메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 145-166

The state and the bloody diamond rush in Chiadzwa: Unpacking the contesting interests in the development of illicit mining and trading, c.2006-2009

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTISANAL MINING; DEMOGRAPHY; DIAMOND; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HEGEMONY;

EID: 84859347897     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: 14653893     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03057070.2012.649945     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (36)

References (119)
  • 1
    • 84859328683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • The South African company De Beers had operated in the area for several years under four-year renewable prospecting licences, suggesting there may have been knowledge of the presence of diamonds at ministry level.
  • 2
    • 84859372329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Crisis in Zimbabwe, 1998 to 2008
    • in B. Raftopolous and A. Mlambo, Weaver Press, Harare
    • B. Raftopolous, 'The Crisis in Zimbabwe, 1998 to 2008', in B. Raftopolous and A. Mlambo, Becoming Zimbabwe (Weaver Press, Harare, 2009), p. 219.
    • (2009) Becoming Zimbabwe , pp. 219
    • Raftopolous, B.1
  • 4
    • 84859313079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • retrieved on 3 May 2010
    • S. Hanke, 'The Printing Press', retrieved on 3 May 2010 from www.cato.org/zimbabwe.
    • The Printing Press'
    • Hanke, S.1
  • 5
    • 0005631035 scopus 로고
    • The Politics of Inflation in the 20th Century
    • in F. Hirsch and J.H. Goldthorpe, London, Martin Robertson and Co. Ltd
    • C.S. Maier, 'The Politics of Inflation in the 20th Century', in F. Hirsch and J.H. Goldthorpe, The Political Economy of Inflation (London, Martin Robertson and Co. Ltd, 1978), p. 44.
    • (1978) The Political Economy of Inflation , pp. 44
    • Maier, C.S.1
  • 7
    • 77954167057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nothing is Straight in Zimbabwe": The Rise of the Kukiya-kiya Economy, 2000-2008
    • J.L. Jones, '"Nothing is Straight in Zimbabwe": The Rise of the Kukiya-kiya Economy, 2000-2008', Journal of Southern African Studies [JSAS], 36, 2 (2010).
    • (2010) Journal of Southern African Studies [JSAS] , vol.36 , pp. 2
    • Jones, J.L.1
  • 9
    • 77954169569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Operation Murambatsvina and the Politics of Street Vendors in Zimbabwe
    • F. Musoni, 'Operation Murambatsvina and the Politics of Street Vendors in Zimbabwe', JSAS, 36, 2 (2010).
    • (2010) JSAS , vol.36 , pp. 2
    • Musoni, F.1
  • 10
    • 84859318258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Internal Migration in Zimbabwe: The Impact of Livelihood Destruction in Rural and Urban Areas
    • D. Potts, 'Internal Migration in Zimbabwe: The Impact of Livelihood Destruction in Rural and Urban Areas', in Crush and Tevera, Zimbabwe's Exodus Crisis, pp. 170, 178-181.
    • Crush and Tevera, Zimbabwe's Exodus Crisis , vol.170 , pp. 178-181
    • Potts, D.1
  • 11
    • 77954165343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction. Displacing Zimbabwe: Crisis and Construction in Southern Africa
    • A. Hammar, J. McGregor and L. Landau, 'Introduction. Displacing Zimbabwe: Crisis and Construction in Southern Africa', JSAS, 36, 2 (2010), pp. 263-266.
    • (2010) JSAS , vol.36 , Issue.2 , pp. 263-266
    • Hammar, A.1    McGregor, J.2    Landau, L.3
  • 12
    • 84859310625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Digging for Diamonds, Wielding New Words: A Linguistic Perspective on Zimbabwe's "Blood Diamonds
    • S. Nyota and F. Sibanda, 'Digging for Diamonds, Wielding New Words: A Linguistic Perspective on Zimbabwe's "Blood Diamonds"', JSAS, 38, 1.
    • JSAS , vol.38 , pp. 1
    • Nyota, S.1    Sibanda, F.2
  • 13
    • 79952518868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genealogies of Power: Blood Diamonds, Security Politics and Zimbabwe's Troubled Transition
    • in M. Clarke and C. Bassett (eds), Cape Town, HSRC Press
    • R. Saunders, 'Genealogies of Power: Blood Diamonds, Security Politics and Zimbabwe's Troubled Transition', in M. Clarke and C. Bassett (eds), Legacies of Liberation: Post-Colonial Struggles for a Democratic Southern Africa (Cape Town, HSRC Press, 2011).
    • (2011) Legacies of Liberation: Post-Colonial Struggles For a Democratic Southern Africa
    • Saunders, R.1
  • 14
    • 84859364895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • We are grateful to the author for permission to view and use his very insightful work from which I benefited immensely
    • We are grateful to the author for permission to view and use his very insightful work from which I benefited immensely.
  • 15
    • 85050172505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crisis, Capital, Compromise: Mining and Empowerment in Zimbabwe
    • December 2008
    • R. Saunders, 'Crisis, Capital, Compromise: Mining and Empowerment in Zimbabwe', African Sociological Review, 12, 1 (December 2008).
    • African Sociological Review , vol.12 , pp. 1
    • Saunders, R.1
  • 16
    • 84859365046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diamond Fields Sealed Off
    • 9 March 2007
    • 'Diamond Fields Sealed Off', The Herald, 9 March 2007.
    • The Herald
  • 17
    • 84859365032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • retrieved February 2009
    • 'The Kimberley Process at Risk', http://www.kimberlyprocess.com:8080/site/?name1/4participants, retrieved February 2009.
    • The Kimberley Process At Risk'
  • 18
    • 84859336004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with ACR officials
    • Interview with ACR officials.
  • 19
    • 84859365045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diamonds from the Spirit
    • The Manica Post 19 December 2006
    • 'Diamonds from the Spirit', The Manica Post, 19 December 2006.
  • 20
    • 84859365045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diamonds from the Spirit
    • The Manica Post 19 December 2006
    • 'Diamonds from the Spirit', The Manica Post, 19 December 2006.
  • 21
    • 84859318255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Also noted from an interview with George (pseudonym) held at Chakohwa Shopping Centre, 23 December 2006
    • Also noted from an interview with George (pseudonym) held at Chakohwa Shopping Centre, 23 December 2006.
  • 22
    • 84859365042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • The story of Rotina Mavhunga, the 'diesel n'anga' ended with her conviction and imprisonment for fraud. During the trial it merged that while she 'duped' some government ministers, she was also being closely assisted by other high-ranking officials, suggesting a sub-plot of internal ZANU(PF) factionalism lay behind this bizarre affair.
  • 23
    • 84859336002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diesel N'anga: The True Story
    • 2 October 2010
    • 'Diesel N'anga: The True Story', The Standard, 2 October 2010.
    • The Standard
  • 24
    • 84859318241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mudede "Directly Linked" to Chinhoyi Diesel-from-Rock Rigging - Court
    • 27 July 2009
    • 'Mudede "Directly Linked" to Chinhoyi Diesel-from-Rock Rigging - Court', Zimbabwe Mail, 27 July 2009.
    • Zimbabwe Mail
  • 25
    • 84859365044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • The extensive scholarly debates that have taken place about the role of ancestral cults, spirit mediums and the Mwari cult shrines of the Matopos in not only rain-making and environmental management, but also during the war of liberation, and afterwards.
  • 27
    • 0003711537 scopus 로고
    • Oxford, James Currey
    • D. Lan, Guns and Rain (Oxford, James Currey, 1985).
    • (1985) Guns and Rain
    • Lan, D.1
  • 30
    • 80955151984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Graves, Ruins and Belonging: Towards an Anthropology of Proximity
    • December 2011
    • 'Graves, Ruins and Belonging: Towards an Anthropology of Proximity', Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 17 (December 2011), pp. 706-727.
    • Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute , vol.17 , pp. 706-727
  • 31
    • 84859365038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spirit Medium Stalls Plans to Seal off Diamond Fields
    • 5 November 2006
    • 'Spirit Medium Stalls Plans to Seal off Diamond Fields', The Standard, 5 November 2006.
    • The Standard
  • 32
    • 84859370971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This was a common belief among many magweja that we interviewed, although none of them had actually witnessed it
    • This was a common belief among many magweja that we interviewed, although none of them had actually witnessed it.
  • 33
    • 84859318251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with David (not his real name)
    • Interview with David (not his real name).
  • 34
    • 84859370946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diamond Rush
    • The Manica Post 6 October 2006
    • 'Diamond Rush', The Manica Post, 6 October 2006.
  • 35
    • 84859313081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Interview with Farai Dombo, 18 August 2009. I must thank a colleague and friend, Bernard Kusena, for directing me to this informant and for other insights into the area.
  • 37
    • 84859318252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Dombo
    • Interview with Dombo.
  • 38
    • 84859356036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Lucky Nyandoro (a pseudonym), Chakohwa Shopping Centre, 23 December 2008
    • Interview with Lucky Nyandoro (a pseudonym), Chakohwa Shopping Centre, 23 December 2008.
  • 39
    • 84859313603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Lucky Nyandoro (a pseudonym), Chakohwa Shopping Centre, 23 December 2008
    • Interview with Lucky Nyandoro (a pseudonym), Chakohwa Shopping Centre, 23 December 2008.
  • 40
    • 84859335980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Lucky Nyandoro, Chakohwa Shopping Centre, 24 December 2008
    • Interview with Lucky Nyandoro, Chakohwa Shopping Centre, 24 December 2008.
  • 41
    • 84859335979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Interview with a group of magweja who did not provide their names, at the shops at Outward Bound Farm in Chimanimani, 8 January 2009. They were suspicious and initially completely refused to talk to me as they were coming from the kumunda (field) where they pan for gold.
  • 42
    • 84859335978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Lucky Nyandoro, Chakohwa Shopping Centre, 24 December 2008
    • Interview with Lucky Nyandoro, Chakohwa Shopping Centre, 24 December 2008.
  • 43
    • 84894980931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smuggling on the Zimbabwe-Mozambique Border
    • in Crush and Tevera
    • N. Pophiwa, 'Smuggling on the Zimbabwe-Mozambique Border', in Crush and Tevera, Zimbabwe's Exodus Crisis, p. 291.
    • Zimbabwe's Exodus Crisis , pp. 291
    • Pophiwa, N.1
  • 44
    • 84859313605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Interview with ACR officials, 28 February 2009. Revealingly, the ACR story is either misrepresented or not told in most newspapers in Zimbabwe.
  • 45
    • 84859335993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with ACR officials, 28 February 2009
    • Interview with ACR officials, 28 February 2009.
  • 46
    • 84859335994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with ACR officials, 28 February 2009
    • Interview with ACR officials, 28 February 2009.
  • 47
  • 48
  • 53
    • 77954166489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Criminality or Monopoly? Informal Immigration Enforcement in South Africa
    • D. Vigneswaren, T. Araia, C. Hoag and X. Tshabalala, 'Criminality or Monopoly? Informal Immigration Enforcement in South Africa', JSAS, 36, 2 (2010), p. 471.
    • (2010) JSAS , vol.36 , Issue.2 , pp. 471
    • Vigneswaren, D.1    Araia, T.2    Hoag, C.3    Tshabalala, X.4
  • 60
    • 84859313604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diamond Rush
    • 6 October 2006
    • 'Diamond Rush', The Post, 6 October 2006.
    • The Post
  • 61
    • 84859335983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Army to Seal off Diamond Field
    • 29 October 2006
    • 'Army to Seal off Diamond Field', Sunday Mail, 29 October 2006.
    • Sunday Mail
  • 63
    • 84859318227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with David
    • Interview with David.
  • 65
    • 84859362142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction: Displacing Zimbabwe
    • Hammar, McGregor and Landau (eds), 'Introduction: Displacing Zimbabwe', JSAS, 36, 2 (2010), p. 265.
    • (2010) JSAS , vol.36 , Issue.2 , pp. 265
    • Hammar, M.1    Landau2
  • 66
    • 84859328685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • 'Chaos at Diamond Fields', Sunday Mail, 11 March 2007. In late 2008 another more effective and much more violent operation was launched called 'Operation Hakudzokwi' (You Will Not Return) which led to many miners and traders being removed.
  • 68
    • 84859304475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diamonds in the Seams of her Dress
    • 23 November 2006
    • 'Diamonds in the Seams of her Dress', Daily Mirror, 23 November 2006.
    • Daily Mirror
  • 70
    • 84859313083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Business Boom at Chiadzwa
    • 10 November 2006
    • 'Business Boom at Chiadzwa', The Manica Post, 10 November 2006.
    • The Manica Post
  • 71
    • 84859335982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • The 'shadow state' concept was introduced by William Reno. Although it is a relevant analytical tool in some cases, its pitfalls are that it tends to generalise the African situation. It also wrongly implies that African nations, by their very nature, are not capable of governing themselves.
  • 73
    • 28244460016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global Environmental Governance and the Challenge of Shadow States: The Impact of Illicit Sapphire Mining in Madagascar
    • September 2005
    • R. Duffy, 'Global Environmental Governance and the Challenge of Shadow States: The Impact of Illicit Sapphire Mining in Madagascar', Development and Change, 36, 5 (September 2005), pp. 829.
    • Development and Change , vol.36 , Issue.5 , pp. 829
    • Duffy, R.1
  • 74
    • 28244460016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global Environmental Governance and the Challenge of Shadow States: The Impact of Illicit Sapphire Mining in Madagascar
    • September 2005
    • R. Duffy, 'Global Environmental Governance and the Challenge of Shadow States: The Impact of Illicit Sapphire Mining in Madagascar', Development and Change, 36, 5 (September 2005), pp. 829.
    • Development and Change , vol.36 , Issue.5 , pp. 829
    • Duffy, R.1
  • 75
    • 84859327208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Army to Seal off Diamond Fields
    • 29 October 2006
    • 'Army to Seal off Diamond Fields', Sunday Mail, 29 October 2006.
    • Sunday Mail
  • 76
    • 84859328667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Issuing of Mining Licences Suspended
    • Manica Post 8 December 2006
    • 'Issuing of Mining Licences Suspended', Manica Post, 8 December 2006.
  • 77
    • 84859313063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction: The Significance of Economic and Environmental Impact Studies in Africa's Development
    • in James (ed.)
    • V.U. James, 'Introduction: The Significance of Economic and Environmental Impact Studies in Africa's Development', in James (ed.), Environmental and Economic Dilemmas of Developing Countries, p. 69.
    • Environmental and Economic Dilemmas of Developing Countries , pp. 69
    • James, V.U.1
  • 78
    • 84859328668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chiadzwa: A No Go Area
    • Manica Post 9 February 2007
    • 'Chiadzwa: A No Go Area', Manica Post, 9 February 2007.
  • 79
    • 84859328668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chiadzwa: A No Go Area
    • Manica Post 9 February 2007
    • 'Chiadzwa: A No Go Area', Manica Post, 9 February 2007.
  • 80
    • 84859328668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chiadzwa: A No Go Area
    • Manica Post 9 February 2007
    • 'Chiadzwa: A No Go Area', Manica Post, 9 February 2007.
  • 81
    • 84859328668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chiadzwa: A No Go Area
    • Manica Post 9 February 2007
    • 'Chiadzwa: A No Go Area', Manica Post, 9 February 2007.
  • 92
    • 32744460167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forced Displacement and the Nation State
    • in J. Robinson, (ed.), Oxford, The Open University Press
    • D. Turton, 'Forced Displacement and the Nation State', in J. Robinson, (ed.), Development and Displacement (Oxford, The Open University Press, 2002), p. 56.
    • (2002) Development and Displacement , pp. 56
    • Turton, D.1
  • 97
    • 84859328680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • www.humanrightswatch.com.
  • 99
    • 84859313069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Panners at War with Cops
    • Manica Post 28 December 2007
    • 'Panners at War with Cops', Manica Post, 28 December 2007.
  • 100
    • 0000627180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Power Struggles in the Diamond Fields
    • in J. Cilliers and C. Dietrich (eds), Pretoria, Institute for Security Studies
    • C. Dietrich, Power Struggles in the Diamond Fields, in J. Cilliers and C. Dietrich (eds), Angola's War Economy: The Role of Oil and Diamonds (Pretoria, Institute for Security Studies, 2000), p. 174.
    • (2000) Angola's War Economy: The Role of Oil and Diamonds , pp. 174
    • Dietrich, C.1
  • 101
    • 0000627180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Power Struggles in the Diamond Fields
    • in J. Cilliers and C. Dietrich (eds), Pretoria, Institute for Security Studies
    • C. Dietrich, Power Struggles in the Diamond Fields, in J. Cilliers and C. Dietrich (eds), Angola's War Economy: The Role of Oil and Diamonds (Pretoria, Institute for Security Studies, 2000), p. 174.
    • (2000) Angola's War Economy: The Role of Oil and Diamonds , pp. 174
    • Dietrich, C.1
  • 102
    • 84859328669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with a roadblock policeman who preferred to remain anonymous, 29 December 2008
    • Interview with a roadblock policeman who preferred to remain anonymous, 29 December 2008.
  • 103
    • 84859328671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Interview with an artisanal miner who preferred to remain anonymous. The interview was facilitated by one of other respondents, David, on 24 December 2008.
  • 104
    • 0000627180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Power Struggles in the Diamond Fields
    • in J. Cilliers and C. Dietrich (eds), Pretoria, Institute for Security Studies
    • C. Dietrich, Power Struggles in the Diamond Fields, in J. Cilliers and C. Dietrich (eds), Angola's War Economy: The Role of Oil and Diamonds (Pretoria, Institute for Security Studies, 2000), p. 174.
    • (2000) Angola's War Economy: The Role of Oil and Diamonds , pp. 174
    • Dietrich, C.1
  • 107
    • 84859313070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • J. Nyamunda of Fern Valley Commuter Operator, held on 8 January 2009. Some of his commuters ply the Mutare to Nyanyadzi or Mutare to Marange routes.
  • 108
    • 84859304461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Net Closes in on Diamond Barons
    • 4 March 2007
    • 'Net Closes in on Diamond Barons', Sunday Mail, 4 March 2007.
    • Sunday Mail
  • 109
    • 84859304461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Net Closes in on Diamond Barons
    • 4 March 2007
    • 'Net Closes in on Diamond Barons', Sunday Mail, 4 March 2007.
    • Sunday Mail
  • 111
    • 84859304461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Net Closes in on Diamond Barons
    • 4 March 2007
    • 'Net Closes in on Diamond Barons', Sunday Mail, 4 March 2007.
    • Sunday Mail
  • 112
    • 84859328676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shady Diamond Auctions: Top Officials, MMCZ Sucked in
    • 4 March 2007
    • 'Shady Diamond Auctions: Top Officials, MMCZ Sucked in', Sunday Mirror, 4 March 2007.
    • Sunday Mirror
  • 113
    • 84859328676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shady Diamond Auctions: Top Officials, MMCZ Sucked in
    • 4 March 2007
    • 'Shady Diamond Auctions: Top Officials, MMCZ Sucked in', Sunday Mirror, 4 March 2007.
    • Sunday Mirror
  • 114
    • 84859328672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lessons From Marange Diamond Panning
    • February 2009
    • 'Lessons From Marange Diamond Panning', Daily Mirror, February 2009.
    • Daily Mirror
  • 115
    • 84859328672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lessons From Marange Diamond Panning
    • February 2009
    • 'Lessons From Marange Diamond Panning', Daily Mirror, February 2009.
    • Daily Mirror
  • 116
    • 84859328675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Government Invites 11 Companies to Partner in the Mining of Diamonds
    • July 2009
    • 'Government Invites 11 Companies to Partner in the Mining of Diamonds', Business Herald, July 2009.
    • Business Herald
  • 118
    • 84882644757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unpublished working paper, University of Manchester, Governance Initiatives and Post Conflict Developments In Sierra Leone
    • Maconachie, Governance Initiatives and Post Conflict Developments in Sierra Leone', Governance Initiatives and Post Conflict Developments in Sierra Leone' (unpublished working paper, University of Manchester), p. 103.
    • Governance Initiatives and Post Conflict Developments in Sierra Leone , pp. 103
    • Maconachie1
  • 119
    • 84859328670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terror in Marange
    • 4 March 2007
    • 'Terror in Marange', The Chronicle, 4 March 2007.
    • The Chronicle


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.