HIV, human papillomavirus, and cervical neoplasia and cancer in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy

European Journal of Cancer Prevention

Volumn 17, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 545-554

  De Vuyst, Hugo ^a,b   Lillo, Flavia ^c   Broutet, Nathalie ^d   Smith, Jennifer S ^e  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^b INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER   (France)

^c SAN RAFFAELE HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^d WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^e IL   (United States)

Author keywords

Cervical neoplasia; Highly active antiretroviral therapy; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human papillomavirus

Indexed keywords

CANCER RISK; CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM; FEMALE; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INCIDENCE; MEDLINE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER;

ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA; DISEASE PROGRESSION; DNA, VIRAL; DRUG RESISTANCE, VIRAL; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV SEROPREVALENCE; HIV-1; HUMANS; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS; PREVALENCE; UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS; VIRAL LOAD;

EID: 56149122292     PISSN: 09598278     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/CEJ.0b013e3282f75ea1     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Ahdieh L, Munoz A, Vlahov D, Trimble CL, Timpson LA, Shah K (2000). Cervical neoplasia and repeated positivity of human papillomavirus infection in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive and -seronegative women. Am J Epidemiol 151:1148-1157.
2. Allardice GM, Hole DJ, Brewster DH, Boyd J, Goldberg DJ (2003). Incidence of malignant neoplasms among HIV-infected persons in Scotland. Br J Cancer 89:505-507.
3. Baay MF, Kjetland EF, Ndhlovu PD, Deschoolmeester V, Mduluza T, Gomo E, et al. (2004). Human papillomavirus in a rural community in Zimbabwe: the impact of HIV co-infection on HPV genotype distribution. J Med Virol 73:481-485.
4. Bosch FX, Manos MM, Muñoz N, Sherman M, Jansen AM, Peto J, et al. (1995). Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective. International biological study on cervical cancer (IBSCC) Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:796-802.
5. Broker TR, Jin G, Croom-Rivers A, Bragg SM, Richardson M, Chow LT, et al. (2001). Viral latency - the papillomavirus model. Dev Biol 106:443-451.
6. Cappiello G, Garbuglia AR, Salvi R, Rezza G, Giuliani M, Pezzotti P, et al. (1997). HIV infection increases the risk of squamous intra-epithelial lesions in women with HPV infection: an analysis of HPV genotypes. DIANAIDS Collaborative Study Group, Int J Cancer 72:982-986.
7. Centers for Disease Control (1992). 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR Recomm Rep 41:1-19.
8. Chaturvedi AK, Dumestre J, Gaffga AM, Mire KM, Clark RA, Braly PS, et al. (2005). Prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in women from three clinical settings. J Med Virol 75:105-113.
9. Chen MJ, Wu MY, Yang JH, Chao KH, Yang YS, Ho HN (2005). Increased frequency of genital human papillomavirus infection in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive Taiwanese women. J Formos Med Assoc 104:34-38.
10. Chin-Hong PV, Palefsky JM (2002). Natural history and clinical management of anal human papillomavirus disease in men and women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 35:1127-1134.
11. Chirenje ZM, Loeb L, Mwale M, Nyamapfeni P, Kamba M, Padian N (2002). Association of cervical SIL and HIV-1 infection among Zimbabwean women in an HIV/STI prevention study, Int J STD AIDS 13:765-768.
12. Chokunonga E, Levy LM, Bassett MT, Borok MZ, Mauchaza BG, Chirenje MZ, et al. (1999). AIDS and cancer in Africa: the evolving epidemic in Zimbabwe. AIDS 13:2583-2588.
13. Clarke B, Chetty R (2002). Postmodern cancer: the role of human immuno-deficiency virus in uterine cervical cancer. Mol Pathol 55:19-24.
14. Clifford GM, Polesel J, Rickenbach M, Dal Maso L, Keiser O, Kofler A, et al. (2005). Cancer risk in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: associations with immunodeficiency, smoking, and highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 97:425-432.
15. Clifford GM, Goncalves MA, Franceschi S, HPV and HIV Study Group (2006). Human papillomavirus types among women infected with HIV: a meta-analysis. AIDS 20:2337-2344.
16. Conley U, Ellerbrock TV, Bush TJ, Chiasson MA, Sawo D, Wright TC (2002). HIV-1 infection and risk of vulvovaginal and perianal condylomata acuminata and intraepithelial neoplasia: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 359: 108-113.
17. Cu-Uvin S, Hogan JW, Warren D, Klein RS, Peipert J, Schuman P, et al. (1999). Prevalence of lower genital tract infections among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and high-risk HIV-seronegative women. HIV Epidemiology Research Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 29:1145-1150.
18. Cuschieri KS, Cubie HA, Whitley MW, Seagar AL, Arends MJ, Moore C, et al. (2004). Multiple high risk HPV infections are common in cervical neoplasia and young women in a cervical screening population. J Clin Pathol 57:68-72.
19. Dal Maso L, Serraino D, Franceschi S (2001). Epidemiology of AIDS-related tumours in developed and developing countries. Eur J Cancer 37: 1188-1201.
20. Dal Maso L, Franceschi S, Polesel J, Braga C, Piselli P, Crocetti E, et al. (2003). Risk of cancer in persons with AIDS in Italy, 1985-1998. Br J Cancer 89:94-100.
21. De Sanjosé S, Palefsky J (2002). Cervical and anal HPV infections in HIV positive women and men. Virus Res 89:201-211.
22. De Vuyst H, Gichangi P, Estambale B, Njuguna E, Franceschi S, Temmerman M (2008). Human papillomavirus types in women with invasive cervical carcinoma by HIV status in Kenya, Int J Cancer 122:244-246.
23. Delmas MC, Larsen C, van Benthem B, Hamers FF, Bergeron C, Poveda JD, et al. (2000). Cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-infected women: prevalence, incidence and regression. European Study Group on Natural History of HIV Infection in Women. AIDS 14:1775-1784.
24. Dolei A, Curreli S, Marongiu P, Pierangeli A, Gomes E, Bucci M, et al. (1999). Human immunodeficiency virus infection in vitro activates naturally integrated human papillomavirus type 18 and induces synthesis of the L1 capsid protein. J Gen Virol 80:2937-2944.
25. Duerr A, Kieke B, Warren D, Shah K, Burk R, Peipert JF, et al. (2001). Human papillomavirus-associated cervical cytologic abnormalities among women with or at risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 184:584-590.
26. Ellerbrock TV, Chiasson MA, Bush TJ, Sun XW, Sawo D, Brudney K, et al. (2000). Incidence of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-infected women. J Am Med Assoc 283:1031-1037.
27. Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Goedert JJ, Virgo P, McNeel TS, Scoppa SM, et al. (2006). Trends in cancer risk among people with AIDS in the United States 1980-2002. AIDS 20:1645-1654.
28. Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Paikin DM (2005). GLOBOCAN 2002 Database version 1.0: cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide (CD-ROM). Lyon: IARC Press.
29. Ferrera A, Baay MF, Herbrink P, Figueroa M, Velema JP, Melchers WJ (1997). A sero-epidemiological study of the relationship between sexually transmitted agents and cervical cancer in Honduras, Int J Cancer 73:781-785.
30. Franceschi S, Jaffe H (2007). Cervical cancer screening of women living with HIV: a must in the post-ART era. Clin Infect Dis 45:510-513.
31. Franceschi S, Dal Maso L, Amiani S, Crosignani P, Vercelli M, Simonato L, et al. (1998). Risk of cancer other than Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in persons with AIDS in Italy. Cancer and AIDS Registry Linkage Study. Br J Cancer 78:966-970.
32. Frisch M, Biggar RJ, Goedert JJ (2000). Human papillomavirus-associated cancers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:1500-1510.
33. Fruchter RG, Maiman M, Arrastia CD, Matthews R, Gates EJ, Holcomb K (1998). Is HIV infection a risk factor for advanced cervical cancer? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 18:241-245.
34. Galceran J, Marcos Gragera R, Soler M, Romaguera A, Ameijide A, Izquierdo A, et al. (2007). Cancer incidence in AIDS patients in Catalonia, Spain. Eur J Cancer 43:1085-1091.
35. Garzetti GG, Ciavattini A, Butini L, Vecchi A, Montroni M (1995). Cervical dysplasia in HIV-seropositive women: role of human papillomavirus infection and immune status. Gynecol Obstet Invest 40:52-56.
36. Gichangi P, De Vuyst H, Estambale B, Rogo K, Bwayo J, Temmerman M (2002). HIV and cervical cancer in Kenya, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 76:55-63.
37. Gichangi P, Bwayo J, Estambale B, De Vuyst H, Ojwang S, Rogo K, et al. (2003). Impact of HIV infection on invasive cervical cancer in Kenyan women. AIDS 17:1963-1968.
38. Goldie SJ, Freedberg KA, Weinstein MC, Wright TC, Kunb KM (2001). Cost effectiveness of human papillomavirus testing to augment cervical cancer screening in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Med 111:140-149.
39. Gonçarves MA, Massad E, Burattini MN, Villa LL (1999). Relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping and genital neoplasia in HIV-positive patients of Santos City, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Int J STD AIDS 10:803-807.
40. Harris TG, Burk RD, Palefsky JM, Massad LS, Bang JY, Anastos K, et al. (2005). Incidence of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions associated with HIV serostatus, CD4 cell counts, and human papillomavirus test results. J Am Med Assoc 293:1471-1476.
41. Hawes SE, Critchlow CW, Faye Niang MA, Diouf MB, Diop A, Toure P, et al. (2003). Increased risk of high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive cervical cancer among African women with human immuno-deficiency virus type 1 and 2 infections. J Infect Dis 188:555-563.
42. Hawes SE, Critchlow CW, Sow PS, Toure P, N'Doye I, Diop A, et al. (2006). Incident high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in Senegalese women with and without human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:100-109.
43. Heard I, Schmitz V, Costagliola D, Orth G, Kazatchkine MD (1998). Early regression of cervical lesions in HIV-seropositive women receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 12:1459-1464.
44. Heard I, Tassie JM, Kazatchkine MD, Orth G (2002). Highly active antiretroviral therapy enhances regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-seropositive women. AIDS 16:1799-1802.
45. Heard I, Palefsky JM, Kazatchkine MD (2004). The impact of HIV antiviral therapy on human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and HPV-related diseases. Antivir Ther 9:13-22.
46. Herrero R, Castle PE, Schiffman M, Bratti MC, Hildesheim A, Morales J, et al. (2005). Epidemiologic profile of type-specific human papillomavirus infection and cervical neoplasia in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. J Infect Dis 191: 1796-1807.
47. Ho GY, Bierman R, Beardsley L, Chang CJ, Burk RD (1998). Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med 338:423-428.
48. IARC (2007). IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 90. Human Papillomaviruses. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
49. IARC (1996). Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 67. Human immunodeficiency viruses and human T-cell lymphotropic viruses. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
50. International Collaboration on HIV and Cancer (2000). Highly active antiretroviral therapy and incidence of cancer in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:1823-1830.
51. Jamieson DJ, Duerr A, Burk R, Klein RS, Paramsothy P, Schuman P, et al. (2002). Characterization of genital human papillomavirus infection in women who have or who are at risk of having HIV infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 186: 21-27.
52. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and World Health Organization (WHO) (2006). AIDS epidemic update December 06. Available at: http-//data.unaids.org/pub/EpiReport/2006/2006_EpiUpdate_en.pdf. Accessed on 24 April 2007.
53. Kjaer SK, van den Brule AJ, Paull G, Svare El, Sherman ME, Thomsen BL, et al. (2002). Type specific persistence of high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) as indicator of high grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in young women: population based prospective follow up study. Br Med J 325:572.
54. Kurman RJ, Solomon D (1994). The Bethesda system for reporting cervical/vaginal cytologic diagnoses: definitions, criteria, and explanatory notes for terminology and specimen adequacy. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
55. La Ruche G, Leroy V, Mensah-Ado I, Ramon R, You B, Bergeran C, et al. (1999). Short-term follow up of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions associated with HIV and human papillomavirus infections in Africa, Int J STD AIDS 10:363-368.
56. Langley CL, Benga-De E, Critchlow CW, Ndoye I, Mbengue-Ly MD, Kuypers J, et al. (1996). HIV-1, HIV-2, human papillomavirus infection and cervical neoplasia in high-risk African women. AIDS 10:413-417.
57. Lefevre J, Hankins C, Money D, Rachlis A, Pourreaux K, Coutlee F (2004). Human papillomavirus type 16 viral load is higher in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions than in those with normal cytology smears. J Clin Microbiol 42:2212-2215.
58. Leroy V, Ladner J, De Clercq A, Meheus A, Nyiraziraje M, Karita E, et al. (1999). Cervical dysplasia and HIV type 1 infection in African pregnant women: a cross sectional study, Kigali, Rwanda, The Pregnancy and HIV Study Group (EGE). Sex Transm Infect 75:103-106.
59. Levi JE, Kleter B, Quint WG, Fink MC, Canto CL, Matsubara R, et al. (2002). High prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and high frequency of multiple HPV genotypes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women in Brazil, J Clin Microbiol 40:3341-3345.
60. Lillo FB, Ferrari D, Veglia F, Origoni M, Grasso MA, Lodini S, et al. (2001). Human papillomavirus infection and associated cervical disease in human immuno-deficiency virus-infected women: effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 184:547-551.
61. Lillo FB, Lodini S, Ferrari D, Stayton C, Taccagni G, Galli L, et al. (2005). Determination of human papillomavirus (HPV) load and type in high-grade cervical lesions surgically resected from HIV-infected women during follow-up of HPV infection. Clin Meet Dis 40:451-457.
62. Maiman M, Fruchter RG, Sedlis A, Feldman J, Chen P, Burk RD, et al. (1998). Prevalence, risk factors, and accuracy of cytologie screening for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women with the human immunodeficiency virus. Gynecol Oncol 68:233-239.
63. Mandelblatt JS, Kanetsky P, Eggert L, Gold K (1999). Is HIV infection a cofactor for cervical squamous cell neoplasia? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8: 97-106.
64. Marais DJ, Vardas E, Ramjee G, Allan B, Kay P, Rose RC, et al. (2000). The impact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 status on human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and HPV antibodies in serum and cervical secretions. J Infect Dis 182:1239-1242.
65. Massad LS, Riester KA, Anastos KM, Fruchter RG, Palefsky JM, Burk RD, et al. (1999). Prevalence and predictors of squamous cell abnormalities in Papanicolaou smears from women infected with HIV-1. Women's Interagency HIV Study Group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 21:33-41.
66. Massad LS, Ahdieh L, Benning L, Minkoff H, Greenblatt RM, Watts H, et al. (2001). Evolution of cervical abnormalities among women with HIV-1: evidence from surveillance cytology in the women's interagency HIV study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 27:432-442.
67. Mayaud P, Gill DK, Weiss HA, Uledi E, Kopwe L, Todd J, et al. (2001). The interrelation of HIV, cervical human papillomavirus, and neoplasia among antenatal clinic attenders in Tanzania. Sex Transm Infect 77:248-254.
68. Mbulaiteye SM, Katabira ET, Wabinga H, Parkin DM, Virgo P, Ochai R, et al. (2006). Spectrum of cancers among HIV-infected persons in Africa: the Uganda AIDS-Cancer Registry Match Study, Int J Cancer 118:985-990.
69. Minkoff H, Ahdieh L, Massad LS, Anastos K, Watts DH, Melnick S, et al. (2001). The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on cervical cytologic changes associated with oncogenic HPV among HIV-infected women. AIDS 15: 2157-2164.
70. Minkoff H, Feldman J, DeHovitz J, Landesman S, Burk R (1998). A longitudinal study of human papillomavirus carriage in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and human immunodeficiency virus-uninfected women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 178:982-986.
71. Miotti PG, Dallabetta GA, Daniel RW, Canner JK, Chiphangwi JD, Liomba GN, et al. (1996). Cervical abnormalities, human papillomavirus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections in women in Malawi. J Infect Dis 173: 714-717.
72. Moodley M, Moodley J, Kleinschmidt I (2001). Invasive cervical cancer and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: a South African perspective, Int J Gynecol Cancer 11:194-197.
73. Moore AL, Sabin CA, Madge S, Mocroft A, Reid W, Johnson MA (2002). Highly active antiretroviral therapy and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. AIDS 16: 927-929.
74. Moscicki AB, Ellenberg JH, Vermund SH, Holland CA, Darragh T, Crowley-Nowick P, et al. (2000). Prevalence of and risks for cervical human papillomavirus infection and squamous intraepithelial lesions in adolescent girls: impact of infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 154:127-134.
75. Muñoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S, Tafur L, Izarzugaza I, Gili M, et al. (1992). The causal link between human papillomavirus and invasive cervical cancer: a population-based case-control study in Colombia and Spain, Int J Cancer 52:743-749.
76. Newnham A, Harris J, Evans HS, Evans BG, Moller H (2005). The risk of cancer in HIV-infected people in southeast England: a cohort study. Br J Cancer 92:194-200.
77. Olaitan A, Mocroft A, McCarthy K, Phillips A, Reid W, Johnson M (1997). Cervical abnormality and sexually transmitted disease screening in human immuno-deficiency virus-positive women. Obstet Gynecol 89:71-75.
78. Palefsky JM, Holly EA (2003). Chapter 6: immunosuppression and co-infection with HIV. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 31:41-46.
79. Palefsky JM, Minkoff H, Kalish LA, Levine A, Sacks HS, Garcia P, et al. (1999). Cervicovaginal human papillomavirus infection in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HlV)-positive and high-risk HIV-negative women. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:226-236.
80. Parkin DM, Wabinga H, Nambooze S, Wabwire-Mangen F (1999). AIDS-related cancers in Africa: maturation of the epidemic in Uganda. AIDS 13: 2563-2570.
81. Petter A, Heim K, Guger M, Ciresa-Ko Nig A, Christensen N, Sarcletti M, et al. (2000). Specific serum IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies to human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16, 18 and 31 virus-like particles in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive women. J Gen Virol 81 (Pt 3):701-708.
82. Queiroz C, Travassos AG, Studart E, Araujo Filho JB, Sarno CK, Pinheiro CC (2004). Prevalence of human papillomavirus in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in the State of Bahia: a pilot study. Braz J Infect Dis 8:356-362.
83. Remmink AJ, Walboomers JM, Heimerhorst TJ, Voorhorst FJ, Rozendaal L, Risse EK, et al. (1995). The presence of persistent high-risk HPV genotypes in dysplastic cervical lesions is associated with progressive disease: natural history up to 36 months, Int J Cancer 61:306-311.
84. Robinson WR, Andersen J, Darragh TM, Kendall MA, Clark R, Maiman M (2002). Isotretinoin for low-grade cervical dysplasia in human immunodeficiency virusinfected women. Obstet Gynecol 99:777-784.
85. Rugpao S, Nagachinta T, Wanapirak C, Srisomboon J, Suriyanon V, Sirirojn B, et al. (1998). Gynaecological conditions associated with HIV infection in women who are partners of HIV-positive Thai blood donors, Int J STD AIDS 9:677-682.
86. Schuman P, Ohmit SE, Klein RS, Duerr A, Cu-Uvin S, Jamieson DJ, et al. (2003). Longitudinal study of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and at-risk HIV-seronegative women. J Infect Dis 188:128-136.
87. Seek AC, Faye MA, Critchlow CW, Mbaye AD, Kuypers J, Woto-Gaye G, et al. (1994). Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and human papillomavirus infection among Senegalese women seropositive for HIV-1 or HIV-2 or seronegative for HIV. Int J STD AIDS 5:189-193.
88. Serwadda D, Wawer MJ, Shah KV, Sewankambo NK, Daniel R, Li C, et al. (1999). Use of a hybrid capture assay of self-collected vaginal swabs in rural Uganda for detection of human papillomavirus. J Infect Dis 180:1316-1319.
89. Silverberg MJ, Ahdieh L, Munoz A, Anastos K, Burk RD, Cu-Uvin S, et al. (2002). The impact of HIV infection and immunodeficiency on human papillomavirus type 6 or 11 infection and on genital warts. Sex Transm Dis 29:427-435.
90. Sitas F, Pacella-Norman R, Carrara H, Patel M, Ruff P, Sur R, et al. (2000). The spectrum of HIV-1 related cancers in South Africa, Int J Cancer 88: 489-492.
91. Six C, Heard I, Bergeron C, Orth G, Poveda JD, Zagury P, et al. (1998). Comparative prevalence, incidence and short-term prognosis of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions amongst HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. AIDS 12:1047-1056.
92. Strickler HD, Palefsky JM, Shah KV, Anastos K, Klein RS, Minkoff H, et al. (2003). Human papillomavirus type 16 and immune status in human immuno-deficiency virus-seropositive women. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:1062-1071.
93. Strickler HD, Burk RD, Fazzari M, Anastos K, Minkoff H, Massad LS, et al. (2005). Natural history and possible reactivation of human papillomavirus in human immunodeficiency virus-positive women. J Natl Cancer Inst 97:577-586.
94. Sun XW, Ellerbrock TV, Lungu O, Chiasson MA, Bush TJ, Wright TC Jr (1995). Human papillomavirus infection in human immunodeficiency virus seropositive women. Obstet Gynecol 85:680-686.
95. Sun XW, Kuhn L, Ellerbrock TV, Chiasson MA, Bush TJ, Wright TC Jr (1997). Human papillomavirus infection in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 337:1343-1349.
96. Temmerman M, Tyndall MW, Kidula N, Claeys P, Muchiri L, Quint W (1999). Risk factors for human papillomavirus and cervical precancerous lesions, and the role of concurrent HIV-1 infection, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 65:171-181.
97. Torrisi A, Del Mistro A, Onnis GL, Merlin F, Bertorelle R, Minucci D (2000). Colposcopy, cytology and HPV-DNA testing in HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 21:168-172.
98. Trottier H, Mahmud S, Costa MC, Sobrinho JP, Duarte-Franco E, Rohan TE, et al. (2006). Human papillomavirus infections with multiple types and risk of cervical neoplasia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:1274-1280.
99. Uberti-Foppa C, Ferrari D, Lodini S, Reina S, Ameglio F, Grasso MA, et al. (2003). Long-term effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on cervical lesions in HIV-positive women. AIDS 17:2136-2138.
100. Uberti-Foppa C, Origoni M, Maillard M, Ferrari D, Ciuffreda D, Mastrorilli E, et al. (1998). Evaluation of the detection of human papillomavirus genotypes in cervical specimens by hybrid capture as screening for precancerous lesions in HIV-positive women. J Med Virol 56:133-137.
101. Vermund SH, Kelley KF, Klein RS, Feingold AR, Schreiber K, Munk G et al. (1991). High risk of human papillomavirus infection and cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions among women with symptomatic human immuno-deficiency virus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165:392-400.
102. Vemon SD, Hart CE, Reeves WC, Icenogle JP (1993). The HIV-1 tat protein enhances E2-dependent human papillomavirus 16 transcription. Virus Res 27:133-145.
103. Volkow P, Rubi S, Lizano M, Carrillo A, Vilar-Compte D, Garcia-Carranca A, et al. (2001). High prevalence of oncogenic human papillomavirus in the genital tract of women with human immunodeficiency virus. Gynecol Oncol 82:27-31.
104. Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, Bosch FX, Kummer JA, Shah KV, et al. (1999). Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol 189:12-19.
105. Watts DH, Fazzari M, Minkoff H, Hillier SL, Sha B, Glesby M, et al. (2005). Effects of bacterial vaginosis and other genital infections on the natural history of human papillomavirus infection in HIV-1-infected and high-risk HIV-1-uninfected women. J Infect Dis 191:1129-1139.
106. Weissenborn SJ, Funke AM, Hellmich M, Mallmann P, Fuchs PG, Pfister HJ, et al. (2003). Oncogenic human papillomavirus DNA loads in human immuno-deficiency virus-positive women with high-grade cervical lesions are strongly elevated. J Clin Micmbiol 41:2763-2767.
107. Womack SD, Chirenje ZM, Gaffikin L, Blumenthal PO, McGrath JA, Chipato T, et al. (2000). HPV-based cervical cancer screening in a population at high risk for HIV infection, Int J Cancer 85:206-210.
108. World Health Organization (WHO) (2007). Towards universal access: scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the hearth sector, Progress Report, April 2007. Available at: http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/universaL access_progress_report_en.pdf. Accessed on 24 April 2007.
109. Wright TC Jr, Ellerbrock TV, Chiasson MA, Van Devanter N, Sun XW (1994). Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus: prevalence, risk factors, and validity of Papanicolaou smears. New York Cervical Disease Study. Obstet Gynecol 84: 591-597.