychoonchology 2004, 13(10):709-728.
5. Blumenthal P.D., Lauterbach M., Sellors J.W., Sankaranarayanan R. Training for cervical cancer prevention programs in low-resource settings: focus on visual inspection with acetic acid and cryotherapy. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2005, 89(Suppl. 2):S30-S37.
6. Bosch F.X., Burchell A.N., Schiffman M., Giuliano A.R., de Sanjose S., Bruni L., et al. Epidemiology and natural history of human papilloma virus infections and type-specific implications of cervical neoplasia. Vaccine 2008, 26(Suppl. 10):K1-K16.
7. Chavez L.R., Hubbell F.A., McMullin J.M., Martinez R.G., Mishra S.I. Structure and meaning in models of breast and cervical cancer risk factors: a comparison of perceptions among Latinas, Anglo women, and physicians. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 1995, 9(1):40-74.
8. Chirwa S., Mwanahamuntu M., Kapambwe S., Mkumba G., Stringer J., Sahasrabuddhe V., et al. Myths and misconceptions about cervical cancer among Zambian women: rapid assessment by peer educators. Global Health Promotion 2010, 17(Suppl. 2):47-50.
9. Clifford G.M., Polesel J., Rickenbach M., Dal Maso L., Keiser O., Kofler A., et al. Cancer risk in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: associations with immunodeficiency, smoking, and highly active antiretroviral therapy. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2005, 97(6):425-432.
10. Corbin J., Morse J.M. The unstructured interactive interview: issues of reciprocity and risks when dealing with sensitive topics. Qualitative Inquiry 2003, 9(3):335-354.
11. Cronje H.S. Screening for cervical cancer in developing countries. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2004, 84(2):101-108.
12. De Vuyst H., Lillo F., Broutet N., Smith J.S. HIV, human papillomavirus and cervical neoplasia and cancer in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 2008, 17(6):545-554.
13. Ferlay J., Shin H., Bray F., Forman D., Mathers C., Parkin D.M. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. International Journal of Cancer 2010, 127(12):2893-2917.
14. Francis S.A., Nelson J., Liverpool J., Soogun S., Mofammere N., Thorpe R.J. Examining attitudes and knowledge about HPV and cervical cancer risk among female clinic attendees in Johannesburg, South Africa. Vaccine 2010, 28(50):8026-8032.
15. Frish M., Biggar R.J., Goedert J.J. Human papilloma-virus-associated cancers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Journal of National Cancer Institute 2000, 92(18):1500-1510.
16. Gatune J.W., Nyamongo I.K. An ethnographic study of cervical cancer among women in rural Kenya: is there a folk causal model?. International Journal of Gynecology and Cancer 2005, 15(6):1049-1059.
17. Gichangi P.B., Bwayo J., Estambale B., De Vuyst H., Ojwang S., Rogo K., et al. Impact of HIV infection on invasive cervical cancer in Kenyan women. AIDS 2003, 17(13):1963-1969.
18. Goldman R.E., Risica P.M. Perceptions of breast and cervical cancer risk and screening among Dominicans and Puerto Ricans in Rhode Island. Ethnicity and Disease 2004, 14(1):32-42.
19. Grabbe K., Stephenson R., Vwalika B., Ahmed Y., Vwalika C., Chomba E., et al. Knowledge, use, and concerns about contraceptive methods among sero-discordant couples in Rwanda and Zambia. Journal of Women's Health 2009, 18(9):1449-1456.
20. Green J. The use of focus groups in research into health. Qualitative methods for health research 2004, 112-132. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. J. Green, N. Thorogood (Eds.).
21. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNAIDS Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic Retrieved from. http://www.unaids.org/documents/20101-123_GlobalReport_em.pdf
22. Kavanagh A.M., Broom D.H. Women's understanding of abnormal cervical smear test results: a qualitative interview study. British Medical Journal 1997, 314:1388-1391.
23. Koethe J.R., Westfall A.O., Luhanga D.K., Clark G.M., Goldman J.D., Mulenga P.L., et al. A cluster randomized trial of routine HIV-1 viral load monitoring in Zambia: study design, implementation, and baseline cohort characteristics. PLoS One 2010, 5(3):e9680.
24. Leventhal H., Meyer D., Nerenz D. The common sense representation of illness danger. Medical psychology 1980, Vol. II:7-30. Pergamon Press, New York.
25. Lipworth W.L., Davey H.M., Carter S.M., Hooker C., Hu W. Beliefs and beyond: what can we learn from qualitative studies of lay people's understanding of cancer risk?. Health Expectations 2010, 13(2):113-124.
26. Mangoma J.F., Chirenje M.Z., Chimbari M.J., Chandiwana S.K. An assessment of rural women's knowledge, constraints and perceptions on cervical cancer screening: the case of two districts in Zimbabwe. African Journal of Reproductive Health 2006, 10(1):91-102.
27. McFarland D.M. Cervical cancer and Pap smear screening in Botswana: knowledge and perceptions. International Nursing Review 2003, 50(3):167-175.
28. McFarland D.M. Beliefs about the causes of cervical cancer in Botswana: implications for nursing. International Nursing Review 2009, 56(4):426-432.
29. Mwanahamuntu M., Sahasrabuddhe V., Kapambwe S., Pfaendler K., Chibwesha C., Makumba G., et al. Advancing cervical cancer prevention initiatives in resource-constrained settings: insights from the Cervical Cancer Prevention Program in Lusaka, Zambia. PLoS Medicine 2011, 8(5):e1001032.
30. Mwanahamuntu M., Sahasrabuddhe V., Pfaendler K., Mudenda V., Hicks M., Vermund S., et al. Implementation of 'see and treat' cervical cancer prevention services linked to HIV care in Zambia. AIDS 2009, 23(6):N1-N5.
31. Nnodu O., Erinosho L., Jamda M., Olaniyi O., Adelaiye R., Lawson L., et al. Knowledge and attitudes towards cervical cancer and human papillomavirus: a Nigerian pilot study. African Journal of Reproductive Health 2010, 14(1):95-108.
32. Ogedegbe G., Cassells A.N., Robinson C.M., DuHamel K., Tobin J.N., Sox C.H., et al. Perceptions of barriers and facilitators of cancer early detection among low-income minority women in community health centers. Journal of the National Medical Association 2005, 97(2):162-170.
33. Omar T., Schwarts S., Hanrahan C., Modisenyane T., Tshabangu N., Golub J.E., et al. Progression and regression of premalignant cervical lesions in HIV-infected women from Soweto: a prospective study. AIDS 2011, 25(1):85-94.
34. Parham G.P., Mwanahamuntu M.H., Pfaendler K.S., Sahasrabuddhe V.V., Myung D., Mkumba G., et al. eC3 - a modern telecommunications matrix for cervical cancer prevention in Zambia. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease 2010, 14(3):167-173.
35. Parham G.P., Sahasrabuddhe V., Mwanahamuntu M.H., Shepherd B.E., Hicks M.L., Stringer E.M., et al. Prevalence and predictors of squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix in HIV-infected women in Lusaka, Zambia. Gynecologic Oncology 2006, 103(3):1017-1022.
36. Petrie K.J., Weinman J. Why illness perceptions matter. Clinical Medicine 2006, 6(6):536-539.
37. Pfaendler K.S., Mwanahamuntu M.H., Sahasrabuddhe V.V., Mudenda V., Stringer J.S., Parham G.P. Management of cryotherapy-ineligible women in a " screen-and-treat" cervical cancer prevention program targeting HIV-infected women in Zambia: lessons from the field. Gynecologic Oncology 2008, 110(3):402-407.
38. Pierret J. The illness experience: state of knowledge and perspectives for research. Sociology of Health & Illness 2003, 25(3):4-22.
39. Ramanakumar A.V., Balakrishna Y., Ramarao G. Coping mechanisms among long-term survivors of breast and cervical cancers in Mumbai, India. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2005, 6:89-94.
40. Ratanasiri A., Boonmongkon P., Upayokin P., Pengsaa P., Vatanasapt V. Illness experience and coping with gynecological cancer among northeast Thai female patients. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medical Public Health 2000, 31(3):547-553.
41. Sandelowski M. Whatever happened to qualitative description?. Research in Nursing & Health 2000, 23:334-340.
42. Sankaranarayanan R., Basu P., Wesley R.S. Accuracy of visual screening for cervical neoplasia: results from an IARC multicentre study in India and Africa. International Journal of Cancer 2004, 110(6):907-913.
43. Sankaranarayanan R., Gaffikin L., Jacob M., Sellors J., Robles S. A critical assessment of screening methods for cervical neoplasia. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2005, 89(Suppl. 2):S4-S12.
44. Stephenson R., Baschieri A., Clements S., Hennink M., Madise N. Contextual influences on modern contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa. American Journal of Public Health 2007, 97(7):1233-1240.
45. Szarewski A. Social and psychological aspects of cervical screening. Expert Review in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011, 6(1):37-44.
46. Tebeu P.M., Major A.L., Mhawech P., Rapiti E. The recurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive women: a review of the literature. International Journal of STD and AIDS 2006, 17(8):507-511.
47. Thomas F. Indigenous narratives of HIV/AIDS: morality and blame in a time of change. Medical Anthropology 2008, 27(3):227-256.
48. van Schalkwyk S.L., Maree J.E., Wright S.C. Cervical cancer: the route from signs and symptoms to treatment in South Africa. Reproductive Health Matters 2008, 16(32):9-17.
49. Waller J., McCaffery K., Nazroo J., Wardle J. Making sense of information about HPV in cervical screening: a qualitative study. British Journal of Cancer 2005, 92:265-270.
50. Walter F.M., Emery J., Marteau T.M. Lay understanding of familial risk of common chronic diseases: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research. Annals of Family Medicine 2004, 2(6):583-594.
51. Wong L.P., Wong Y.L., Low W.Y., Khoo E.M., Shuib R. Cervical cancer screening attitudes and beliefs of Malaysian women who have never had a Pap smear: a qualitative study. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2008, 15(4):289-292.
52. Wood K., Jewkes R., Abrahams N. Cleaning the womb: constructions of cervical screening and womb cancer among rural black women in South Africa. Social Science & Medicine 1997, 45(2):283-294.
53. Zambia Ministry of Health Kanyama health centre action plan 2009-2011 2008.