Implicit and explicit emotional reactions to witnessing prejudice

Group Processes and Intergroup Relations

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 379-392

  Schmader, Toni ^a   Croft, Alyssa ^a   Scarnier, Marchelle ^b   Lickel, Brian ^c   Mendes, Wendy Berry ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b TechSoup Global   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Diversity attitudes; Intergroup emotion; Prejudice; Psychophysiological threat

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859602547     PISSN: 13684302     EISSN: 14617188     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1368430211426163     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Amodio, D., Kubota, J., Harmon-Jones, E., & Devine, P. (2006). Alternative mechanisms for regulating racial responses according to internal vs. external cues. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1, 26-36
2. Anderson, D., & Tosheff, J. (1973). Cardiac output and total peripheral resistance changes during preavoidance periods in the dog. Journal of Applied Physiology, 34, 650-654
3. Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Tranel, D. (1997). Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science, 275(5304), 1293-1294
4. Blascovich, J., & Mendes, W. B. (2010). Social psychophysiology and embodiment. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (5th ed., pp. 194-227). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
5. Butz, D. A., & Plant, E. A. (2009). Prejudice control and interracial relations: The role of motivation to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality, 77, 1311-1342
6. Crosby, J. R., Monin, B., & Richardson, D. (2008). Where do we look during potentially offensive behavior? Psychological Science, 19, 226-228
7. Cunningham, W. A., Johnson, M. K., Raye, C. L., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., & Banaji, M. R. (2004). Separable neural components in the processing of Black and White faces. Psychological Science, 15, 806-813
8. Cushman, F., Gray, K., Gaffey, A., & Mendes, W. B. (in press). Simulating murder: The aversion to harmful action. Emotion.
9. Czopp, A., & Monteith, M. (2003). Confronting prejudice (literally): Reactions to confrontations of racial and gender bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 532-544
10. Devine, P. G., Monteith, M. J., Zuwerink, J. R., & Elliot, A. J. (1991) Prejudice with and without compunction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 817-830
11. Devine, P., Plant, E. A., Amodio, D., Harmon-Jones, E., & Vance, S. (2002). The regulation of implicit and explicit race bias: The role of motivations to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 835-848
12. Doosje, B., Branscombe, N., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. (1998). Guilty by association: When one's group has a negative history. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 872-886
13. Eidelman, S., & Biernat, M. (2003). Derogating black sheep: Individual or group protection? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 602-609
14. Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1985). The effect of an overheard ethnic slur on evaluations of the target: How to spread a social disease. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 61-72
15. Gregg, M. E., James, J. E., Matyas, T. A., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (1999). Hemodynamic profile of stress-induced anticipation and recovery. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 34, 147-162
16. Henry, P. J. (2008). College sophomores in the laboratory redux: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology's view of the nature of prejudice. Psychological Inquiry, 19, 49-71
17. Iyer, A., Schmader, T., & Lickel, B. (2007). Why individuals protest the perceived transgressions of their country: The role of anger, shame, and guilt. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 572-587
18. Johns, M., Schmader, T., & Lickel, B. (2005). Ashamed to be an American?: The role of identification in predicting vicarious shame for anti-Arab prejudice after 9-11. Self and Identity, 4, 331-348
19. Kawakami, K., Dunn, E., Karmali, F., & Dovidio, J. (2009). Mispredicting affective and behavioral responses to racism. Science, 323, 276-278
20. Kessler, T., & Hollbach, S. (2005). Group-based emotions as determinants of ingroup identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 677-685
21. Levenson, R. W. (1992). Autonomic nervous system differences among emotions. Psychological Science, 3, 23-27
22. Lewin, T. (2006, November 9). Michigan rejects affirmative action, and backers Sue. The NewYork Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/09/us/politics/09michigan.html
23. Lickel, B., Schmader, T., Curtis, M., Scarnier, M., & Ames, D. R. (2005). Vicarious shame and guilt. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 8, 145-157
24. Mae, L., & Carlston, D. E. (2005). Hoist your own petard: When prejudiced remarks are recognized and backfire on speakers. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 240-255
25. Mendes, W. B. (2009). Assessing the autonomic nervous system. In E. Harmon-Jones & J. S. Beer (Eds.), Methods in social neuroscience (pp. 118-147). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
26. Mendes, W. B., Blascovich, J., Lickel, B., & Hunter, S. (2002). Cardiovascular reactivity during social interactions with White and Black men. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 939-952
27. Mindware Technologies. Impedance cardiograph software (Version 2.0) [Computer software]. Gahanna, OH.
28. Plant, E. A. (2004). Responses to interracial interactions over time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1458-1471
29. Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (1998). Internal and external motivations to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 811-832
30. Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (2001). Responses to other-imposed pro-Black pressure: Acceptance or backlash? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 486-501
31. Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (2003). Antecedents and implications of interracial anxiety. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 790-801
32. Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (2009). The active control of prejudice: Unpacking the intentions guiding control efforts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 640-652
33. Rasinski, H. M., & Czopp, A. M. (2010). The effect of target status on witnesses' reactions to confrontations of bias. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 32, 8-16
34. Richeson, J. A., & Trawalter, S. (2008). The threat of appearing prejudiced and race-based attentional biases. Psychological Science, 19, 98-102
35. Schachter, S., & Singer, J. E. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69, 379-399
36. Schmader, T., & Lickel, B. (2006). Stigma and shame: Emotional responses to the stereotypic actions of one's ethnic ingroup. In S. Levin & C. van Laar (Eds.), Stigma and group inequality: Social psychological approaches (pp. 261-285). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
37. Sears, D. O., & Henry, P. J. (2005). Over thirty years later: A contemporary look at symbolic racism and its critics. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 95-150
38. Smith, E. R., & Zárate, M. A. (1992). Exemplar based model of social judgment. Psychological Review, 99, 3-21
39. Thomas, E. F., McGarty, C., & Mavor, K. I. (2009). Transforming "apathy into movement": The role of prosocial emotions in motivating action for social change. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13, 310-333
40. Vanman, E., Saltz, J., Nathan, L., & Warren, J. (2004). Racial discrimination by low-prejudiced Whites facial movements as implicit measures of attitudes related to behavior. Psychological Science, 15, 711-714
41. Zuwerink, J., Devine, P., Monteith, M., & Cook, D. (1996). Prejudice towards Blacks: With and without compunction. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 18, 131-150.