What drives wolves: Fear or hunger? Humans, diet, climate and wolf activity patterns

Ethology

Volumn 115, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 649-657

  Theuerkauf, Jörn ^a,b  

^a Jörn Theuerkauf ^*  (New Caledonia)

^b MUSEUM AND INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY   (Poland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTIVITY PATTERN; ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; CANID; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CLIMATE EFFECT; DIET; HUNGER; HUNTING; NOCTURNAL ACTIVITY; PREDATION; TEMPERATURE EFFECT; WILD POPULATION;

ANIMALIA; CANIDAE; CANIS FAMILIARIS; CANIS LUPUS;

EID: 67449118592     PISSN: 01791613     EISSN: 14390310     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01653.x     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Asa, C. S. Mech, L. D. 1995 : A review of the sensory organs in wolves and their importance to life history. In : Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World (Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. Seip, D. R., eds). Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Alberta, Occasional Publication No. 35, pp. 287 292.
2. Ballard, W. B., Ayres, L. A., Krausman, P. R., Reed, D. J. Fancy, S. G. 1997 : Ecology of wolves in relation to a migratory caribou herd in northwest Alaska. Wildl. Monogr. 135, 3 47.
3. Blanco, J. C. Cortés, Y. 2007 : Dispersal patterns, social structure and mortality of wolves living in agricultural habitats in Spain. J. Zool. 273, 114 124. (Pubitemid 47300737)
4. Burnham, K. P. Anderson, D. R. 2002 : Model Selection and Multi-Model Inference: A Practical Information - Theoretic Approach, 2nd edn. Springer-Verlag, New York.
5. Cederlund, G. 1981 : Daily and seasonal activity pattern of roe deer in a boreal habitat. Viltrevy 11, 315 353.
6. Chavez, A. S. Gese, E. M. 2005 : Food habits of wolves in relation to livestock depredations in northwestern Minnesota. Am. Midl. Nat. 154, 253 263. (Pubitemid 41026473)
7. Chavez, A. S. Gese, E. M. 2006 : Landscape use and movements of wolves in relation to livestock in a wildland-agriculture matrix. J. Wildl. Manage. 70, 1079 1086. (Pubitemid 44449678)
8. Ciucci, P., Boitani, L., Francisci, F. Andreoli, G. 1997 : Home range, activity and movements of a wolf pack in central Italy. J. Zool. 243, 803 819. (Pubitemid 28029091)
9. Curio, E. 1976 : The Ethology of Predation. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
10. Daan, S. Aschoff, J. 1982 : Circadian contributions to survival. In : Vertebrate Circadian Systems: Structure and Physiology (Aschoff, J., Daan, S. Groos, G. A., eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 305 321.
11. Eggermann, J., Gula, R., Pirga, B., Theuerkauf, J., Tsunoda, H., Brzezowska, B., Rouys, S. Radler, S. 2009 : Daily and seasonal variation in wolf activity in the Bieszczady Mountains, SE Poland. Mammal. Biol. 74, 159 163.
12. Eriksen, A. 2006 : Temporal and spatial activity patterns of predator and prey - wolf and moose in south-eastern Norway. MSc Thesis. Norwegian Univ. of Life Science, Ås, 35 pp.
13. Fancy, S. G. Ballard, W. B. 1995 : Monitoring wolf activity by satellite. In : Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World (Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. Seip, D. R., eds). Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Alberta, Occasional Publication No. 35, pp. 329 333.
14. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G. Buchner, A. 2007 : G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav. Res. Methods 39, 175 191.
15. Fritts, S. H. Mech, L. D. 1981 : Dynamics, movements, and feeding ecology of a newly protected wolf population in northwestern Minnesota. Wildl. Monogr. 80, 1 79.
16. Geist, V. 1963 : On the behaviour of the North American moose (Alces alces andersoni Peterson, 1950) in British Columbia. Behaviour 20, 377 416.
17. Georgii, B. Schröder, W. 1983 : Home range and activity patterns of male red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) in the Alps. Oecologia 58, 238 248. (Pubitemid 15275036)
18. Gula, R. 2004 : Influence of snow cover on wolf predation patterns in Bieszczady Mountains, Poland. Wildl. Biol. 10, 17 23. (Pubitemid 38427345)
19. Gula, R. 2008 : Wolf depredation on domestic animals in the Polish Carpathian Mountains. J. Wildl. Manage. 72, 283 289. (Pubitemid 351171975)
20. Habib, B. Kumar, S. 2007 : Den shifting by wolves in semi-wild landscapes in the Deccan Plateau, Maharashtra, India. J. Zool. 272, 259 265. (Pubitemid 46956619)
21. Harrington, F. H. Mech, L. D. 1982 : Patterns of homesite attendance in two Minnesota wolf packs. In : Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation (Harrington, F. H. Paquet, P. C., eds). Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, pp. 81 105.
22. Hovens, J. P. M. Tungalaktuja, K. 2005 : Seasonal fluctuations of the wolf diet in the Hustai National Park (Mongolia). Mammal. Biol. 70, 210 217. (Pubitemid 40837198)
23. Jdrzejewski, W., Schmidt, K., Theuerkauf, J., Jdrzejewska, B., Selva, N., Zub, K. Szymura, L. 2002 : Kill rates and predation by wolves on ungulate populations in Białowiea Primeval Forest (Poland). Ecology 83, 1341 1356. (Pubitemid 36524836)
24. Jeppesen, J. L. 1989 : Activity patterns of free-ranging roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) at Kalø. Dan. Rev. Game Biol. 13, 1 32.
25. Johnson, D. H. 2002 : The importance of replication in wildlife research. J. Wildl. Manage. 66, 919 932. (Pubitemid 35456671)
26. Kaartinen, S., Kojola, I. Colpaert, A. 2005 : Finnish wolves avoid roads and settlements. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 42, 523 532. (Pubitemid 41609116)
27. Kamler, J. F., Jdrzejewska, B. Jdrzejewski, W. 2007 : Activity patterns of red deer in Białowiea National Park, Poland. J. Mammal. 88, 508 514. (Pubitemid 46744398)
28. Kammermeyer, K. E. Marchinton, R. L. 1977 : Seasonal changes in circadian activity of radio-monitored deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 41, 315 317.
29. Kavanau, J. L. Ramos, J. 1975 : Influences of light on activity and phasing of carnivores. Am. Nat. 109, 391 418.
30. Kitchen, A. M., Gese, E. M. Schauster, E. R. 2000 : Changes in coyote activity patterns due to reduced exposure to human persecution. Can. J. Zool. 78, 853 857. (Pubitemid 30597460)
31. Kojola, I. 2002 : Worldwide First: GPS-GSM Collar on a Finnish Wolf. Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute and Environmental Studies. Available at: http://www.environmental-studies.de/projects/2/gps-gsm-collar- wolf-finland.html.
32. Kojola, I., Huitu, O., Toppinen, K., Heikura, K., Heikkinen, S. Ronkainen, S. 2004 : Predation on European wild forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) by wolves (Canis lupus) in Finland. J. Zool. 263, 229 235. (Pubitemid 38893623)
33. Kolenosky, G. H. Johnston, D. 1967 : Radio-tracking timber wolves in Ontario. Am. Zool. 7, 299 303.
34. Krebs, J. R. McCleery, R. H. 1984 : Optimization in behavioural ecology. In : Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach (Krebs, J. R. Davies, N. B., eds). Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp. 91 121.
35. Kusak, J., Skrbinšek, A. M. Huber, D. 2005 : Home ranges, movements, and activity of wolves (Canis lupus) in the Dalmatian part of Dinarids, Croatia. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 51, 254 262. (Pubitemid 43060865)
36. Lima, S. L. Dill, L. M. 1990 : Behavioural decisions made under the risk of predation. Can. J. Zool. 68, 619 640.
37. Linnell, J. D. C., Andersen, R., Andersone, Z., Balciauskas, L., Blanco, J. C., Boitani, L., Brainerd, S., Breitenmoser, U., Kojola, I., Liberg, O., Løe, J., Okarma, H., Pedersen, H. C., Promberger, C., Sand, H., Solberg, E. J., Valdmann, H. Wabakken, P. 2002 : The fear of wolves: a review of wolf attacks on humans. NINA Oppdragsmelding 731, 1 65.
38. Mattioli, L., Apollonio, M., Mazzarone, V. Centofanti, E. 1995 : Wolf food habits and wild ungulate availability in the Foreste Casentinesi National Park, Italy. Acta Theriol. 40, 387 402. (Pubitemid 3021227)
39. Mech, L. D. 1988 : The Arctic Wolf: Living with the Pack. Yoyageur Press, Stillwater, MN.
40. Mech, L. D., Meier, T. J., Burch, J. W. Adams, L. G. 1995 : Patterns of prey selection by wolves in Denali National Park, Alaska. In : Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World (Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. Seip, D. R., eds). Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Alberta, Occasional Publication No. 35, pp. 231 244.
41. Mech, L. D., Harper, E. K., Meier, T. J. Paul, W. J. 2000 : Assessing factors that may predispose Minnesota farms to wolf depredation on cattle. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 28, 623 629.
42. Meriggi, A. Lovari, S. 1996 : A review of wolf predation in southern Europe: does the wolf prefer wild prey to livestock? J. Appl. Ecol. 33, 1561 1571.
43. Meriggi, A., Brangi, A., Matteucci, C. Sacchi, O. 1996 : The feeding habits of wolves in relation to large prey availability in northern Italy. Ecography 19, 287 295.
44. Merrill, S. B. 2000 : Road densities and gray wolf, Canis lupus, habitat suitability: an exception. Can. Field Nat. 114, 312 313. (Pubitemid 30784954)
45. Merrill, S. B. Mech, L. D. 2003 : The usefulness of GPS telemetry to study wolf circadian and social activity. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 31, 947 960. (Pubitemid 38126996)
46. Montgomery, G. G. 1963 : Nocturnal movements and activity rhythms of white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 27, 422 427.
47. Nowak, S., Jdrzejewski, W., Schmidt, K., Theuerkauf, J., Mysłajek, R. W. Jdrzejewska, B. 2007 : Howling activity of free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus) in the Białowieza Primeval Forest and the Western Beskidy Mountains (Poland). J. Ethol. 25, 231 237. (Pubitemid 47312445)
48. Reichmann, A. Saltz, D. 2005 : The Golan wolves: the dynamics, behavioral ecology, and management of an endangered pest. Isr. J. Zool. 51, 87 133. (Pubitemid 43216284)
49. Roper, T. J. Ryon, J. 1977 : Mutual synchronisation of diurnal activity rhythms in groups of red wolf/coyote hybrids. J. Zool. 182, 177 185.
50. Rouys, S., Theuerkauf, J. Krasińska, M. 2001 : Accuracy of radio-tracking to estimate activity and distances walked by European bison in the Białowieza Forest, Poland. Acta Theriol. 46, 319 326. (Pubitemid 33001776)
51. Sand, H., Zimmermann, B., Wabakken, P., Andrèn, H. Pedersen, H. C. 2005 : Using GPS technology and GIS cluster analyses to estimate kill rates in wolf-ungulate ecosystems. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 33, 914 925. (Pubitemid 43059712)
52. Schmidt, K., Jdrzejewski, W., Theuerkauf, J., Kowalczyk, R., Okarma, H. Jdrzejewska, B. 2008 : Reproductive behaviour of wild-living wolves in Białowieza Primeval Forest (Poland). J. Ethol. 26, 69 78.
53. Theuerkauf, J. Jdrzejewski, W. 2002 : Accuracy of radiotelemetry to estimate wolf activity and locations. J. Wildl. Manage. 66, 859 864. (Pubitemid 34915242)
54. Theuerkauf, J. Rouys, S. 2008 : Habitat selection by ungulates in relation to predation risk by wolves and humans in the Białowieza Forest, Poland. For. Ecol. Manage. 256, 1325 1332.
55. Theuerkauf, J., Rouys, S. Jdrzejewski, W. 2003a : Selection of den, rendezvous, and resting sites by wolves in the Białowieza Forest, Poland. Can. J. Zool. 81, 163 167. (Pubitemid 36631778)
56. Theuerkauf, J., Jdrzejewski, W., Schmidt, K. Gula, R. 2003b : Spatiotemporal segregation of wolves from humans in the Białowieza Forest (Poland). J. Wildl. Manage. 67, 706 716. (Pubitemid 37353825)
57. Theuerkauf, J., Jdzejewski, W., Schmidt, K., Okarma, H., Ruczyński, I., Śniezko, S. Gula, R. 2003c : Daily patterns and duration of wolf activity in the Białowieza Forest, Poland. J. Mammal. 84, 243 253. (Pubitemid 36280768)
58. Theuerkauf, J., Gula, R., Pirga, B., Tsunoda, H., Eggermann, J., Brzezowska, B., Rouys, S. Radler, S. 2007 : Human impact on wolf activity in the Bieszczady Mountains, SE Poland. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 44, 225 231. (Pubitemid 47067023)
59. Thurber, J. M., Peterson, R. O., Drummer, T. D. Thomasma, S. A. 1994 : Gray wolf response to refuge boundaries and roads in Alaska. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 22, 61 68.
60. Tsunoda, H., Gula, R., Theuerkauf, J., Rouys, S., Radler, S., Pirga, B., Eggermann, J. Brzezowska, B. 2009 : How does parental role influence the activity and movements of breeding wolves? J. Ethol. 27, 185 189.
61. Vilà, C., Urios, V. Castroviejo, J. 1995 : Observations on the daily activity patterns in the Iberian wolf. In : Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World (Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. Seip, D. R., eds). Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Alberta, Occasional Publication No. 35, pp. 335 340.
62. Wabakken, P., Sand, H., Liberg, O. Bjärvall, A. 2001 : The recovery, distribution, and population dynamics of wolves on the Scandinavian peninsula, 1978-1998. Can. J. Zool. 79, 710 725. (Pubitemid 32752575)