Anatomy and cranial functional morphology of the small-bodied dinosaur fruitadens haagarorum from the upper jurassic of the USA

PLoS ONE

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2012, Pages

  Butler, Richard J ^a,b   Porro, Laura B ^c   Galton, Peter M ^d,e   Chiappe, Luis M ^f  

^a BAYERISCHE STAATSSAMMLUNG FÜR PALÄONTOLOGIE UND GEOLOGIE   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BRIDGEPORT   (United States)

^e Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County ^*

^f NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL TISSUE; BIOGEOGRAPHY; BITE; BODY SIZE; BONE STRUCTURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DENTITION; DINOSAUR; FOOD INTAKE; FRUITADENS HAAGARORUM; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; HINDLIMB; JAW MOVEMENT; MANDIBLE; MICRO-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; MONOPHYLY; NONHUMAN; PLESIOMORPHY; REVIEW; SKULL; SPECIES COMPARISON; SURVIVAL; TAXON; UNITED STATES; UPPER JURASSIC; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; HISTOLOGY; NOMENCLATURE; PALEONTOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; PHYSIOLOGY;

DINOSAURIA; HEXAPODA; INVERTEBRATA; ORNITHISCHIA;

ANIMALS; BODY SIZE; DINOSAURS; PALEONTOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; SKULL; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84859576007     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031556     Document Type: Review

References (162)

1. Sereno PC, (1997) The origin and evolution of dinosaurs. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 25: 435-489.
2. Sereno PC, (1999) The evolution of dinosaurs. Science 284: 2137-2147.
3. Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, (2004) The Dinosauria. 2nd ed Berkeley University of California Press.
4. Casamiquela RM, (1967) Un nuevo dinosaurio ornitischio Triásico (Pisanosaurus mertii: Ornithopoda) de la Formación Ischigualasto, Argentina. Ameghiniana 4: 47-64.
5. Bonaparte JF, (1976) Pisanosaurus mertii Casamiquela and the origin of the Ornithischia. J Paleontol 50: 808-820.
6. Báez AM, Marsicano CA, (2001) A heterodontosaurid ornithischian dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of Patagonia. Ameghiniana 38: 271-279.
7. Butler RJ, Smith RMH, Norman DB, (2007) A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Late Triassic of South Africa, and the early evolution and diversification of Ornithischia. Proc Roy Soc B 274: 2041-2046.
8. Irmis RB, Parker WG, Nesbitt SJ, Liu J, (2007) Early ornithischian dinosaurs: the Triassic record. Hist Biol 19: 3-22.
9. Butler RJ, (2010) The anatomy of the basal ornithischian dinosaur Eocursor parvus from the lower Elliot Formation (Late Triassic) of South Africa. Zoo J Linn Soc 160: 648-684.
10. Crompton AW, Charig AJ, (1962) A new ornithischian from the Upper Triassic of South Africa. Nature 196: 1074-1077.
11. Santa Luca AP, (1980) The postcranial skeleton of Heterodontosaurus tucki (Reptilia, Ornithischia) from the Stormberg of South Africa. Ann South Afr Mus 79: 159-211.
12. Weishampel DB, Witmer LM, (1990) Heterodontosauridae. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria Berkeley University of California Press pp. 486-497.
13. Norman DB, Sues H-D, Witmer LM, Coria RA, (2004) Basal Ornithopoda. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria, 2nd edn Berkeley University of California Press pp. 393-412.
14. Norman DB, Crompton AW, Butler RJ, Porro LB, Charig AJ, (2011) The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton and Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy and relationships. Zoo J Linn Soc 163: 182-276.
15. Broom R, (1911) On the dinosaurs of the Stormberg, South Africa. Ann South Afr Mus 7: 291-308.
16. Haughton SH, (1924) The fauna and stratigraphy of the Stormberg Series. Ann South Afr Mus 12: 323-497.
17. Thulborn RA, (1970) The systematic position of the Triassic ornithischian dinosaur Lycorhinus angustidens. Zoo J Linn Soc 49: 235-245.
18. Charig AJ, Crompton AW, (1974) The alleged synonymy of Lycorhinus and Heterodontosaurus. Ann South Afr Mus 64: 167-189.
19. Thulborn RA, (1974) A new heterodontosaurid dinosaur (Reptilia: Ornithischia) from the Upper Triassic Red Beds of Lesotho. Zoo J Linn Soc 55: 151-175.
20. Gow CE, (1975) A new heterodontosaurid from the Red Beds of South Africa showing clear evidence of tooth replacement. Zoo J Linn Soc 57: 335-339.
21. Hopson JA, (1975) On the generic separation of the ornithischian dinosaurs Lycorhinus and Heterodontosaurus from the Stormberg Series (Upper Triassic of South Africa). South Afr J Sci 71: 302-305.
22. Santa Luca AP, Crompton AW, Charig AJ, (1976) A complete skeleton of the late Triassic ornithischian Heterodontosaurus tucki. Nature 264: 324-328.
23. Thulborn RA, (1978) Aestivation among ornithopod dinosaurs of the African Triassic. Lethaia 11: 185-198.
24. Hopson JA, (1980) Tooth function and replacement in early Mesozoic ornithischian dinosaurs: implications for aestivation. Lethaia 13: 93-105.
25. Gow CE, (1990) A tooth-bearing maxilla referable to Lycorhinus angustidens Haughton, 1924 (Dinosauria, Ornithischia). Ann South Afr Mus 99: 367-380.
26. Porro LB, (2007) Feeding and jaw mechanism in Heterodontosaurus tucki using finite-element analysis. J Vert Paleontol 27 (suppl. to 3): 131A.
27. Butler RJ, Porro LB, Norman DB, (2008) A juvenile skull of the primitive ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki from the 'Stormberg' of southern Africa. J Vert Paleontol 28: 702-711.
28. Porro LB, (2009) Cranial biomechanics in the early dinosaur Heterodontosaurus. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Cambridge.
29. Porro LB, Butler RJ, Barrett PM, Moore-Fay S, Abel RL, (2011) New heterodontosaurid specimens from the Lower Jurassic of southern Africa and the early ornithischian dinosaur radiation. Earth Envir Sci Trans Roy Soc Edinburgh 101: 351-356.
30. Zheng X-T, You H-L, Xu X, Dong X-M, (2009) An Early Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with integumentary structures. Nature 458: 333-336.
31. Lü J, Unwin DM, Deeming DC, Jin X, Liu Y, Ji Q, (2011) An egg-adult association, gender, and reproduction in pterosaurs. Science 331: 321-324.
32. Galton PM, (1978) Fabrosauridae, the basal family of ornithischian dinosaurs (Reptilia: Ornithopoda). Paläontol Zeit 52: 138-159.
33. Sereno PC, (1991) Lesothosaurus, "fabrosaurids," and the early evolution of Ornithischia. J Vert Paleontol 11: 168-197.
34. Olshevsky G, Ford T, (1994) The origin and evolution of the heterodontosaurians. Kyoryugaku Saizensen (Dino-Frontline) 8: 74-97 [in Japanese].
35. Barrett PM, (1999) A reassessment of the enigmatic ornithischian Echinodon becklesii. J Vert Paleontol 19 (3, Suppl.): 31A.
36. Galton PM, (2002) New material of ornithischian (?heterodontosaurid) dinosaur Echinodon (Early Cretaceous, southern England) from the Late Jurassic of Fruita near Grand Junction, Colorado, USA. J Vert Paleontol 22 (3, Suppl.): 55A-56A.
37. Norman DB, Barrett PM, (2002) Ornithischian dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) of England. Spec Papers Palaeontol 68: 161-189.
38. Galton PM, (2006) Teeth of ornithischian dinosaurs (mostly Ornithopoda) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of western USA. In: Carpenter K, editors. Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs Bloomington Indiana University Press pp. 17-47.
39. Galton PM, (in press) Hypsilophodon foxii and other smaller bipedal ornithischian dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of southern England. In: Godefroit P, Lambert O, editors. Bernissart Dinosaurs and Early Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems Bloomington Indiana University Press.
40. Attridge J, Crompton AW, Jenkins FA, (1985) The southern African Liassic prosauropod Massospondylus discovered in North America. J Vert Paleontol 5: 128-132.
41. Pol D, Rauhut OWM, Becerra M, (2011) A Middle Jurassic heterodontosaurid dinosaur from Patagonia and the evolution of heterodontosaurids. Naturwissenschaften 98: 369-379.
42. Martinez RN, Sereno PC, Alcobar OA, Colombi CE, Renne PR, et al. (2011) A basal dinosaur from the dawn of the dinosaur era in southwestern Pangaea. Science 331: 206-210.
43. Tatarinov LP, (1985) New data on a collection of tetrapod teeth from the Rhaetian of Hallau (Switzerland). Paleontol J 19: 138-140.
44. Yang Z-J, (1982) [A new genus of dinosaur from Lufeng County, Yunnan]. In: Zhou M-Z, editors. [Collected works of Yang Zhongjian] Beijing Academica Sinica pp. 38-42 [In Chinese].
45. Sánchez-Hernández B, Benton MJ, Naish D, (2007) Dinosaurs and other fossil vertebrates from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of the Galve area, NE Spain. Palaeogeog Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 249: 180-215.
46. Barrett PM, Xu X, (2005) A reassessment of Dianchungosaurus lufengensis Yang, 1982a, an enigmatic reptile from the Lower Lufeng Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. J Paleontol 79: 991-996.
47. Butler RJ, Porro LB, Heckert AB, (2006) A supposed heterodontosaurid tooth from the Rhaetian of Switzerland and a reassessment of the European Late Triassic record of Ornithischia (Dinosauria). Neues Jahrb Geol P-M 10: 613-633.
48. Galton PM, (2009) Notes on Neocomian (Lower Cretaceous) ornithopod dinosaurs from England- Hypsilophodon, Valdosaurus, "Camptosaurus", "Iguanodon"- and referred specimens from Romania and elsewhere. Revue Paléobiol 28: 211-273.
49. Xu X, Forster CA, Clark JM, Mo J, (2006) A basal ceratopsian with transitional features from the Late Jurassic of northwestern China. Proc Roy Soc B 273: 2135-2140.
50. Butler RJ, Upchurch P, Norman DB, (2008) The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs. J Syst Palaeontol 6: 1-40.
51. Brusatte SL, Nesbitt SJ, Irmis RB, Butler RJ, Benton MJ, Norell MA, (2010) The origin and early radiation of dinosaurs. Earth-Sci Rev 101: 68-100.
52. Langer MC, Ezcurra MD, Bittencourt JS, Novas FE, (2010) The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs. Biol Rev 85: 55-110.
53. Witmer LM, (2009) Dinosaurs: fuzzy origins for feathers. Nature 458: 295-295.
54. Maryańska T, Osmólska H, (1984) Phylogenetic classification of ornithischian dinosaurs. Abstracts of 27th International Geological Congress Moscow Nauka Press pp. 286-287.
55. Norman DB, (1984) A systematic reappraisal of the reptile order Ornithischia. In: Reif W-E, Westphal F, editors. Third symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers Tübingen Attempto Verlag pp. 157-162.
56. Sereno PC, (1984) The phylogeny of Ornithischia; a reappraisal. In: Reif W-E, Westphal F, editors. Third symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers Tübingen Attempto Verlag pp. 219-226.
57. Cooper MR, (1985) A revision of the ornithischian dinosaur Kangnasaurus coetzeei Haughton, with a classification of the Ornithischia. Ann South Afr Mus 95: 281-317.
58. Maryańska T, Osmólska H, (1985) On ornithischian phylogeny. Acta Palaeontol Polonica 30: 137-150.
59. Sereno PC, (1986) Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (Order Ornithischia). Nat Geo Res 2: 234-256.
60. Butler RJ, (2005) The 'fabrosaurid' ornithischian dinosaurs of the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of South Africa and Lesotho. Zoo J Linn Soc 145: 175-218.
61. Butler RJ, Galton PM, Porro LB, Chiappe LM, Henderson DM, Erickson GM, (2010) Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a diminutive new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America. Proc Roy Soc B 277: 375-381.
62. Gauthier J, (1986) Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Mem California Acad Sci 8: 1-55.
63. Bakker RT, Galton PM, (1974) Dinosaur monophyly and a new class of vertebrates. Nature 248: 168-172.
64. You H-L, Xu X, Wang X-L, (2003) A new genus of Psittacosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) and the origin and early evolution of marginocephalian dinosaurs. Acta Geol Sinica 77: 15-20.
65. Owen R, (1861) Monograph of the fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck formations. Part V. Lacertilia. Palaeontograph Soc Monographs 12: 31-39.
66. Owen R, (1874) Monograph of the fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck formations. Supplement V. Dinosauria (Iguanodon). Palaeontograph Soc Monographs 27: 1-18.
67. Lydekker R, (1888) Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia in the British Museum (Natural History), London (Part 1) London Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History).
68. Callison G, Quimby H, (1984) Tiny dinosaurs: are they fully grown? J Vert Paleontol 3: 200-209.
69. Callison G, (1987) Fruita: a place for wee fossils. In: Averett WR, editors. Paleontology and Geology of the Dinosaur Triangle, Guidebook for 1987 Field Trip Grand Junction Museum of Western Colorado pp. 91-96.
70. Kirkland JI, (1997) Fruita Paleontological Area. In: Currie PJ, Padian K, editors. Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs London Academic Press pp. 254-256.
71. Kirkland JI, (2006) Fruita Paleontological Area (Upper Jurassic, Morrison Formation), western Colorado: an example of terrestrial taphofacies analysis. In: Foster JR, Lucas SG, editors. Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science, Bulletin 36 pp. 67-95.
72. Foster JR, (2007) Jurassic West: the Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and their World Bloomington Indiana University Press.
73. Rasmussen TE, Callison G, (1981) A new herbivorous sphenodontid (Rhynchocephalia: Reptilia) from the Jurassic of Colorado. J Paleontol 55: 1109-1116.
74. Rasmussen TE, Callison G, (1981) A new species of triconodont mammal from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado. J Paleontol 55: 628-634.
75. Clark JM, (1985) A new crocodilian from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of western Colorado with a discussion of the relationships within the Mesosuchia. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of California, Berkeley.
76. Kirkland JI, (1994) Predation of dinosaur nests by terrestrial crocodilians. In: Carpenter K, Hirsch KF, Horner JR, editors. Dinosaur Eggs and Babies Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp. 124-133.
77. Evans SE, (1996) Parviraptor (Squamata: Anguimorpha) and other lizards from the Morrison Formation at Fruita, Colorado. Mus North Arizona Bull 60: 243-248.
78. Rougier GW, Wible JR, Hopson JA, (1996) Basicranial anatomy of Priacodon fruitaensis (Triconodontidae, Mammalia) from the Late Jurassic of Colorado, and a reappraisal of mammalian interrelationships. Am Mus Novi 3183: 1-38.
79. Engelmann GF, Callison G, (1998) Mammalian faunas of the Upper Morrison Formation. Modern Geol 23: 343-379.
80. Kirkland JI, (1998) Morrison fishes. Modern Geol 22: 503-533.
81. Engelmann GF, Callison G, (1999) Glirodon grandis, a new multitiberculate mammal from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. In: Gillette DD, editors. Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah pp. 161-183 Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publications 99-1.
82. Madsen JH, Welles SP, (2000) Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda): a revised osteology. Utah Geol Survey, Misc Publ 2: 1-80.
83. Foster JR, (2003) New specimens of Eilenodon (Reptilia, Sphenodontia) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Colorado and Utah. Brigham Young Uni Geol Stud 47: 17-22.
84. Göhlich UB, Chiappe LM, Clark JM, Sues H-D, (2005) The systematic position of the Late Jurassic alleged dinosaur Macelognathus (Crocodylomorpha: Sphenosuchia). Can J Earth Sci 42: 307-321.
85. Luo Z-X, Wible JR, (2005) A late Jurassic digging mammal and early mammalian diversification. Science 308: 103-107.
86. Owen R, (1842) Report on British fossil reptiles. Part II. Brit Assoc Advancement Sci Ann Report 1841, 9: 60-204.
87. Seeley HG, (1887) On the classification of the fossil animals commonly named Dinosauria. Proc Roy Soc London 43: 165-171.
88. Kuhn O, (1966) Die Reptilien, System und Stammesgeschichte. Krailling bei München, Verlag Oeben.
89. Parks WA, (1922) Parasaurolophus walkeri, a new genus and species of crested trachodont dinosaur. Univ Toronto Stud (Geol Series) 13: 1-32.
90. Gilmore CW, (1931) A new species of troödont dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Wyoming. Proc US Natl Mus 79: 1-6.
91. Marsh OC, (1889) Notice of gigantic horned Dinosauria from the Cretaceous. Am J Sci (Series 3) 38: 173-175.
92. Brown B, (1908) The Ankylosauridae, a new family of armored dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 24: 187-201.
93. Sereno PC, (2005) Stem Archosauria - Taxonsearch. http://www.taxonsearch.org/Archive/stem-archosauria-1.0.php.
94. Callison G, Rasmussen TE, (1980) Faunal list. Fruita Paleontological Area, S 1/2 Sec. 13, N 1/2 Sec. 24, T. 1N., R. 3W., Ute P.M., Mesa County, Colorado. Late Jurassic, Morrison Formation. In: Armstrong HJ, Kihm AJ, editors. An Evaluation of the Fossil Vertebrate Resources of the Glade Park and Mount Garfield Planning Areas pp. 142-156 Grand Junction District of the Bureau of Land Management, Western Colorado.
95. Turner CE, Peterson F, (1999) Biostratigraphy of dinosaurs in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the western interior, U.S.A. Utah Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Publications 99-1: 75-120.
96. Kowallis BJ, Christiansen EH, Deino AL, Peterson F, Turner CE, Kunk MJ, Obradovich JD, (1998) The age of the Morrison Formation. In: Carpenter K, Chure DJ, Kirkland JI, editors. The Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation: An Interdisciplinary Study pp. 235-260 Modern Geology 22.
97. Gradstein FM, Ogg JG, Smith AG, (2004) A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
98. Walker J, Geissman J, (2009) 2009 GSA Geologic Time Scale. GSA Today 19: 60-61.
99. Maryańska T, Osmólska H, (1974) Pachycephalosauria, a new suborder of ornithischian dinosaurs. Palaeontol Polonica 30: 45-102.
100. Xu X, Makovicky PJ, Wang XL, Norell MA, You HL, (2002) A ceratopsian dinosaur from China and the early evolution of Ceratopsia. Nature 416: 314-317.
101. You H-L, Dodson P, (2003) Redescription of neoceratopsian dinosaur Archaeoceratops and early evolution of Neoceratopsia. Acta Palaeontol Polonica 48: 261-272.
102. Zhao X, Cheng Z, Xu X, Makovicky PJ, (2006) A new ceratopsian from the Upper Jurassic Houcheng Formation. Acta Geol Sinica 80: 467-473.
103. Colbert EH, (1981) A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona. Bull Mus Northern Arizona 53: 1-61.
104. Haubold H, (1990) Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nördlichen Mitteleuropa. Rev Paléobiol 9: 149-177.
105. Peng G, (1992) Jurassic ornithopod Agilisaurus louderbacki (Ornithopoda: Fabrosauridae) from Zigong, Sichuan, China. Vert PalAs 30: 39-51 [In Chinese with English summary].
106. Galton PM, (1974) The ornithischian dinosaur Hypsilophodon from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. Brit Mus (Nat Hist) Geol Bull 25: 1-152c.
107. Barrett PM, Han F-L, (2009) Cranial anatomy of Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Zootaxa 2072: 31-55.
108. Jin L, Chen J, Zan S, Butler RJ, Godefroit P, (2010) Cranial anatomy of the small ornithischian dinosaur Changchunsaurus parvus from the Quantou Formation (Cretaceous: Aptian-Cenomanian) of Jilin Province, northeastern China. J Vert Paleontol 30: 196-214.
109. Sereno PC, Novas FE, (1994) The skull and neck of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. J Vert Paleontol 13: 451-476.
110. Dzik J, (2003) A beaked herbivorous archosaur with dinosaur affinities from the early Late Triassic of Poland. J Vert Paleontol 23: 556-574.
111. Sues H-D, Galton PM, (1987) Anatomy and classification of the North American Pachycephalosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). Palaeontograph Abt A 198: 1-40.
112. Perle A, Maryańska T, Osmólska H, (1982) Goyocephale lattimorei gen. et sp. n., a new flat-headed pachycephalosaur (Ornithischia, Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontol Polonica 27: 115-127.
113. Galton PM, (1973) The cheeks of ornithischian dinosaurs. Lethaia 6: 67-89.
114. Nesbitt SJ, Smith ND, Irmis RB, Turner AH, Downs A, Norell MA, (2009) A complete skeleton of a Late Triassic saurischian and the early evolution of dinosaurs. Science 326: 1530-1533.
115. Bakker RT, Galton PM, Siegwarth J, Filla J, (1990) A new latest Jurassic vertebrate fauna, from the highest levels of the Morrison Formation at Como Bluff, Wyoming. Part IV. The dinosaurs: a new Othnielia-like hypsilophodontoid. Hunteria 2: 8-14.
116. Butler RJ, Jin L, Chen J, Godefroit P, (2011) The postcranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the small ornithischian dinosaur Changchunsaurus parvus from the Quantou Formation (Cretaceous: Aptian-Cenomanian) of Jilin Province, northeastern China. Palaeontol 54: 667-683.
117. Langer MC, (2003) The pelvic and hind limb anatomy of the stem-sauropodomorph Saturnalia tupiniquim (Late Triassic, Brazil). PaleoBios 23: 1-40.
118. Thulborn RA, (1972) The postcranial skeleton of the Triassic ornithischian dinosaur Fabrosaurus australis. Palaeontol 15: 29-60.
119. He X-L, Cai K, (1984) [The Middle Jurassic Dinosaurian Fauna from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan. Vol 1, The Ornithopod Dinosaurs] Chengdu Sichuan Scientific and Technological Publishing House [In Chinese with English summary].
120. Averianov AO, Voronkevich AV, Leshchinskiy SV, Fayngertz AV, (2006) A ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of West Siberia, Russia and its phylogenetic relationships. J Syst Palaeontol 4: 359-395.
121. Galton PM, Jensen JA, (1973) Skeleton of a hypsilophodontid dinosaur (Nanosaurus (?) rex) from the Upper Jurassic of Utah. Brigham Young Uni Geol Stud 20: 137-157.
122. Butler RJ, Zhao Q, (2009) The small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs Micropachycephalosaurus hongtuyanensis and Wannanosaurus yansiensis from the Late Cretaceous of China. Cret Res 30: 63-77.
123. Tykoski RS, (1998) The osteology of Syntarsus kayentakatae and its implications for ceratosaurid phylogeny. MSc thesis, University of Texas, TX.
124. Welles SP, (1984) Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda) osteology and comparisons. Palaeontograph Abt A 185: 85-180.
125. Bock WJ, Von Wahlert G, (1965) Adaptation and the form-function complex. Evolution 19: 269-299.
126. Biknevicius AR, Ruff CB, (1992) The structure of the mandibular corpus and its relationship to feeding behaviours in extant carnivorans. J Zool Lond 228: 479-507.
127. Hylander WL, Ravosa MJ, Ross CF, Johnson KR, (1998) Mandibular corpus strain in primates: further evidence for a functional link between symphyseal fusion and jaw-adductor muscle force. Am J Phys Anthropol 107: 257-271.
128. Liu ZJ, Herring SW, (2000) Bone surface strains and internal bony pressures at the jaw joint of the miniature pig during masticatory muscle contraction. Arch Oral Biol 45: 95-112.
129. Dullemeijer P, (1974) Concepts and Approaches in Animal Morphology Netherlands Van Gorcum and Comp.
130. van Drongelen W, Dullemeijer P, (1982) The feeding apparatus of Caiman crocodilus: a functional-morphological study. Anat Anz 151: 337-366.
131. Bock WJ, (1966) An approach to the functional analysis of bill shape. Auk 83: 10-51.
132. Bock WJ, Kummer B, (1968) The avian mandible as a structural girder. J Biomechan 1: 89-96.
133. Smith KK, (1993) The form of the feeding apparatus in terrestrial vertebrates: studies of adaptation and constraint. In: Hanken J, Hall BK, editors. The Skull: Functional and Evolutionary Mechanisms v.3 Chicago University of Chicago Press pp. 150-196.
134. Pierce SE, Angielczyk KID, Rayfield EJ, (2008) Patterns of morphospace occuptation and mechanical performance in extant crocodilian skulls: a combined geometric morphometrics and finite element modeling approach. J Morphol 269: 840-864.
135. Plotnick RE, Baumiller TZ, (2000) Invention by evolution: functional analysis in paleobiology. In: Erwin DH, Wing SL, editors. Deep Time; Paleobiology's Perspective Lawrence The Paleontological Society pp. 305-323.
136. Lauder GV, (1982) Historical biology and the problem of design. J Theoretical Biol 97: 57-67.
137. Barrett PM, Rayfield EJ, (2006) Dinosaur feeding: recent advances and evolutionary implications. TREE 21: 217-224.
138. Ostrom JH, (1964) A functional analysis of jaw mechanics in the dinosaur Triceratops. Postilla 88: 1-35.
139. Mazzetta GV, Farina RA, Vizcaino SF, (1998) On the paleobiology of the South American horned theropod Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte. Gaia 15: 185-192.
140. Molnar RE, (1998) Mechanical factors in the design of the skull of Tyrannosaurus rex. Gaia 15: 193-218.
141. Therrien F, Henderson DM, Ruff CB, (2005) Bite me: biomechanical models of theropod mendibles and implications for feeding behaviour. In: Carpenter K, editors. The Carnivorous Dinosaurs Bloomington Indiana University Press pp. 179-237.
142. Rayfield EJ, (2001) Cranial design and function in a large theropod dinosaur: a study using finite element analysis. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Cambridge.
143. Mazetta GV, Cisilina AP, Blanco RE, (2004) Distribución de tensiones durante la mordida en la mandíbula de Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae). Ameghiniana 41: 605-617.
144. Bell PR, Snively E, Shychoski L, (2009) A comparison of the jaw mechanics in hadrosaurid and ceratopsid dinosaurs using finite element analysis. Anatom Rec 292: 1338-1351.
145. Barrett PM, (1998) Herbivory in the non-avian dinosaurs. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Cambridge.
146. Weishampel DB, (1984) Evolution of jaw mechanisms in ornithopod dinosaurs. Adv Anat Embry Cell Biol 87: 1-110.
147. Crompton AW, Attridge J, (1986) Masticatory apparatus of the larger herbivores during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic times. In: Padian K, editors. The Beginning of the Age of the Dinosaurs: Faunal Change Across the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp. 223-236.
148. Barrett PM, (2000) Prosauropod dinosaurs and iguanas: speculations on the diets of extinct reptiles. In: Sues H-D, editors. Evolution of Herbivory in Terrestrial Vertebrates. Perspectives from the Fossil Record Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp. 42-78.
149. Porro LB, Holliday CM, Anapol F, Ontiveros LC, Ontiveros LT, Ross CF, (2011b) Free body analysis, beam mechanics, and finite element modeling of the mandible of Alligator mississippiensis. J Morph 272: 910-937.
150. Greaves WS, (1974) Functional implications of mammalian jaw position. Forma Functio 7: 363-376.
151. Haas G, (1955) The jaw musculature in Protoceratops and in other ceratopsians. Am Mus Novit 1729: 1-24.
152. Haas G, (1963) A proposed reconstruction of the musculature of Diplodocus. Ann Carnegie Mus 36: 139-157.
153. Ostrom JH, (1964) A functional analysis of jaw mechanics in the dinosaur Triceratops. Postilla 88: 1-35.
154. Greaves WS, (1991) The orientation of the force of the jaw muscles and the length of the mandible in mammals. Zoo J Linn Soc 102: 367-374.
155. Maynard Smith J, Savage RJG, (1959) The mechanics of mammalian jaws. Sch Sci Rev 141: 289-301.
156. Westneat MW, (2004) Evolution of levers and linkages in the feeding mechanism of fishes. Integrative Comparative Biol 44: 378-389.
157. Cooper WE, Vitt LJ, (2002) Distribution, extent, and evolution of plant consumption by lizards. J Zool 257: 487-517.
158. Sereno PC, (1993) The pectoral girdle and forelimb of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. J Vert Paleontol 13: 425-450.
159. Tykoski RS, (2005) Vertebrate paleontology in the Arizona Jurassic. Mesa Southwest Mus Bull 11: 72-93.
160. Evans SE, Milner AR, (1994) Middle Jurassic microvertebrate assemblages from the British Isles. In: Fraser NC, Sues H-D, editors. In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp. 303-321.
161. Thulborn RA, (1973) Teeth of ornithischian dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal, with description of a hypsilophodontid (Phyllodon henkeli gen. et sp. nov.) from the Guimarota Lignite. Mém Serv Géol Port 22: 89-134.
162. Holliday CM, Witmer LM, (2007) Archosaur adductor chamber evolution: Intergration of musculoskeletal and topological criteria in jaw muscle homology. J Morph 268: 457-484.