Popup field in Lake Ontario south of Toronto, Canada: Indicators of late glacial and postglacial strain

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 425, Issue , 2007, Pages 129-147

  Jacobi, Robert D ^a   Lewis, C F Michael ^b,c   Armstrong, Derek K ^d   Blasco, Stephan M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

^b GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND   (United States)

^d GOVERNMENT OF ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Faults; Glacial rebound; Lake Ontario; Popups; Seismicity

Indexed keywords

FAULTING; GEOPHYSICS; LAKES;

GLACIAL REBOUND; HIGH RESOLUTION SEISMIC; LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTS; LAKE ONTARIO; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; POPUPS; SEISMICITY; STRUCTURAL FEATURE;

GLACIAL GEOLOGY;

BEDROCK; GLACIAL LAKE; GLACIAL REBOUND; LACUSTRINE DEPOSIT; LAKE; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; LATE GLACIAL; ORDOVICIAN; POSTGLACIAL; SEISMICITY; SUBMERSIBLE; SURFACE;

CANADA; GEORGIAN BAY; GREAT LAKES [NORTH AMERICA]; LAKE ONTARIO; ONTARIO [CANADA]; TORONTO;

EID: 75749156689     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/2007.2425(10)     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Adams, J., 1982, Stress-relief buckles in the McFarland Quarry, Ottawa: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 19, p. 1883-1887.
2. Adams, J., 1989, Postglacial faulting in eastern Canada: Nature, origin, and seismic hazard implications, in Morner, N.-A., and Adams, J., eds., Paleoseismicity and Neotectonics: Tectonophysics, v. 163, p. 321-331.
3. Anderson, J.G., 1986, Seismic strain rates in the central and eastern United States: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 76, p. 273-290.
4. Anderson, T.W., and Lewis, C.F.M., 1985, Postglacial water-level history of the Lake Ontario basin, in Karrow, P.F., and Calkin, P.E., eds., Quaternary Evolution of the Great Lakes: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 30, p. 231-253.
5. Andjelkovic, A.R., Cruden, A.R., and Armstrong, D.K., 1996, Structural geology of south-central Ontario: Preliminary results of joint mapping studies, in Baker, C.L., Thurston, P.C., Gerow, M.C., Kaszycki, C.A., Laderoute, D.G., Merlino, G., Newsome, J.A., Owsiacki, L., Spiers, G., and Fyar, J.A., eds., Summary of Field Work and Other Activities: Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous Paper 166, p. 103-107.
6. Andjelkovic, A.R., Cruden, A.R., and Armstrong, D.K., 1997, Joint orientation trajectories in south-central Ontario, in Ayer, J.A., Baker, C.L., Laderoute, D.G., and Thurston, P.C., eds., Summary of Field Work and Other Activities: Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous Paper 168, p. 127-133.
7. Armstrong, D.K., Lewis, C.F.M., Bowlby, J.R., Jacobi, R.D., and Mohajer, A.A., 1996, Submersible investigation of linear bedrock features on the floor of western Lake Ontario: A progress report, in Baker, C.L., Thurston, P.C., Gerow, M.C., Kaszycki, C.A., Laderoute, D.G., Merlino, G., Newsome, J.A., Owsiacki, L., Spiers, G., and Fyar, J.A., eds., Summary of Field Work and Other Activities: Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous Paper 166, p. 108-109.
8. Armstrong, D.K., Lewis, C.F.M., Jacobi, R.D., Bowlby, J.R., Mohajer, A.A., and White, O.L., 1998, A bedrock pop-up field beneath Lake Ontario, south of Toronto, Ontario: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 30, no. 7, p. A-295.
9. Bai, T., Maerten, L., Gross, M.R., and Aydin, A., 2002, Orthogonal cross joints: Do they imply a regional stress rotation?: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 24, p. 77-88, doi 10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00050-5.
10. Beinkafner, K.J., 1983, Deformation of the Subsurface Silurian and Devonian Rocks of the Southern Tier of New York State [Ph.D. thesis]: Syracuse, New York, Syracuse University, 332 p.
11. Bowlby, J.R., Thomas, R.L., Jacobi, R.D., McMillan, R.K., and Lewis, C.F.M., 1996, Submersible observations of neotectonic structures and their implications for geologic hazards in the western Lake Ontario area: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 28, no. 3, p. 41.
12. Boyce, J.I., and Morris, W.A., 2002, Basement-controlled faulting of Paleozoic strata in southern Ontario, Canada: New evidence from geophysical lineament mapping, in Fakundiny, R.H., Jacobi, R.D., and Lewis, C.F.M., eds., Neotectonics and Seismicity in the Eastern Great Lakes Basin: Tectono- physics, Special Issue, v. 353, p. 151-171.
13. Byerlee, J.D., 1978, Friction of rocks: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 116, p. 615-626, doi 10.1007/BF00876528.
14. Coleman, A.P., 1937, Lake Iroquois, in Forty-Fifth Annual Report of the Ontario Department of Mines, part 7, and Map No. 45f, scale: 1:316, 800, p. 1-36.
15. Dyke, A.S., and Prest, V.K., 1987, Late Wisconsinan and Holocene Retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet: Geological Survey of Canada Map 1702A, scale 1:5, 000, 000.
16. EARTHSAT (Earth Satellite Corporation), 1997, Remote sensing and fracture analysis for petroleum exploration of Ordovician to Devonian fractures reservoirs in New York State: Albany, New York, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, 35 p.
17. Eyles, N., Boyce, J., and Mohajer, A.A., 1993, The bedrock surface of the western Lake Ontario region: Evidence of reactivated basement structures?, in Wallach, J.L., and Heginbottom, J., eds., Neotectonics of the Great Lakes Area: Géographie physique et Quaternaire, v. 47, p. 269-283.
18. Fakundiny, R.H., Pomeroy, P.W., Pferd, J.W., and Nowak, T.A., 1978, Structural instability features in the vicinity of the Clarendon-Linden fault system, western New York and Lake Ontario, in Symposium on Advances in Analysis of Geotechnical Instabilities: Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Study 13, p. 121-178.
19. Farmer, J.G., 1978, The determination of sedimentation rates in Lake Ontario using the 210Pb dating method: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 15, p. 431-437.
20. Forsyth, D.A., Milkereit, B., Zelt, C.A., White, D.J., Easton, R.M., and Hutchinson, D.R., 1994, Deep structure beneath Lake Ontario; crustal-scale Gren- ville subdivisions: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 31, p. 255-270.
21. Harper, A., 2001, Fracture Analysis in Five 7.5′ Quadrangles on the Southwest Shore of Lake Ontario: Implications for an Extension of the St. Lawrence Rift System through Lake Ontario [M.A. thesis]: Buffalo, New York, University at Buffalo, 214 p.
22. Harper, A., and Jacobi, R.D., 2000, Fracture analysis along the southwest shores of Lake Ontario: Implications for extension of the St. Lawrence rift system through Lake Ontario: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 32, no. 1, p. A23.
23. Hobson, G.D., 1960, A reconnaissance seismic refraction and reflection survey in southwestern Ontario: Canadian Mining Journal, v. 81, no. 4, p. 83-87.
24. Hutchinson, D.R., Lewis, C.F.M., and Hund, G.E., 1993, Regional stratigraphic framework of surficial sediments and bedrock beneath Lake Ontario, in Wallach, J.L., and Heginbottom, J., eds., Neotectonics of the Great Lakes Area: Géographie physique et Quaternaire, v. 47, p. 337-352.
25. Jacobi, R.D., 2002, Basement faults and seismicity in the Appalachian Basin of New York State, in Fakundiny, R.H., Jacobi, R.D., and Lewis, C.F.M., eds., Neotectonics and Seismicity in the Eastern Great Lakes Basin: Tectonophysics, v. 353, p. 75-113.
26. James, T.S., and Bent, A.L., 1994, A comparison of eastern North American seismic strain-rates to glacial rebound strain-rates: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, p. 2127-2130, doi 10.1029/94GL01854.
27. Johnson, M.D., 1983, Oil shale assessment project, deep drilling results 1982/83, Toronto region: Ontario Geological Survey Open-File Report 5477, 17 p.
28. Karrow, P.F., 1987, Quaternary geology of the Hamilton-Cambridge area, southern Ontario: Ontario Geological Survey Report 225, 94 p.
29. Karrow, P.F., and White, O.L., 2002, A history of neotectonic studies in Ontario, in Fakundiny, R.H., Jacobi, R.D., and Lewis, C.F.M., eds., Neotectonics and Seismicity in the Eastern Great Lakes Basin: Tectonophysics, v. 353, p. 3-15.
30. Kemp, A.L.W., and Harper, N.S., 1976, Sedimentation rates and sediment budget for Lake Ontario: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 2, p. 324-340.
31. Lewis, C.F.M., Sherin, A.G., Atkinson, A.S., Harmes, R.H., Jodrey, F.D., Nielsen, J.A., Parrott, D.R., and Todd, B.J., 1992, Report of Cruise 92-800, CCGS Griffon, Lake Ontario: Geological Survey of Canada
32. Open-File Report 2678, 69 p.
33. Lewis, C.F.M., Cameron, G.D.M., King, E.L., Todd, B.J., and Blasco, S.M., 1995, Structural contour, isopach and feature maps of Quaternary sediments in western Lake Ontario: Atomic Energy Control Board (Canada) Report INFO-0555, 67 p.
34. Lewis, C.F.M., Barnett, P.J., Blasco, S.M., and Cameron, G.D.M., 1999, Subglacial erosion of diamicton beneath the Erie lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet about 13.5 ka: Canadian Quaternary Association Meeting Program and Abstracts, August 20-30, 1999, Calgary, Alberta, p. 41.
35. Lewis, C.F.M., Blasco, S.M., and Gareau, P.L., 2007, Glacial isostatic adjustment of the Laurentian Great Lakes basin: Using the empirical record of strandline deformation for reconstruction of early Holocene paleo-lakes and discovery of a hydrologically closed phase: Géographie physique et Quaternaire (2005), v. 59, p. 187-210.
36. Lo, K.T., and Cooke, B.H., 1989, Foundation design for the Skydome Stadium, Toronto: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, v. 26, p. 22-33.
37. Lo, K.T., Cooke, B.H., and Dunbar, D.D., 1987, Design of buried structures in squeezing rock in Toronto, Canada: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, v. 24, p. 232-241.
38. Mainville, A., and Craymer, M.R., 2005, Present-day tilting of the Great Lakes region based on water level gauges: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 117, p. 1070-1080, doi 10.1130/B25392.1.
39. Mazzotti, S., and Adams, J., 2005, Rates and uncertainties on seismic moment and deformation rates in eastern Canada: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 110, p. B09301, doi 10.1029/2004JB003510.
40. Mazzotti, S., Thomas, J.S., Henton, J., and Adams, J., 2005, GPS crustal strain, postglacial rebound, and seismicity in eastern North America: The St. Lawrence Valley example: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 110, p. B11301, doi 10.1029/2004JB003590.
41. McFall, G.H., 1993, Structural elements and neotectonics of Prince Edward County, southern Ontario, in Wallach, J.L., and Heginbottom, J. eds., Neotectonics of the Great Lakes Area: Géographie physique et Quaternaire, v. 47, p. 303-312.
42. Mohajer, A.A., 1993, Seismicity and seismotectonics of the western Lake Ontario region, in Wallach, J.L., and Heginbottom, J., eds., Neotectonics of the Great Lakes Area: Géographie physique et Quaternaire, v. 47, p. 353-362.
43. Pollard, D.D., and Aydin, A., 1988, Progress in understanding jointing over the past century: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 11811204, doi 10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1181:PIUJOT>2.3.CO;2.
44. Roorda, J., Thompson, J.C., and White, O.L., 1982, The analysis and prediction of lateral stability in highly stressed, near-surface rock strata: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, v. 19, p. 451-462.
45. Rutty, A.L., and Cruden, A.R., 1993, Pop-up structures and the fracture pattern in the Balsam Lake area, southern Ontario, in Wallach, J.L., and Hegin- bottom, J., eds., Neotectonics of the Great Lakes Area: Géographie physique et Quaternaire, v. 47, p. 379-388.
46. Sbar, M.L., and Sykes, L.R., 1973, Contemporary compressive stress and seis- micity in eastern North America: An example of intra-plate tectonics: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 84, p. 1861-1882.
47. Stein, S., Sleep, N., Geller, R., Wang, S., and Kroeger, G., 1979, Earthquakes along the passive margin of eastern Canada: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 6, p. 537-540.
48. Sunderland, B.P., 1998, The Paleoseismicity of the Georgian Bay Linear Zone (GBLZ) Determined by Stratigraphic, Geophysical and Paleoenviron- mental Indicators [B.S. thesis]: St. Catharines, Ontario, Department of Earth Sciences, Brock University, 121 p.
49. Thomas, R.L., McMillan, R.K., Keyes, D.L., and Mohajer, A.A., 1989a, Surface sedimentary signatures of neotectonism as determined by sidescan sonar in western Lake Ontario: Geological Association of Canada Program with Abstracts, v. 14, p. A128.
50. Thomas, R.L., McMillan, R.K., and Keyes, D.L., 1989b, Acoustic surveys: Implications to the geoscience discipline. Lighthouse: Journal of the Canadian Hydrographic Association, v. 40, p. 37-42.
51. Thomas, R.L., Wallach, J.L., McMillan, R.K., Bowlby, J.R., Frape, S., Keyes, D., and Mohajer, A.A., 1993, Recent deformation in the bottom sediments of western and southeastern Lake Ontario and its association with major structures and seismicity, in Wallach, J.L., and Heginbottom, J., eds., Neotectonics of the Great Lakes Area: Géographie physique et Quaternaire, v. 47, p. 325-336.
52. Virden, W.T., Warren, J.S., Holcombe, T.L., Reid, D.F., and Berggren, T.L., 1999, Båthymetry of Lake Ontario: Boulder, Colorado, National Geophysical Data Center, World Data Center for Marine Geology and Geophysics, Report MGG-15, scale 1:275, 000.
53. Wallach, J.L., Mohajer, A.A., McFall, G.H., Bowlby, J.R., Pearce, M., and McKay, D.A., 1993, Popups as geological indicators of earthquake-prone areas in intraplate eastern North America: Quaternary Proceedings, v. 3, p. 67-83.
54. Wallach, J.L., Mohajer, A.A., and Thomas, R.L., 1998, Linear zones, seis- micity, and the possibility of a major earthquake in the intraplate western Lake Ontario area of eastern North America: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 35, p. 762-786, doi 10.1139/cjes-35-7-762.
55. Zoback, M.L., 1992, First- and second-degree patterns of stress in the lithosphere-The World Stress Project: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 11, 708-11, 728.