Insights into wolf presence in human-dominated landscapes: The relative role of food availability, humans and landscape attributes

Diversity and Distributions

Volumn 18, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 459-469

  Llaneza, Luis ^a,b   López Bao, José V ^a,c   Sazatornil, Víctor ^a  

^a ARENA Asesores en Recursos Naturales   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA   (Spain)

^c DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION BIOLOGY   (Spain)

Author keywords

Canis lupus signatus; Carnivore conservation; Carnivore persistence; Human dominated landscapes; Landscape context; Refuge; Wolf presence

Indexed keywords

CANID; COLONIZATION; CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FOOD AVAILABILITY; GLOBAL CHANGE; HABITAT CONSERVATION; LANDSCAPE; POPULATION DISTRIBUTION; REFUGIUM; REPRODUCTION; SPECIES OCCURRENCE; SURVIVAL;

IBERIAN PENINSULA;

ANIMALIA; CANIDAE; CANIS FAMILIARIS; CANIS LUPUS;

EID: 84859436152     PISSN: 13669516     EISSN: 14724642     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00869.x     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Agarwala, M., Kumar, S., Treves, A. & Naughton-Treves, L. (2010) Paying for wolves in Solapur, India and Wisconsin, USA: comparing compensation rules and practice to understand the goals and politics of wolf conservation. Biological Conservation, 143, 2945-2955.
2. Andersen, R., Duncan, P. & Linnell, J.D.C. (1998) The European roe deer: the biology of success. Scandinavian University Press, Oslo.
3. Anderson, M.J. & Gribble, N.A. (1998) Partitioning the variation among spatial, temporal and environmental components in a multivariate data set. Australian Journal of Ecology, 23, 158-167.
4. Barja, I. (2009) Prey and prey-age preference by the Iberian wolf Canis lupus signatus in a multiple-prey ecosystem. Wildlife Biology, 15, 147-154.
5. Barja, I., de Miguel, F.J. & Bárcena, F. (2004) The importance of crossroads in faecal marking behaviour of the wolves. Naturwissenschaften, 91, 489-492.
6. Basille, M., Herfindal, I., Santin-Janin, H., Linnell, J.D.C., Odden, J., Andersen, R., Arild Høgda, K. & Gaillard, J. (2009) What shapes Eurasian lynx distribution in human dominated landscapes: selecting prey or avoiding people? Ecography, 32, 683-691.
7. Blanco, J.C. & Cortés, Y. (2002) Ecología, censos, percepción y evolución del lobo en España: Análisis de un conflicto. SECEM, Málaga.
8. Blanco, J.C. & Cortés, Y. (2007) Dispersal patterns, social structure and mortality of wolves living in agricultural habitats in Spain. Journal of Zoology, 273, 114-124.
9. Boitani, L. (1982) Wolf management in intensively used areas of Italy. Wolves of the world. Perspectives of behaviour, ecology, and conservation (ed. by F.H. Harrington and D.C. Paquet ), pp. 158-172. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge.
10. Boitani, L. (2000) Action plan for the conservation of wolves (Canis lupus) in Europe. Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, France.
11. Borcard, D., Legendre, P. & Drapeau, P. (1992) Partialling out the spatial component of ecological variation. Ecology, 73, 1045-1055.
12. Burnham, K.P. & Anderson, D.R. (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference. Springer-Verlag Inc., New York, NY.
13. Cardillo, M., Purvis, A., Sechrest, W., Gittleman, J.L., Bielby, J. & Mace, G.M. (2004) Human population density and extinction risk in the world's carnivores. PLoS Biology, 2, 909-0914.
14. Chevan, A. & Sutherland, M. (1991) Hierarchical partitioning. American Statistician, 45, 90-96.
15. Ciucci, P., Masi, M. & Boitani, L. (2003) Winter habitat and travel route selection by wolves in the northern Apennines, Italy. Ecography, 26, 223-235.
16. Corsi, F., Dupre, F. & Boitani, L. (1999) A large-scale model of wolf distribution in Italy for conservation planning. Conservation Biology, 13, 150-159.
17. Cuesta, L., Bárcena, F., Palacios, F. & Reig, S. (1991) The trophic ecology of the Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus Cabrera, 1907). A new analysis of stomach's data. Mammalia, 55, 239-254.
18. Ensenrink, M. & Vogel, G. (2006) The carnivore comeback. Science, 314, 746-749.
19. Fritts, S.H., Stephenson, R.O., Hayes, R.D. & Boitani, L. (2003) Wolves and humans. Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation (ed. by L.D. Mech and L. Boitani ), pp. 289-316. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
20. Fuller, T.K. (1989) Population dynamics of wolves in north-central Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs, 105, 1-41.
21. Fuller, T.K. & Sievert, P.R. (2001) Carnivore demography and the consequences of changes in prey availability. Carnivore conservation (ed. by J.L. Gittleman, S.M. Funk, D. Macdonald and R.K. Wayne ), pp. 163-178. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
22. Glenz, C., Massolo, D., Kuonen, D. & Schlaepfer, R. (2001) A wolf habitat suitability prediction study in Valais (Switzerland). Landscape and Urban Planning, 55, 55-65.
23. Gómez-Sal, A., Álvarez, J., Muñoz-Yanguas, M.A. & Rebollo, S. (1993) Patterns of change in the agrarian landscape in an area of the Cantabrian Mountains (Spain). Assessment by transition probabilities. Landscape ecology and agrosystems (ed. by R. Bunce, L. Ryzskowski and M. Paoletti ), pp. 141-152. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
24. Green, R.H. (1979). Sampling design and statistical methods for environmental biologists. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
25. Guitián, J., De Castro, A., Bas, S. & Sánchez, J.L. (1979) Nota sobre la dieta del lobo (Canis lupus L.) en Galicia. Trabajos Compostelanos de Biología, 8, 95-104.
26. Gula, R., Hausknecht., R. & Kuehn., R. (2009) Evidence of wolf dispersal in anthropogenic habitats of the Polish Carpathian Mountains. Biodiversity and Conservation, 18, 2173-2184.
27. Harris, R.B. & Ream, R.R. (1983) A method to aid in discrimination of tracks from wolves and dogs. Wolves in Canada and Alaska (ed. by L.N. Carbyn ). pp. 120-124. Canadian Wildlife Service. Report Series, 45.
28. Heikkinen, R.K., Luoto, M., Kuussaari, M. & Pöyry, J. (2005) New insights into butterfly-environment relationships using partitioning methods. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, 272, 2203-2210.
29. INE (2009) Censo de población y vivienda. Instituto Nacional de Estadística de España, Madrid, Spain.
30. Jedrzejewski, W., Jedrzejewska, B., Zawadzka, B., Borowik, T., Nowak, S. & Mysajek, R.W. (2008) Habitat suitability model for Polish wolves based on long-term national census. Animal Conservation, 11, 377-390.
31. Je{ogonek}drzejewski, W., Schmidt, K., Theuerkauf, J., Je{ogonek}drzejewska, B. & Kowalczyk, R. (2007) Territory size of wolves Canis lupus: linking local (Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland) and Holarctic-scale patterns. Ecography, 30, 66-76.
32. Karlsson, J. & Sjöström, M. (2011) Subsidized fencing of livestock as a means of increasing tolerance for wolves. Ecology and Society, 16, 16.
33. Legendre, P. & Legendre, L. (1998) Numerical ecology, 2nd edn. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
34. Linnell, J.D.C., Swenson, J. & Andersen, R. (2001) Predators and people: conservation of large carnivores is possible at high human densities if management policy is favourable. Animal Conservation, 4, 345-349.
35. Llaneza, L. & Ordiz, A. (2003) Distribución y aspectos poblacionales del lobo ibérico en la provincia de Lugo. Galemys, 15, 55-66.
36. Llaneza, L., Álvares, F., Ordiz, A., Sierra, P. & Uzal, A. (2004) Distribución y aspectos poblacionales del lobo ibérico en la provincia de Ourense. Ecología, 18, 227-238.
37. Llaneza, L., Palacios, V., Uzal, A., Ordiz, A., Sazatornil, V., Sierra, P. & Álvares, F. (2005a) Distribución y aspectos poblacionales del lobo ibérico (Canis lupus signatus) en las provincias de Pontevedra y A Coruña. Galemys, 17, 61-80.
38. Llaneza, L., Ordiz, A., Palacios, V. & Uzal, A. (2005b) Monitoring Wolf populations using points combined with sign surveys transects. Wildlife Biology in Practice, 1, 108-117.
39. Mac Nally, R. (2000) Regression and model building in conservation biology, biogeography and ecology: the distinction between - and reconciliation of -''predictive" and ''explanatory" models. Biodiversity and Conservation, 9, 655-671.
40. Mac Nally, R. & Horrocks, G. (2002) Relative influences of patch, landscape and historical factors on birds in an Australian fragmented landscape. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 395-410.
41. Massolo, A. & Meriggi, A. (1998) Factors affecting habitat occupancy by wolves in northern Apennines (northern Italy): a model of habitat suitability. Ecography, 21, 97-107.
42. Mech, L.D. (1989) Wolf population survival in an area of high road density. American Midland Naturalist, 121, 387-389.
43. Mech, L.D. (1995) The challenge and opportunity of recovering wolf populations. Conservation Biology, 9, 270-278.
44. Mech, L.D. (2006) Prediction failure of a wolf landscape model. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 34, 874-877.
45. Mech, L.D. & Boitani, L. (2003) Wolves: behavior, ecology, conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
46. Merrill, S.B. (2000) Road densities and Gray Wolf, Canis lupus, habitat suitability: an exception. Canadian Field Naturalist, 114, 312-313.
47. Mladenoff, D., Sickley, T.A., Haight, R.G. & Wydeven, A.P. (1995) A regional landscape analysis and prediction of favourable gray wolf habitat in the northern great lakes region. Conservation Biology, 9, 279-294.
48. Mladenoff, D., Clayton, M.K., Pratt, S.P., Sickley, T.A. & Wydeven, A.P. (2009) Change in occupied wolf habitat in the northern Great Lakes region. Recovery of Gray wolves in the Great Lakes region of the United States (ed. by A.P. Wydeven, T.R. van Deelen and A.J. Heske ), pp. 119-138. Springer Science and Business Media, New York.
49. Munilla-Rumbao, I., López-Bao, J.V., González-Varo, J.P. & Guitián, J. (2008) Long-term changes in the breeding bird assemblages of two woodland patches in northwest Spain. Ardeola, 55, 221-227.
50. Musiani, M., Boitani, L. & Paquet, P. (2010) The world of wolves. New perspectives on ecology, behaviour and management. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, AB, Canada.
51. Naughton-Treves, L., Grossberg, R. & Treves, A. (2003) Paying for tolerance: rural citizens' attitudes toward wolf depredation and compensation. Conservation Biology, 17, 1500-1511.
52. Nuñez-Quirós, P., García-Lavandera, R. & Llaneza, L. (2007) Analysis of historical wolf (Canis lupus) distributions in Galicia: 1850, 1960 and 2003. Ecología, 21, 195-205.
53. Palacios, V., García, E. & Llaneza, L. (2009) Seguimiento del lobo en el norte de Lugo, 2008-2009. Technical report from the Consellería do Medio Rural. Xunta de Galicia.
54. Promberger, C. & Schroder, W. (1993) Wolves in Europe: status and perspectives. Munich Wildlife Society, Ettal, Germany.
55. R Development Core Team. (2008) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, Available at: (accessed 11 January 2010).
56. Roura-Pascual, N., Pons, P., Etienne, M. & Lambert, B. (2005) Transformation of a rural landscape in the Eastern Pyrenees between 1953 and 2000. Mountain Research and Development, 25, 254-263.
57. Ruíz de la Torre, J. (2001). Mapa Forestal de España. Escala 1:200.000. Ministerio de Agricultura. Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid.
58. Sáez-Royuela, C. & Tellería, J.L. (1986) The increased population of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) in Europe. Mammal Review, 16, 97-101.
59. Sazatornil, V. (2008) Alimentación del lobo (Canis lupus) en zonas del Occidente de Galicia con presencia de ganado equino en régimen de semi-libertad. Msc Thesis, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.
60. Theuerkauf, J. (2009) What drives wolves: fear or hunger? humans, diet, climate and wolf activity patterns Ethology, 115, 649-657.
61. Theuerkauf, J., Je{ogonek}drzejewski, W., Schmidt, K. & Gula, R. (2003) Spatiotemporal segregation of wolves from humans in the Białowieża Forest (Poland). Journal of Wildlife Management, 67, 706-716.
62. Theuerkauf, J., Gula, R., Pirga, B., Tsunoda, H., Eggermann, J., Brzezowska, B., Rouys, S. & Radler, S. (2007) Human impact on wolf activity in the Bieszczady mountains, SE Poland. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 44, 225-231.
63. Thiel, R.P. (1985) Relationship between road densities and wolf habitat suitability in Wisconsin. American Midland Naturalist, 113, 404-407.
64. Thiel, R.P., Merrill, S. & Mech, D. (1998) Tolerance by denning Wolves, Canis lupus, to human disturbance. Canadian Field Naturalist, 112, 340-342.
65. Valverde, J.A. (1971) El lobo español. Montes, 159, 229-241.
66. Walsh, C. & Mac Nally, R. (2008) hier.part: hierarchical partitioning. R package version 1.0.3. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
67. Woodroffe, R. (2000) Predators and people: using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores. Animal Conservation, 3, 165-173.
68. Woodroffe, R. & Ginsberg, J.R. (1998) Edge effects and the extinction of populations inside protected areas. Science, 280, 2126-2128.
69. Woodroffe, R., Thirgood, S. & Rabinowitz, A. (2005) People and wildlife: conflict or coexistence? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
70. Xunta de Galicia (2005) Official Game Statistics, 2005. Environmental Council of Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
71. Zub, K., Theuerkauf, J., Jedrzejewski, W., Jedrzejewska, B., Schmidt, K. & Kowalczyk, R. (2003) Wolf pack territory marking in the Bialowieza primeval forest (Poland). Behaviour, 140, 635-648.