메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 25, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 2456-2470

Temporal- and spatial-scale dependence of three CMIP3 climate models in simulating the surface temperature trend in the twentieth century

Author keywords

Climate models; Climate prediction; Decadal variability; General circulation models; Model evaluation performance; Trends

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE PREDICTION; DECADAL VARIABILITY; GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; MODEL EVALUATION/PERFORMANCE; TRENDS;

EID: 84859308892     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00106.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (12)

References (62)
  • 1
    • 0030438938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A method for producing and evaluating probabilistic forecasts from ensemble model integrations
    • Anderson, J. L., 1996: A method for producing and evaluating probabilistic forecasts from ensemble model integrations. J. Climate, 9, 1518-1530.
    • (1996) J. Climate , vol.9 , pp. 1518-1530
    • Anderson, J.L.1
  • 2
    • 0032738634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effective number of spatial degrees of freedom of a time-varying field
    • Bretherton, C. S., M. Widmann, V. P. Dymnikov, J. M. Wallace, and I. Bladé, 1999: The effective number of spatial degrees of freedom of a time-varying field. J. Climate, 12, 1990-2009.
    • (1999) J. Climate , vol.12 , pp. 1990-2009
    • Bretherton, C.S.1    Widmann, M.2    Dymnikov, V.P.3    Wallace, J.M.4    Bladé, I.5
  • 3
    • 33750606092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed temperature changes: A new data set from 1850
    • doi:10.1029/2005JD006548
    • Brohan, P., J. J. Kennedy, I. Harris, S. F. B. Tett, and P. D. Jones, 2006: Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed temperature changes: A new data set from 1850. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12106, doi:10.1029/2005JD006548.
    • (2006) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.111
    • Brohan, P.1    Kennedy, J.J.2    Harris, I.3    Tett, S.F.B.4    Jones, P.D.5
  • 5
    • 35348998346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional climate projections
    • S. Solomon et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press
    • Christensen, J. H., and Coauthors, 2007: Regional climate projections. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, S. Solomon et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 848-940.
    • (2007) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis , pp. 848-940
    • Christensen, J.H.1
  • 6
    • 33744490657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3)
    • Collins, W. D., and Coauthors, 2006: The Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3). J. Climate, 19, 2122-2143.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 2122-2143
    • Collins, W.D.1
  • 8
    • 33645219567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GFDL's CM2 global coupled climate models. Part I: Formulation and simulation characteristics
    • Delworth, T. L., and Coauthors, 2006: GFDL's CM2 global coupled climate models. Part I: Formulation and simulation characteristics. J. Climate, 19, 643-674.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 643-674
    • Delworth, T.L.1
  • 9
    • 84856237422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertainty in climate change projections: The role of internal variability
    • doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0977-x
    • Deser, C., A. Phillips, V. Bourdette, and H. Teng, 2010: Uncertainty in climate change projections: The role of internal variability. Climate Dyn., 38, 527-546, doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0977-x.
    • (2010) Climate Dyn. , vol.38 , pp. 527-546
    • Deser, C.1    Phillips, A.2    Bourdette, V.3    Teng, H.4
  • 10
    • 77950460132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IPCC-AR4 climate simulations for the Southwestern US: The importance of future ENSO projections
    • doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9672-5
    • Dominguez, F., J. Cañon, and J. Valdes, 2010: IPCC-AR4 climate simulations for the Southwestern US: The importance of future ENSO projections. Climatic Change, 99, 499-514, doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9672-5.
    • (2010) Climatic Change , vol.99 , pp. 499-514
    • Dominguez, F.1    Cañon, J.2    Valdes, J.3
  • 11
    • 67449142965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the climate warming or cooling?
    • doi:10.1029/2009GL037810
    • Easterling, D. R., and M. F. Wehner, 2009: Is the climate warming or cooling? Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L08706, doi:10.1029/2009GL037810.
    • (2009) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.36
    • Easterling, D.R.1    Wehner, M.F.2
  • 12
    • 33645963021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 4MIP model intercomparison
    • 4MIP model intercomparison. J. Climate, 19, 3337-3353.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 3337-3353
    • Freidlingstein, P.1
  • 13
    • 77951880275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvements in a half degree atmosphere/land version of the CCSM
    • doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0614-8
    • Gent, P. R., S. G. Yeager, R. B. Neale, S. Levis, and D. A. Bailey, 2010: Improvements in a half degree atmosphere/land version of the CCSM. Climate Dyn., 34, 819-833, doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0614-8.
    • (2010) Climate Dyn. , vol.34 , pp. 819-833
    • Gent, P.R.1    Yeager, S.G.2    Neale, R.B.3    Levis, S.4    Bailey, D.A.5
  • 14
    • 49249113376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance metrics for climate models
    • doi:10.1029/2007JD008972
    • Gleckler, P., K. Taylor, and C. Doutriaux, 2008: Performance metrics for climate models. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D06104, doi:10.1029/2007JD008972.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Gleckler, P.1    Taylor, K.2    Doutriaux, C.3
  • 15
    • 70349272865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decomposition of the mean squared error and NSE performance criteria: Implications for improving hydrological modeling
    • Gupta, H. V., H. Kling, K. K. Yilmaz, and G. F. Martinez, 2009: Decomposition of the mean squared error and NSE performance criteria: Implications for improving hydrological modeling. J. Hydrol., 377, 80-91.
    • (2009) J. Hydrol. , vol.377 , pp. 80-91
    • Gupta, H.V.1    Kling, H.2    Yilmaz, K.K.3    Martinez, G.F.4
  • 16
    • 0035270069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpretation of rank histograms for verifying ensemble forecasts
    • Hamill, T. M., 2001: Interpretation of rank histograms for verifying ensemble forecasts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 550-560.
    • (2001) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.129 , pp. 550-560
    • Hamill, T.M.1
  • 17
    • 0000850644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GISS analysis of surface temperature change
    • Hansen, J., R. Ruedy, J. Glascoe, and M. Sato, 1999: GISS analysis of surface temperature change. J. Geophys. Res., 104 (D24), 30 997-31 022.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , Issue.D24 , pp. 30997-31022
    • Hansen, J.1    Ruedy, R.2    Glascoe, J.3    Sato, M.4
  • 18
    • 78649286836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global surface temperature change
    • doi:10.1029/2010RG000345
    • Hansen, J., R. Ruedy, M. Sato, and K. Lo, 2010: Global surface temperature change. Rev. Geophys., 48, RG4004, doi:10.1029/2010RG000345.
    • (2010) Rev. Geophys. , vol.48
    • Hansen, J.1    Ruedy, R.2    Sato, M.3    Lo, K.4
  • 19
    • 70450173156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential to narrow uncertainty in regional climate predictions
    • Hawkins, E., and R. Sutton, 2009: The potential to narrow uncertainty in regional climate predictions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 8, 1095-1107.
    • (2009) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.8 , pp. 1095-1107
    • Hawkins, E.1    Sutton, R.2
  • 20
    • 36549047247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding and attributing climate change
    • S. Solomon et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press
    • Hegerl, G. C., and Coauthors, 2007: Understanding and attributing climate change. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, S. Solomon et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 663-745.
    • (2007) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis , pp. 663-745
    • Hegerl, G.C.1
  • 21
    • 20444475291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting and attributing external influences on the climate system: A review of recent advances
    • International Ad Hoc Detection and Attribution Group
    • International Ad Hoc Detection and Attribution Group, 2005: Detecting and attributing external influences on the climate system: A review of recent advances. J. Climate, 18, 1291-1314.
    • (2005) J. Climate , vol.18 , pp. 1291-1314
  • 22
    • 52949115123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial analysis to quantify numerical model bias and dependence: How many climate models are there?
    • Jun, M., R. Knutti, and D. W. Nychka, 2008: Spatial analysis to quantify numerical model bias and dependence: How many climate models are there? J. Amer. Stat. Assoc., 103, 934-947.
    • (2008) J. Amer. Stat. Assoc. , vol.103 , pp. 934-947
    • Jun, M.1    Knutti, R.2    Nychka, D.W.3
  • 23
    • 43049138035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advancing decadal-scale climate prediction in the North Atlantic sector
    • doi:10.1038/nature06921
    • Keenlyside, N. S., M. Latif, J. Jungclaus, L. Kornblueh, and E. Roeckner, 2008: Advancing decadal-scale climate prediction in the North Atlantic sector. Nature, 453, 84-88, doi:10.1038/nature06921.
    • (2008) Nature , vol.453 , pp. 84-88
    • Keenlyside, N.S.1    Latif, M.2    Jungclaus, J.3    Kornblueh, L.4    Roeckner, E.5
  • 24
    • 33644766606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of twentieth-century regional surface temperature trends using the GFDL CM2 coupled models
    • Knutson, T. R., T. L. Delworth, K. W. Dixon, I. M. Held, J. Lu, V. Ramaswamy, and M. D. Schwarzkorf, 2006: Assessment of twentieth-century regional surface temperature trends using the GFDL CM2 coupled models. J. Climate, 19, 1624-1651.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 1624-1651
    • Knutson, T.R.1    Delworth, T.L.2    Dixon, K.W.3    Held, I.M.4    Lu, J.5    Ramaswamy, V.6    Schwarzkorf, M.D.7
  • 25
    • 77954370030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Challenges in combining projections from multiple climate models
    • Knutti, R., R. Furrer, C. Tebaldi, J. Cermak, and G. A. Meehl, 2010: Challenges in combining projections from multiple climate models. J. Climate, 23, 2739-2758.
    • (2010) J. Climate , vol.23 , pp. 2739-2758
    • Knutti, R.1    Furrer, R.2    Tebaldi, C.3    Cermak, J.4    Meehl, G.A.5
  • 26
    • 33749077546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can CGCMs simulate the twentieth-century "warming hole" in the central United States?
    • Kunkel, K. E., X.-Z. Liang, J. Zhu, and Y. Lin, 2006: Can CGCMs simulate the twentieth-century "warming hole" in the central United States? J. Climate, 19, 4137-4153.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 4137-4153
    • Kunkel, K.E.1    Liang, X.-Z.2    Zhu, J.3    Lin, Y.4
  • 27
    • 33750841782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of decadal climate prediction skill resulting from changes in anthropogenic forcing
    • Lee, T. C. K., F. W. Zwiers, X. Zhang, and M. Tsao, 2006: Evidence of decadal climate prediction skill resulting from changes in anthropogenic forcing. J. Climate, 19, 5305-5318.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 5305-5318
    • Lee, T.C.K.1    Zwiers, F.W.2    Zhang, X.3    Tsao, M.4
  • 28
    • 78650431670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of choice of time period on global surface temperature trend estimates
    • Liebmann, B., R. M. Dole, C. Jones, I. Bladé, and D. Allured, 2010: Influence of choice of time period on global surface temperature trend estimates. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91, 1485-1491.
    • (2010) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.91 , pp. 1485-1491
    • Liebmann, B.1    Dole, R.M.2    Jones, C.3    Bladé, I.4    Allured, D.5
  • 29
    • 0021037440 scopus 로고
    • Statistical field significance and its determination by Monte Carlo techniques
    • Livezey, R. E., and W. Y. Chen, 1983: Statistical field significance and its determination by Monte Carlo techniques. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 46-59.
    • (1983) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.111 , pp. 46-59
    • Livezey, R.E.1    Chen, W.Y.2
  • 31
    • 68749111016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decadal prediction
    • Meehl, G. A., and Coauthors, 2009: Decadal prediction. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 10, 1467-1485.
    • (2009) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.10 , pp. 1467-1485
    • Meehl, G.A.1
  • 32
    • 0024145684 scopus 로고
    • Skill scores based on the mean square error and their relationships to the correlation coefficient
    • Murphy, A. H., 1988: Skill scores based on the mean square error and their relationships to the correlation coefficient. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2417-2424.
    • (1988) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.116 , pp. 2417-2424
    • Murphy, A.H.1
  • 33
    • 33644658109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probabilistic prediction of climate using multi-model ensembles: From basics to applications
    • doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1750
    • Palmer, T. N., F. J. Doblas-Reyes, R. Hagedorn, andA. Weisheimer, 2005a: Probabilistic prediction of climate using multi-model ensembles: From basics to applications. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc., 360B, 1991-1998, doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1750.
    • (2005) Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. , vol.360 B , pp. 1991-1998
    • Palmer, T.N.1    Doblas-Reyes, F.J.2    Hagedorn, R.3    Weisheimer, A.4
  • 36
    • 66649100757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selecting global climate models for regional climate change studies
    • doi:10.1073/pnas.0900094106
    • Pierce, D. W., T. P. Barnett, B. D. Santer, and P. J. Gleckler, 2009: Selecting global climate models for regional climate change studies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 8441-8446, doi:10.1073/pnas.0900094106.
    • (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.106 , pp. 8441-8446
    • Pierce, D.W.1    Barnett, T.P.2    Santer, B.D.3    Gleckler, P.J.4
  • 37
    • 38849119288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate models and their evaluation
    • S. Solomon et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press
    • Randall, D. A., and Coauthors, 2007: Climate models and their evaluation. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, S. Solomon et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 589-662.
    • (2007) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis , pp. 589-662
    • Randall, D.A.1
  • 38
    • 33645230218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved analyses of changes and uncertainties in sea surface temperature measured in situ since the midnineteenth century: The HadSST2 dataset
    • Rayner, N. A., P. Brohan, D. E. Parker, C. K. Folland, J. J. Kenedy, M. Vanicck, T. J. Ansell, and S. F. B. Tett, 2006: Improved analyses of changes and uncertainties in sea surface temperature measured in situ since the midnineteenth century: The HadSST2 dataset. J. Climate, 19, 446-469.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 446-469
    • Rayner, N.A.1    Brohan, P.2    Parker, D.E.3    Folland, C.K.4    Kenedy, J.J.5    Vanicck, M.6    Ansell, T.J.7    Tett, S.F.B.8
  • 39
    • 43449087894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How well do coupled models simulate today's climate?
    • Reichler, T., and J. Kim, 2008: How well do coupled models simulate today's climate? Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 89, 303-311.
    • (2008) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.89 , pp. 303-311
    • Reichler, T.1    Kim, J.2
  • 40
    • 33845952635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of surface albedo and snow cover in AR4 coupled climate models
    • doi:10.1029/2005JD006473
    • Roesch, A., 2006: Evaluation of surface albedo and snow cover in AR4 coupled climate models. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D15111, doi:10.1029/2005JD006473.
    • (2006) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.111
    • Roesch, A.1
  • 41
    • 34347210980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change consequences on the biome distribution in tropical South America
    • doi:10.1029/2007GL029695
    • Salazar, L. F., C. A. Nobre, and M. D. Oyama, 2007: Climate change consequences on the biome distribution in tropical South America. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L09708, doi:10.1029/2007GL029695.
    • (2007) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.34
    • Salazar, L.F.1    Nobre, C.A.2    Oyama, M.D.3
  • 42
    • 80755177743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Separating signal and noise in atmospheric temperature changes: The importance of timescale
    • doi:10.1029/2011JD016263
    • Santer, B. D., and Coauthors, 2011: Separating signal and noise in atmospheric temperature changes: The importance of timescale. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D22105, doi:10.1029/2011JD016263.
    • (2011) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.116
    • Santer, B.D.1
  • 43
    • 33644680703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Present-day atmospheric simulations using GISS Model-E: Comparison to in situ, satellite, and reanalysis data
    • Schmidt, G. A., and Coauthors, 2006: Present-day atmospheric simulations using GISS Model-E: Comparison to in situ, satellite, and reanalysis data. J. Climate, 19, 153-192.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 153-192
    • Schmidt, G.A.1
  • 44
    • 34547903564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved surface temperature prediction for the coming decade from a global climate model
    • Smith, D. M., S. Cusack, A. W. Colman, C. K. Folland, G. R. Harris, and J. M. Murphy, 2007: Improved surface temperature prediction for the coming decade from a global climate model. Science, 317, 796-799.
    • (2007) Science , vol.317 , pp. 796-799
    • Smith, D.M.1    Cusack, S.2    Colman, A.W.3    Folland, C.K.4    Harris, G.R.5    Murphy, J.M.6
  • 45
    • 21844474900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aglobal merged land-air-sea surface temperature reconstruction based on historical observations (1880-1997)
    • Smith, T. M., and R. W. Reynolds, 2005: Aglobal merged land-air-sea surface temperature reconstruction based on historical observations (1880-1997). J. Climate, 18, 2021-2036.
    • (2005) J. Climate , vol.18 , pp. 2021-2036
    • Smith, T.M.1    Reynolds, R.W.2
  • 46
    • 45349109008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvements to NOAA's historical merged land-ocean surface temperature analysis (1880-2006)
    • Smith, T. M., R. W. Reynolds, T. C. Peterson, and J. Lawrimore, 2008: Improvements to NOAA's historical merged land-ocean surface temperature analysis (1880-2006). J. Climate, 21, 2283-2296.
    • (2008) J. Climate , vol.21 , pp. 2283-2296
    • Smith, T.M.1    Reynolds, R.W.2    Peterson, T.C.3    Lawrimore, J.4
  • 47
    • 79251571111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinguishing the roles of natural and anthropogenically forced decadal climate variability: Implications for prediction
    • Solomon, A., and Coauthors, 2011: Distinguishing the roles of natural and anthropogenically forced decadal climate variability: Implications for prediction. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92, 141-156.
    • (2011) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.92 , pp. 141-156
    • Solomon, A.1
  • 48
    • 34250617506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of statistical and dynamical downscaling for surface temperature in North America
    • doi:10.1029/2005JD006712
    • Spak, S., T. Holloway, B. Lynn, and R. Goldberg, 2007: A comparison of statistical and dynamical downscaling for surface temperature in North America. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D08101, doi:10.1029/2005JD006712.
    • (2007) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.112
    • Spak, S.1    Holloway, T.2    Lynn, B.3    Goldberg, R.4
  • 49
    • 0032436237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scale-dependent detection of climate change
    • Stott, P. A., and S. F. B. Tett, 1998: Scale-dependent detection of climate change. J. Climate, 11, 3282-3294.
    • (1998) J. Climate , vol.11 , pp. 3282-3294
    • Stott, P.A.1    Tett, S.F.B.2
  • 51
    • 0034962651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram
    • Taylor, K. E., 2001: Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 7183-7192.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , pp. 7183-7192
    • Taylor, K.E.1
  • 52
    • 77956354489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Rep., Available online at
    • Taylor, K. E., R. J. Stouffer, and G. A. Meehl, 2009: A summary of the CMIP5 experimental design. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Rep., 32 pp. [Available online at http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cmip5/experiment_design.html.]
    • (2009) A summary of the CMIP5 experimental design , pp. 32
    • Taylor, K.E.1    Stouffer, R.J.2    Meehl, G.A.3
  • 53
    • 44449160396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A large discontinuity in the midtwentieth century in observed global-mean surface temperature
    • Thompson, D. W. J., J. J. Kenedy, J. M. Wallace, and P. D. Jones, 2008: A large discontinuity in the midtwentieth century in observed global-mean surface temperature. Nature, 453, 646-649.
    • (2008) Nature , vol.453 , pp. 646-649
    • Thompson, D.W.J.1    Kenedy, J.J.2    Wallace, J.M.3    Jones, P.D.4
  • 54
    • 70849131112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon-nitrogen interactions regulate climate-carbon cycle feedbacks: Results from an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model
    • Thornton, P. E., and Coauthors, 2009: Carbon-nitrogen interactions regulate climate-carbon cycle feedbacks: Results from an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. Biogeosciences, 6, 2099-2120.
    • (2009) Biogeosciences , vol.6 , pp. 2099-2120
    • Thornton, P.E.1
  • 55
    • 39749171363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations: Surface and atmospheric climate change
    • S. Solomon et al., Eds., CambridgeUniversity Press
    • Trenberth, K. E., and Coauthors, 2007: Observations: Surface and atmospheric climate change. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, S. Solomon et al., Eds., CambridgeUniversity Press, 235-336.
    • (2007) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis , pp. 235-336
    • Trenberth, K.E.1
  • 56
    • 34547182283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ensemble decadal predictions from analysed initial conditions
    • doi:10.1098/rsta.2007.2079
    • Troccoli, A., and T. N. Palmer, 2007: Ensemble decadal predictions from analysed initial conditions. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc., 365A, 2179-2191, doi:10.1098/rsta.2007.2079.
    • (2007) Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. , vol.365 A , pp. 2179-2191
    • Troccoli, A.1    Palmer, T.N.2
  • 57
    • 33847390114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrinsic versus forced variation in coupled climate model simulations over the Arctic during the twentieth century
    • Wang, M., J. E. Overland, V. Kattsov, J. E. Walsh, X. Zhang, and T. Pavlova, 2007: Intrinsic versus forced variation in coupled climate model simulations over the Arctic during the twentieth century. J. Climate, 20, 1093-1107.
    • (2007) J. Climate , vol.20 , pp. 1093-1107
    • Wang, M.1    Overland, J.E.2    Kattsov, V.3    Walsh, J.E.4    Zhang, X.5    Pavlova, T.6
  • 58
    • 33644833222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of scale-free climate data for western Canada for use in resource management
    • Wang, T., A. Hamann, D. L. Spittlehouse, and S. N. Aitken, 2006: Development of scale-free climate data for western Canada for use in resource management. Int. J. Climatol., 26, 383-397.
    • (2006) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.26 , pp. 383-397
    • Wang, T.1    Hamann, A.2    Spittlehouse, D.L.3    Aitken, S.N.4
  • 60
    • 0031436319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resampling hypothesis tests for autocorrelated fields
    • Wilks, D. S., 1997: Resampling hypothesis tests for autocorrelated fields. J. Climate, 10, 65-82.
    • (1997) J. Climate , vol.10 , pp. 65-82
    • Wilks, D.S.1
  • 62
    • 0029412471 scopus 로고
    • Taking serial correlation into account in tests of the mean
    • Zwiers, F., and H. von Storch, 1995: Taking serial correlation into account in tests of the mean. J. Climate, 8, 336-351.
    • (1995) J. Climate , vol.8 , pp. 336-351
    • Zwiers, F.1    von Storch, H.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.